食用菌安全用药原则

1）对症用药。如发生迟眼蕈蚊、粪蚊可喷500倍液敌百虫；敌敌畏具有熏杀和触杀作用，对菇蝇类的成虫、幼虫和跳虫有特效，但对螨类杀伤力差，还要注意平菇对敌敌畏敏感，浓度稍大就可能产生药害，最好用敌百虫或辛硫磷；而双孢菇对敌百虫敏感，最好用敌敌畏；若有蚊蝇类和螨类同时发生，可用辛硫磷和杀螨剂混配喷施，效果较好。     

果树药害发生原因及补救措施

1果树药害的发生原因 1．1药剂的剂型及特性现在常见的农药剂型有粉剂、可湿性粉剂、悬浮剂、干悬浮剂、粒剂等。农药的剂型不同引起药害的轻重程度也不同，乳粉及颗粒剂相对安全，油剂、乳化剂比较容易产生药害，可湿性粉剂次之。一般情况下，微生物药剂对果树最安全，水溶性强、分子小的无机药剂如铜、硫制剂最易产生药害，水溶性弱的药剂则相对比较安全。     

除草剂药害后的补救措施

金丝小枣树误用除草剂后产生了药害，嫩梢和新叶卷曲，严重萎蔫干枯，老叶出现斑点，为此应采取如下补救措施：①喷水冲洗。发现打错药后立即用喷雾器装满清水对枝叶反复喷洗，喷雾器气压要足，喷洒水量要大。②喷肥。对于已发生药害的树体喷施磷酸二氢钾、尿素液等叶面肥，可有效减轻药害程度。     

红枣食心虫越冬幼虫药剂防效试验

本试验通过对红枣产区桃小食心虫越冬幼虫药剂防治的对比试验发现,化学药剂辛硫磷较植物源药剂氯虫·噻虫嗪防效高9.37%,综合防治防效高达90.63%,应用植物源农药和化学农药60 d的降解量辛硫磷乳油达90%左右,而氯虫·噻虫嗪降解量只有76%左右。由试验数据推论,结合虫情适时进行各种处理树下综合防治效果非常明显,与传统的多次树上喷药相比,既可以减少对树体及果品的药害,也可降低虫果造成的经济损失,防虫成本相对降低,尤其对促进土壤环保、生产绿色果品有着重要作用。     

草甘膦在梨园发生药害后品种间受害程度的差异

草甘膦在梨园发生药害后品种间受害程度的差异慈溪市部分梨园由于果农冬季应用草甘膦防除杂草技术不当，引起梨树发生药害，表现为翌年新梢生长缓慢、叶片小、叶缘失绿并向上卷，受害重的树少量开花并抽不出新梢而逐渐整株枯死。我们对严重受害梨园的４个品种调查表明，黄...     

柑桔园药害及防止措施

<正> 近年来柑桔药害有愈来愈严重的趋势。笔者在广泛调查研究的基础上,对桔园药害及防止措施介绍如下。1 药害情况介绍1.1 错用农药:有的桔农由于文化程度低,不识农药名称,结果错用药,造成药害。如有桔农误把除草剂当作杀虫双防治潜叶蛾,产生药害;有的桔农误认为除草剂只除草,对桔树无影响,杂草枯树同时喷药造成药害,使桔树新抽生叶叶片尖小、丛生、果小皮厚、味淡     

药害的症状表现与补救措施

药害是指因施用农药不当，而使农作物产生的各种病态反应，包括作物体内生理诸过程的非常变化、生长受阻、植株变态甚至死亡等一系列症状。从药害症状表现时间来看，可分为急性药害和慢巨药害2种。急陛药害是指施药后10d内所表现出的症状，多呈现斑点、失绿、落花、落叶、落果铃慢陛药害往往在施药数10d后方可觉察，如出现黄化、畸形、小果、劣果等。     

蔬菜药害急救五法

蔬菜在生长过程中,容易受到各种病虫的危害,在防治病虫害时,由于掌握不好用药量和用药浓度,极易引起药害的发生。如果蔬菜发生了药害,采取一定的措施就能够把药害程度降低,主要方法有：     

黄瓜药害的识别与防治

黄瓜药害的识别与防治黄瓜药害，指不适当施用农药后，使黄瓜正常生理功能或生长发育受阻，外观表现一系列异常征象。黄瓜药害有急性、慢性两种。急性是喷药后几小时至３～４天出现明显症状，发展迅速。如烧伤、凋萎、落叶、落花、落果。慢性药害是在喷药启，经较长时间才...     

