转基因作物对土壤生物学特性的影响

随着转基因作物的大力推广,其对农田生态系统的潜在风险备受关注。本文综述了转基因作物在土壤生态系统释放可能引起的生态风险及其对土壤部分生物学特性的影响,涉及土壤生物多样性、土壤动物、土壤微生物及土壤酶活性。最后,提出了今后相关研究中应该注意的几个问题。     

土壤质量生物学指标研究进展

本文对近年土壤微生物、土壤酶活性和土壤动物等土壤质量生物学指标研究成果进行了综合评述。土壤微生物是土壤有机组分和生态系统中最活跃的部分,被认为是最敏感的土壤质量生物学指标:微生物生物量代表参与调控土壤中能量和养分循环及有机物质转化所对应微生物的数量,但须结合多样性研究以弥补其无法反映土壤微生物组成和区系变化的缺陷;微生物群落组成和多样性动态反映土壤中生物类群的多变性和土壤质量在微生物数量和功能上的差异;土壤微生物活性体现在土壤微生物商、微生物呼吸和代谢商等方面,应考虑生物量大小与微生物种群活性间的相关关系以反映微生物种群内的差异。土壤酶活性具有极高时效性,在较短时间内就能反映出土壤质量的变化。土壤动物通常以种类的组成和数量,土壤动物区系的相对丰度、多样性或活性作为评价土壤生物质量的敏感指标。与土壤理化指标相比,土壤生物学指标更能对土壤质量的变化做出灵敏迅速的响应,因而被广泛地用于评价土壤质量。     

我国土壤质量及其评价研究的进展

在阐述了土壤质量的内涵基础上,分析了土壤质量和土壤健康、土地质量及土壤服务功能的联系。重点对我国土壤质量的评价研究进行了回顾和概述,从指标体系的选取和评价方法入手,探讨了评价的发展过程,分析了我国土壤评价指标体系因子选择的范围,在论述了国际土壤质量最新进展的基础上,指出了生物学指标研究是需要加强的方向;同时着重分析了我国土壤质量评价方法研究的进展,对我国土壤质量评价的方法进行了概括,指出了空间化,过程化,应用化和综合化的发展方向,并讨论了我国土壤评价研究的方向和趋势。     

柽柳和梭梭林地土壤呼吸研究

用便携式气体分析仪（CIRA S-1配备SRC-1呼吸室,PP System s,H itch in,UK）测量了古尔班通古特沙漠南缘阜康荒漠实验站（FS）柽柳丛和北沙窝（ND）梭梭林地冠下和冠间的土壤呼吸及土壤因子。分析表明：冠下和冠间的土壤理化性质存在明显的异质性,冠下土壤呼吸值高于冠间,FS林地的土壤有机质、电导率、全氮、碳酸钙等含量及土壤呼吸值都高于ND林地土壤。土壤呼吸与土壤CaCO3含量有明显的相关性,相关系数为0.89。土壤中CaCO3含量的空间变化对土壤呼吸值的时空变化有一定的影响。掌握土壤因子及土壤呼吸的空间变化,对了解荒漠生态系统过程、土壤微生物与有机质的相互作用及全球气候变化的研究都具有重要的意义。     

土壤动物在农业生态系统中的研究进展

近些年来随着对生态学的深入研究,人们认识到土壤动物的群落结构、功能以及在生态过程中积极的不可替代的作用,土壤动物逐渐成为生态学研究的热点之一。本文分析评价了国内关于土壤动物的研究进展。同时对国外土壤动物在土壤环境评价、凋落物分解、土壤健康的指示作用、与污染环境的关系、二氧化碳浓度对其的影响、在农业生态系统中的作用、在城市生态系统研究中的作用、在废弃物处理及土壤改良中的应用、在N循环中的作用、湿地土壤动物研究等10个方面的研究动态进行了综述。并提出了对土壤动物研究工作的几点建议。     

陆地生态系统土壤呼吸的影响因素研究综述

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环中的一个重要过程,也是陆地生态系统最大的二氧化碳释放源,对全球气候和环境变化产生重要影响。对国内外关于陆地生态系统土壤呼吸影响因素的研究进行综述,分析了温度、水分、土壤性质等非生物因素,植被、土壤微生物、土壤动物等生物因素以及人类活动等对土壤呼吸产生的影响。最后分析了目前有关土壤呼吸研究中存在的问题,并提出了今后努力的方向:改进和创新土壤呼吸的测量方法,拓宽土壤呼吸的研究范围,加强土壤呼吸组分的区分研究,重视人类活动对土壤呼吸影响的研究。     