蔬菜药害的发生及补救措施

药害是指农药施用不当而引起的植株各种病态反应，包括组织损伤、生长受阻、植株变态、减产等一系列非正常生理变化。在保护地蔬菜病虫害防治过程中，由于保护地的特殊气候条件，极易发生药害，造成损失。现将保护地蔬菜药害产生的原因、症状及补救措施介绍如下，以供参考。     

防治斜纹夜蛾高效无公害药剂筛选试验

通过用几种药剂对防治斜纹夜蛾的防效进行试验,室内和田间药效试验结果均表明,辛硫磷、佳维素、虫螨克、病毒杀虫剂、氟虫脲、除尽对斜纹夜蛾均具有良好的防治效果,适于在瓜菜上使用,可在海南瓜菜生产中推广应用.     

不同农药对油菜跳甲和茎象甲的防治效果

以"青杂305"油菜为试材,选用吡虫啉、氟虫腈、毒死蜱、辛硫磷、三唑磷5种农药,采用拌种法防治油菜跳甲和茎象甲("两甲"),以期筛选出高效、低毒、低残留的拌种农药。结果表明:当毒死蜱浓度为推荐剂量的0.5倍时和吡虫啉浓度为推荐剂量时,油菜平均被害指数最低,分别为0.09和0.07,对跳甲的防效最好;吡虫啉随着处理浓度的增加对茎象甲的防效提高,辛硫磷的处理浓度为推荐剂量时防效最好,毒死蜱的处理浓度为推荐剂量的0.5倍时,防效基本同推荐剂量;说明吡虫啉、毒死蜱和辛硫磷对油菜"两甲"有较好的防效。     

Allelopathic effect of ginger on seed germination and seedling growth of soybean and chive

The rhizome, stem and leaf aqueous extracts of ginger were assayed at 10, 20, 40, and 80 g l⁻¹ for their effects on seed germination and early seedling growth of soybean and chive. All aqueous extracts at all concentrations inhibited seed germination, seedling growth, water uptake and lipase activity of soybean and chive compared with the control, and the degree of inhibition increased with the incremental extracts concentration. The degree of toxicity of different ginger plant parts can be classified in order of decreasing inhibition as stem > leaf > rhizome. The results of this study suggest that rhizome, stem and leaf of ginger contain water-soluble allelochemicals which could inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of soybean and chive. The rhizome is the main harvested part of ginger. The residue (mainly stems and leaves) of the ginger plant should be removed from the field so as to diminish its inhibitory effect. Further work is needed to specify and verify the allelochemicals produced by this plant. The results of this study suggest that ginger allelochemicals are heterotoxic, and thus intercropping should not be practiced using ginger.     

西瓜苗期耐低温弱光性鉴定指标初探

研究了低温弱光（昼/夜温度 7.5 ℃,光照度 4 000 lx）下对 5 个西瓜品种苗期生长的影响,并对不同品种耐低温弱光性进行了比较。结果表明：根据低温弱光下西瓜幼苗生长量、冷害指数、叶片叶绿素含量变化,叶片电导百分率变化,不同品种表现差异明显。综合比较,朝霞耐低温弱光能力较强,金玉玲珑、5318 耐低温弱光能力次之,早春红玉、京欣 2 号耐低温弱光能力较弱。植物体内发生的生理反应与植物生长情况基本一致。幼苗生长量、冷害指数、叶片电导百分率、叶绿素含量可以作为西瓜苗期低温弱光抗性指标,几项指标应互相参照。     

Evaluation of organic,synthetic and physical insecticides for the control of horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella)

Two separate trials during 2007 and 2008 were conducted using containerized white flowering horse chestnut trees (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) to assess the efficacy of a range of insecticides applied at three different times during a growing season against the insect pest, horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimic; HCLM). Insecticides were timed to coincide with the emergence of the adult moth, the target organism. A conventional synthetic insecticide (deltamethrin) used within the UK for HCLM control was included for comparison. A marked impact of insecticide type and frequency of application on HCLM severity was recorded. The effectiveness of each insecticide on mean number of HCLM mines per leaf and percent HCLM larvae/pupae mortality increased when applied at increasing frequencies, i.e. three sprays provided a higher degree of control than two sprays while two sprays provided a higher degree of control than one spray. Limited efficacy as HCLM protectant compounds was demonstrated when the insecticides pyrethrum and soap were applied, irrespective of number of applications. The synthetic insecticide deltamethrin and insect growth regulator diflubenzuron provided the greatest degree of HCLM control. In some instances two foliar sprays provided 100% HCLM control. Efficacy of remaining insecticides based on reduction of HCLM mines per leaf after three sprays averaged across both the 2007 and 2008 trials was in the order silicon dioxide > alginate/polysaccharide combination > organic plant extract > spray oil. Results show commercially registered insecticides exist that provide growing season control of HCLM provided two sprays are applied.     