土食性大型土壤动物转化土壤有机碳的14C示踪法应用研究进展

土壤有机C是维持全球C平衡过程中的重要C库,其降解和转化在地球化学循环中占有重要地位。大型土壤动物对土壤有机C的稳定性起着重要的调控作用。14C示踪技术由于在测定目标化合物的转化速率和定位代谢产物和残留物分布上的优势,近年来在土壤有机C稳定性研究中得到了广泛应用。本文综述了3种典型土食性大型土壤动物,白蚁(Isoptera:Termitidae)、甲虫幼虫(Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae)和蚯蚓(Oligochaeta:Lumbricidae),对土壤稳态有机C降解转化的14C示踪研究结果及相关的微生物作用。食土白蚁和甲虫幼虫的极端碱性(pH10～12.5)肠道段和肠道内的特殊蛋白酶的共同作用促使这两种动物可以选择性地降解和矿化腐殖酸中的稳态多肽等组分,进一步提高腐殖酸的腐殖化程度。食土蚯蚓体内含有高活性的纤维素酶,能促进纤维素的降解。虽然木质素在蚓粪中能发生降解,蚯蚓也能降解植物树叶,但是食土蚯蚓能否降解或选择性降解稳态土壤有机C的研究还极少。大型土壤动物肠道内含有大量微生物及酶,这些微生物在土壤动物降解和腐殖化有机C的过程中所起的具体作用如何以及这些酶的来源还不是很清楚。文中总结了目前对大型土壤动物转化土壤有机C认识上的不足,并对一些优先研究方向提出了建议。     

华北土石山区森林土壤大孔隙对土壤理化性质及根系的响应

土壤大孔隙是土壤水分、空气、化学物质及污染物优先运移的主要通道,对其形成机制的研究至关重要。以往对大孔隙的量化局限于传统方法,大孔隙三维形态特征的量化分析及其影响因素是目前大孔隙的研究重点。利用CT扫描及图像处理分析技术量化大孔隙三维形态特征参数,同时测定土壤基本理化性质及根长密度,分析土壤大孔隙三维特征对土壤理化性质及根系的响应。结果表明:土壤密度及土壤砂粒含量与大孔隙特征参数不存在相关关系;土壤有机质含量、土壤根长密度与大孔隙体积密度、大孔隙表面积密度、大孔隙数量密度呈现显著正相关关系,与大孔隙平均迂曲度呈现显著负相关关系。林木根系与土壤有机质对土壤大孔隙三维特征产生积极影响,表现为根系及土壤有机质含量越多,则大孔隙含量也越多,并具有更差的弯曲度。在今后对山地森林抚育管理、土壤水分运动机理及地下水污染评估等研究过程中不能忽略根系及土壤有机质差异对土壤大孔隙的重要影响。     

干湿交替对土壤呼吸和土壤有机碳矿化的影响述评

土壤干湿交替循环对土壤呼吸的“激发效应”被证实在干旱、半干旱和地中海气候区普遍存在。土壤干湿交替被认为是影响土壤呼吸的重要因素。土壤物理、化学、生物性状会在干湿交替过程中发生一系列变化,引发土壤CO₂排放量显著激增而引起“Birch效应”。随着未来气候变化下极端降水天气事件发生频率的增加,降雨强度和频率的改变将导致部分地区的土壤经受更广泛和频繁的干湿交替作用,加剧土壤干湿循环,影响土壤呼吸。重点论述了干湿交替对土壤碳素循环各个关键过程(尤其是土壤呼吸和SOC矿化)的影响效应,归纳总结了干湿交替对土壤碳素循环的影响机制,从土壤团聚体、根系呼吸、微生物呼吸等方面阐述了干湿交替对土壤呼吸和土壤有机碳(SOC)矿化激发效应的影响及其机理。综合生理学说与物理学说观点,认为干湿交替主要通过土壤结构、SOC的分解速率、土壤微生物群落的结构与稳定性等的改变来影响土壤呼吸和SOC矿化过程。目前,关于干湿交替对土壤碳素循环关键过程影响的研究结果还不尽一致,其影响机制尚不明晰,研究方法也还有一些不足之处。简要指出了目前研究过程中存在的一些不足,并对未来研究中值得深入研究的科学问题进行了探讨与展望。     

酸雨对土壤呼吸的影响机制研究进展与展望

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统与大气之间进行碳交换的主要途径,其动态变化直接影响着全球碳平衡。由于人类活动的影响,酸雨成为人类当前面临的最严重的生态环境问题之一,但其对土壤呼吸的影响及其机理尚无定论。本文综述了不同生态系统土壤呼吸对酸雨的响应特征,多数文献表明,高强度的酸雨抑制土壤呼吸,而在低强度的酸雨作用下土壤呼吸的响应存在差异。从影响土壤呼吸的4个关键生物因子,即光合作用、微生物、凋落物和根系生物量,重点讨论了酸雨对土壤呼吸的影响机制。在此基础上,提出了以下研究展望:①开展土壤呼吸对不同组成类型酸雨的响应研究;②开展与土壤碳排放相关的功能微生物对酸雨的响应研究;③开展不同物候期土壤呼吸对酸雨的响应研究;④开展土壤呼吸各过程对酸雨的响应研究;⑤建立全球酸雨地区土壤碳排放监测研究网络。     

Are the links between soil aggregate size class, soil organic matter and respiration rate artefacts of the fractionation procedure?

Our aim was to see how variations in aggregate fractionation procedures influence the chemical and biological properties of different sized soil aggregates. Soil was fractionated using two different physical procedures: (1) slaking to simulate a major wetting stress in the field or (2) shaking to simulate mechanical disruption by tillage followed by wet sieving. In the slaked treatment, macro-aggregates (<250 μm dia) contained about 17% more soil organic C and had about 30% faster rates of respiration. This was in contrast to the shaken treatment where micro-aggregates (<250 μm dia) contained about 12% more soil organic C and had about 14% faster rates of respiration. The biological and chemical properties of different sized aggregates were used to describe two different models. These were the aggregate heirarchy model and one based on maximum biological activity at soil surfaces. Our results suggest that the chemical and biological properties of aggregates depend on the fractionation procedure. On this basis we suggest that the observed relationships between aggregate size and other properties, for example biological activity, must be interpreted in terms of the disruptive mechanisms used to fractionate aggregated soil. Our results suggest that the aggregate hypothesis has serious weaknesses: the aggregates measured being largely an artefact of the chosen method of separation. We therefore suggest that future work should also consider biological activities at soil pore surfaces. It is at the surface of these channels that parameters such as oxygen supply, plant roots, root exudates and fresh organic matter inputs first interact with the soil. Biological processes in this region are therefore likely to be more important than those occurring in the bulk soil.     

长期施肥对黑土呼吸过程的影响

土壤呼吸是土壤有机C矿化分解,释放无机养分的重要生物化学过程。对公主岭地区长期有机肥(不施有机肥、施中量和高量有机肥处理)与化肥(不施化肥、施用N、NP、NPK化肥)配合施用的12个处理的黑土进行室内好气培养(196天),采用一级动力学方程模拟土壤的呼吸过程,结果表明,有机肥和化肥的施用能显著增加土壤呼吸释放的CO2 -C的累积量,提高土壤中潜在矿化的有机碳含量及其占土壤有机质的比例,促进土壤有机质中无机养分的释放,有利于提高土壤养分的有效性,改善黑土的供肥状况。有机肥与NPK化肥配合施用效果更为明显。     

重庆缙云山3种林型土壤呼吸及其影响因子

2011年1～12月,采用LI-Cor 8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统对重庆缙云山保护区3种主要林分类型(针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林和毛竹林)的土壤呼吸速率和林内气温、土壤温度和湿度进行了野外观测。结果表明:针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林和毛竹林的土壤呼吸碳通量分别为654.70、1008.37和910.64 g C m-2a-1;3种林型土壤呼吸速率均呈现显著的季节性变化,且夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,最大值出现在7月,最小值出现在1月;3种林型土壤呼吸速率全年平均值分别为1.73、2.66和2.40μmol m-2s-1;3种林型土壤呼吸速率均与林内气温存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05),且与5 cm土壤温度均存在极显著的指数正相关(P<0.05);与5 cm土壤含水量的相关性不显著(P>0.05),但土壤含水量较低而温度较高时,较低的土壤含水量对呼吸速率具有一定抑制作用;3种林型的土壤呼吸对温度的敏感系数(Q10值)存在差异,全年表现为毛竹林(2.44)>针阔混交林(1.76)>常绿阔叶林(1.72),同时均表现显著的季节差异。     