几种常用杀虫剂对灵芝菌丝生长影响的测定

通过７种常用杀虫剂对两个灵芝菌菌丝生长影响的测定,结果表明辛硫磷、甲胺磷、敌敌畏和百树得在常规浓度下不影响灵芝菌丝的生长。     

Diel leaf growth of soybean: a novel method to analyze two-dimensional leaf expansion in high temporal resolution based on a marker tracking approach (Martrack Leaf)

Background

We present a novel method for quantitative analysis of dicot leaf expansion at high temporal resolution. Image sequences of growing leaves were assessed using a marker tracking algorithm. An important feature of the method is the attachment of dark beads that serve as artificial landmarks to the leaf margin. The beads are mechanically constricted to the focal plane of a camera. Leaf expansion is approximated by the increase in area of the polygon defined by the centers of mass of the beads surrounding the leaf. Fluctuating illumination conditions often pose serious problems for tracking natural structures of a leaf; this problem is circumvented here by the use of the beads.

Results

The new method has been used to assess leaf growth in environmental situations with different illumination conditions that are typical in agricultural and biological experiments: Constant illumination via fluorescent light tubes in a climate chamber, a mix of natural and artificial illumination in a greenhouse and natural illumination of the situation on typical summer days in the field. Typical features of diel (24h) soybean leaf growth patterns were revealed in all three conditions, thereby demonstrating the general applicability of the method. Algorithms are provided to the entire community interested in using such approaches.

Conclusions

The implementation Martrack Leaf presented here is a robust method to investigate diel leaf growth rhythms both under natural and artificial illumination conditions. It will be beneficial for the further elucidation of genotype x environment x management interactions affecting leaf growth processes.

     

2013—2016年辽宁省蔬菜质量安全状况分析

根据2013—2016年辽宁省农产品质量安全例行检测的蔬菜样品合格率、蔬菜种类和超标农药种类等数据,分析得出:蔬菜样品合格率(后10名)由高到低排序为辣椒、大白菜、叶用莴苣、普通白菜、茼蒿、苦苣、菠菜、芹菜、韭菜、豇豆;从蔬菜样品合格率的变化趋势来看,番茄、黄瓜、茄子属于稳定型,芹菜属于增长型,辣椒、韭菜、普通白菜、叶用莴苣、茼蒿属于离散型.农药超标位于前10名的农药由高到低排序为克百威、毒死蜱、氧乐果、腐霉利、氟虫氰、吡虫啉、三唑磷、辛硫磷、多菌灵和水胺硫磷;从农药超标比率变化趋势来看,克百威、水胺硫磷、腐霉利、多菌灵属于下降型,氟虫氰、吡虫啉、氧乐果属于先升后降型,辛硫磷、三唑磷、毒死蜱属于先降后升型.同一蔬菜品种中容易超标的农药分别是:芹菜中毒死蜱、甲拌磷、克百威、辛硫磷易超标;韭菜中腐霉利、毒死蜱、克百威易超标;普通白菜中克百威、毒死蜱、多菌灵、涕灭威易超标;叶用莴苣中吡虫啉、啶虫脒、氧乐果易超标;茼蒿中克百威、毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯易超标.     

硝普钠和硫氢化钠对硝酸盐胁迫下黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以设施栽培面积较大的黄瓜为材料,研究了外源硫化氢(H2S)和一氧化氮(NO)对硝酸盐胁迫下黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,硝酸钙胁迫抑制了黄瓜种子的萌发和幼苗的生长,加入H2S供体硫氢化钠(NaHS)或NO供体硝普钠(SNP)均能有效缓解硝酸钙胁迫对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制作用,使种子萌发率提高,根系长度、根尖数、表面积和活力增加,胚轴长度增加,叶片叶绿素含量提高,幼苗鲜质量增加;并且加入NaHS和SNP共同处理时,二者对硝酸钙伤害的缓解作用有叠加效应。因此,可通过外源添加SNP和NaHS提高黄瓜的耐硝酸盐胁迫能力。     

不同基因型番茄种子萌发期和幼苗期耐盐性评价

试验选用14个番茄品种进行种子萌发期、幼苗期耐盐性评价。对种子萌发期的相对发芽势和相对发芽率进行聚类分 析,14个番茄品种分为耐盐性强的品种5个和耐盐性弱的品种9个;对幼苗期的盐害指数、相对电导率、相对茎粗、相对茎叶 干质量、相对根干质量5项指标进行聚类分析,14个番茄品种分为耐盐性强的品种4个和耐盐性弱的品种10个。结果表明：14 个番茄品种两个发育阶段的耐盐性不完全一致。