分根装置中接种AM真菌对玉米秸秆降解及土壤微生物量碳、氮和酶活性的影响

本试验通过两室分根装置种植玉米,利用网袋法研究接种Glomus mosseae和Glomus etunicatum两种AM真菌对玉米秸秆降解的影响。试验分别在玉米移栽后第20 d、30 d、40 d、50 d和60 d时取样,通过测定接种AM真菌后玉米秸秆中碳、氮释放,土壤中3种常见酶活性、微生物量碳、微生物量氮及土壤呼吸的动态变化,探讨AM真菌降解玉米秸秆可能的作用机制。研究结果表明:经60 d的培养后,与未接种根室相比,接种G.mosseae和G.etunicatum真菌的菌根室玉米秸秆降解量提高了20.75%和20.97%;另外,接种G.mosseae和G.etunicatum加快了玉米秸秆碳素释放,降低了氮素释放,致使碳氮比降低25.45%和26.17%,有利于秸秆进一步降解。在本试验条件下,接种AF真菌的菌根室中土壤酸性磷素酶、蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶活性均有显著提高,并增加了微生物量碳、氮和土壤呼吸作用,形成了明显有别于根际的微生物区系。这一系列影响都反映出AM真菌能够直接或间接作用于玉米秸秆的降解过程,是导致玉米秸秆降解加快的重要原因。     

Plant carbon inputs and environmental factors strongly affect soil respiration in a subtropical forest of southwestern China

Soil respiration is a large component of global carbon fluxes, so it is important to explore how this carbon flux varies with environmental factors and carbon inputs from plants. As part of a long-term study on the chemical and biological effects of aboveground litterfall denial, root trenching and tree-stem girdling, we measured soil respiration for three years in plots where those treatments were applied singly and in combination. Tree-stem girdling terminates the flow of carbohydrates from canopy, but allows the roots to continue water and nutrient uptake. After carbon storage below the stem girdles is depleted, the girdled trees die. Root trenching immediately terminates root exudates as well as water and nutrient uptake. Excluding aboveground litterfall removes soil carbon inputs, but allows normal root functions to continue. We found that removing aboveground litterfall and the humus layer reduced soil respiration by more than the C input from litter, a respiration priming effect. When this treatment was combined with stem girdling, root trenching or those treatments in combination, the change in soil respiration was indistinguishable from the loss of litterfall C inputs. This suggests that litterfall priming occurs only when normal root processes persist. Soil respiration was significantly related to temperature in all treatment combinations, and to soil water content in all treatments except stem girdling alone, and girdling plus trenching. Aboveground litterfall was a significant predictor of soil respiration in control, stem-girdled, trenched and stem-girdled plus trenching treatments. Stem girdling significantly reduced soil respiration as a single factor, but root trenching did not. These results suggest that in addition to temperature, aboveground carbon inputs exert strong controls on forest soil respiration.     

Soil attributes as predictors of crop production under standardized conditions

 To assess soil fertility or quality three controlling components – its physical, chemical and biological nature – have to be considered. In this study a broad spectrum of agricultural soils from Sweden were cropped with ryegrass in pots under standardized conditions in climate chambers. Measurements of physical, chemical and biological attributes of soil were used to predict C and N yields by simple correlation and the multivariate calibration techniques, principal component analysis combined with multiple linear regression, and partial least squares (PLS) regression. The N yields were typically more accurately predicted than the corresponding C yields. The best single predictor of yields was always total soil N, but estimates produced by multivariate models including organic C, total N, C/N ratio, coarse silt, potential denitrification activity, N mineralization, substrate-induced respiration and sample site humidity were, in all cases, substantially more accurate. Coefficients of correlation between predicted and measured C or N yields ranged between 0.61 and 0.80 with total N as predictor, and between 0.69 and 0.97 with the multivariate models. Both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the organic matter were considered to be important with respect to the predictive ability. Both these aspects were accounted for by the multivariate models. The multivariate technique, PLS regression, facilitated the classification of soils into categories of good, normal or poor fertility in relation to their organic matter content. Received: 18 August 1997     

不同恢复方式下盐渍化弃耕地土壤生物学活性的变化

以干旱区新疆玛纳斯河流域冲积扇缘定点定位试验地为研究对象, 研究灌溉处理、人工草地处理和补植处理对盐渍化弃耕地土壤微生物量、酶活性及土壤呼吸速率的影响。结果表明, 不同恢复方式均明显增加了土壤微生物数量和土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤酶活性。不同处理土壤微生物量碳、氮分别比原始弃耕地高17.80%、26.38%、5.33%和7.89%、12.75%、21.93%; 不同处理土壤微生物数量分别是原始弃耕地的4.72倍、6.04倍和4.56倍; 不同处理土壤蔗糖酶活性分别比原始弃耕地高3.4倍、3.2倍和7.7倍, 多酚氧化酶活性比原始弃耕地高1.7倍、1.2倍和1.5倍, 脲酶活性比原始弃耕地高11.1%、52.3%和37.1%; 灌溉处理土壤过氧化氢酶活性最高, 是原始弃耕地的1.53倍, 土壤呼吸速率变化表现为人工草地处理>灌溉处理>补植处理>原始弃耕地, 其中, 人工草地处理土壤呼吸速率比弃耕地高52.25%。相关分析表明, 微生物量碳与微生物C/N和微生物数量之间均呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05); 土壤呼吸速率与土壤脲酶、微生物数量和微生物量碳的相关性达到显著水平(P<0.05), 与土壤微生物量氮呈负相关关系, 但相关性不显著; 土壤蔗糖酶与其他3种酶以及微生物量氮呈显著正相关关系, 土壤脲酶与微生物数量呈显著正相关关系, 多酚氧化酶与过氧化氢酶相关性达到显著水平(P<0.05)。本研究表明干旱区盐渍化弃耕地采用灌溉与人工草地处理有利于土壤养分积累, 可在一定程度上改善土壤质量。     

Impact of land degradation on soil respiration in a steppe (Stipa tenacissima L.) semi-arid ecosystem in the SE of Spain

Climate change scenarios predict increases in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns, and longer drought periods in most semi-arid regions of the world. Ecosystems in these regions are prone to land degradation, which may be aggravated by climate change. Soil respiration is one of the main processes responsible for organic carbon losses from arid and semi-arid ecosystems. We measured soil respiration over one year in two steppe ecosystems having different degrees of land degradation under three ground-covers: with vegetation, bare soil, and an intermediate situation between plants and bare soil.The largest differences in soil respiration rates between the sites were observed in spring, coinciding with the highest level of plant activity. The degraded site had drier and hotter soils with less soil water availability and a longer drought period. As a result, vegetation on the degraded site did not respond to spring rainfall events. Soil respiration showed a strong seasonal variability, with average annual rates of 1.1 and 0.8 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ in the natural and degraded sites, respectively. We did not observe significant differences in soil respiration rates associated with ground-cover i.e., the temporal variation was much larger than the spatial variation. At both sites, soil moisture was the controlling driver of soil respiration for most of the year, when temperatures were above 20 °C and constrained the response to temperature for the few months when the temperature was below 20 °C. An empirical model based on soil temperature and soil moisture explained 90% and 72% of the seasonal variability of soil respiration on the natural and degraded sites, respectively. For the first time, this study suggests that land degradation may alter the carbon balance of these ecosystems through changes in the temporal dynamics of soil respiration and plant productivity, which have important negative consequences for ecosystem functioning and sustainability.     

Modeling soil respiration based on carbon, nitrogen, and root mass across diverse Great Lake forests

The variability in the net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) is a major source of uncertainty in quantifying global carbon budget and atmospheric CO₂. Soil respiration, which is a large component of NEE, could be strongly influential to NEE variability. Vegetation type, landscape position, and site history can influence soil properties and therefore drive the microbial and root production of soil CO₂. This study measured soil respiration and soil chemical, biological and physical properties on various types of temperate forest stands in Northern Wisconsin (USA), which included ash elm, aspen, northern hardwood, red pine forest types, clear-cuts, and wetland edges. Soil respiration at each of the 19 locations was measured six times during 1 year from early June to mid-November. These data were combined with two additional data sets from the same landscape that represent two smaller spatial scales. Large spatial variation of soil respiration occurred within and among each forest type, which appeared to be from differences in soil moisture, root mass and the ratio of soil carbon to soil nitrogen (C:N). A soil climate driven model was developed that contained quadratic functions for root mass and the ratio of soil carbon to soil nitrogen. The data from the large range of forest types and site conditions indicated that the range of root mass and C:N on the landscape was also large, and that trends between C:N, root mass, and soil respiration were not linear as previously reported, but rather curvilinear. It should be noted this function appeared to level off and decline at C:N larger than 25, approximately the value where microbial nitrogen immobilization limits free soil nitrogen. Weak but significant relationships between soil water and soil C:N, and between soil C:N and root mass were observed indicating an interrelatedness of (1) topographically induced hydrologic patterns and soil chemistry, and (2) soil chemistry and root production. Future models of soil respiration should address multiple spatial and temporal factors as well as their co-dependence.