SPF鸡营养需要分析及参考营养标准的研究

本文分析了SPF鸡特殊的生活环境、生理机能和饲料处理方法,研究了制定SPF鸡营养需要量标准应考虑的核心因素,在此基础上提出了SPF鸡不同阶段的参考饲养标准。结果认为,SPF鸡的能量需要较普通鸡稍低,其它营养成分的需要量应主要考虑补足饲料灭菌过程中的损失量。     

Fecal Microbiota of Cats with Naturally Occurring Chronic Diarrhea Assessed Using 16S rRNA Gene 454‐Pyrosequencing before and after Dietary Treatment

Background

The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota has a strong impact on the health of cats and these populations can be altered in GI disease. Little research has been done to associate improvement in diarrhea with changes in GI microbiota.

Objective

To evaluate GI microbiota changes associated with diet change and related improvement in diarrhea in cats with chronic naturally occurring diarrhea.

Animals

Fifteen adult Domestic Shorthair cats with naturally occurring chronic diarrhea.

Methods

Controlled crossover dietary trial for management of diarrhea. Fecal microbiome was assessed using 454‐pyrosequencing. Relationships among fecal score (FS), diet, and microbiome were explored using partial least square method, partial least square method – discriminant analysis, and orthogonal partial least square method with discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA).

Results

Dominant bacterial phyla included the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, followed by Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Tenericutes, and Actinobacteria. Orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS‐DA) clustering showed significant microbial differences within cats when fed Diet X versus Diet Y, and with Diet Y versus baseline. Significant correlations were found between the microbiome and FSs. Those bacteria with the strongest correlation with FS included Coriobacteriaceae Slackia spp., Campylobacter upsaliensis, Enterobacteriaceae Raoultella spp., Coriobacteriaceae Collinsella spp., and bacteria of unidentified genera within the families of Clostridiales Lachnospiracea and Aeromonadales Succinivibrionacease, suggesting that increased numbers of these organisms may be important to gut health.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Alterations in intestinal microbiota were associated with improvement in diarrhea, but, from our data we cannot conclude if changes in the microbiome caused the improvement in diarrhea, or vice versa.     

桑树的氮素营养

本从以下几方面总结了桑树氮素营养研究的概况。氮的生理功能,土壤中氮的活动及桑树的吸收利用,施肥方式对桑树吸收氮的影响,栽培方式对桑树吸收氮的影响,桑树施氮的定量方法,最后提几点建议。     

动物铬的营养研究进展

本文从铬的生物活性形式—葡萄糖耐量因子、铬的吸收及其影响因素、应激对铬代谢的影响、铬对物质代谢的影响以及在常规饲粮中添加铬的生物学效应等5个方面,扼要地评述了动物铬的营养研究进展。     

微量元素铜的营养与免疫研究进展

从铜缺乏、中毒、营养需要及其标识等方面综述铜的营养特性和生物学功能研究进展。在此基础上结合营养免疫学方面的研究,详述有关铜影响动物免疫功能的研究结果。     

外源核苷酸营养研究进展

核苷酸具有许多生理生化功能.人和动物体内能够从头合成核苷酸,但在某些情况下,如机体迅速生长、受到免疫挑战时,一些器官、组织内源合成的核苷酸不能满足机体的需要.日粮来源的核苷酸对胃肠道的生长发育、免疫系统、肝功能及脂肪代谢有重要作用.动物生产中,日粮核苷酸是一种半必需营养素.     

羊硫营养研究进展

对国内外有关绵、山羊硫营养研究进行综述。内容包括硫的营养作用，硫在绵、山羊体内的吸收、代谢和排泄，硫的中毒、硫与微量元素的关系、硫与氮的关系，并列出若干硫代谢方面的数学模型，同时也对硫营养调控技术进行了叙述。     

添加营养素提高家蚕杆状病毒生物反应器产率的试验

添食营养素提高家蚕杆状病毒生物反应器产率的研究表明 :添食营养素后 ,可显著促进家蚕的生长发育。以植酸酶为报告基因 ,低浓度的添食处理可提高家蚕杆状病毒生物反应器产率 30 %以上     

圈养野生动物营养研究进展

动物营养学是一门阐明营养物质摄入与生命活动之间关系的科学。目前,动物营养学在家畜家禽养殖研究上较为深入,而在圈养野生动物中只在近几十年才取得一些成果。本文主要在野生动物营养研究方法、野生动物营养评价方法和圈养野生动物营养需求三个方面进行阐述,并结合家畜家禽的研究进展进行综述。很多野生动物营养研究是基于家畜家禽的研究,但野生动物又有别于家畜家禽,因此圈养野生动物营养的科学与均衡应该是野生动物饲养工作中的最主要问题。     

家兔营养研究进展

从大量资料和生产实践中总结和归纳了家兔营养价值的评定方法，阐述了家兔对蛋白质、氨基酸、能量、脂肪、矿物质和维生素的需要及其用量。此外，对家兔对NPN的利用进行简单描述。     

猪日粮碳水化合物营养研究进展

碳水化合物是谷物饲料中的主要能量物质,具有多种生理功能,对动物体的生长发育起着重要作用。近年来,许多研究表明,不同的碳水化合物因其淀粉和非淀粉多糖(NSP)等的组成和量的不同而在动物体内的代谢也表现不同,其原因之一主要为肠道各段对碳水化合物消化吸收不同,本文就碳水化合物的分类、结构、消化代谢特性以及某些营养方面的研究进行综述,以促进其进一步研究应用。     

公猪营养与繁殖

公猪的重要性越来越得到广泛的关注。尽管种公猪在猪群中占据比例不高,但是种公猪的繁殖性能可以直接影响母猪的妊娠率和产仔数,进而影响猪场的整体经济效益。公猪的精液品质是其繁殖力的基础,同时也是发挥公猪遗传性能的重要保障。文章综合了近年来国内外研究公猪营养对精液品质及繁殖力的调控,从膳食纤维、蛋白质及氨基酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、微量元素及维生素、植物提取物、有益菌群等方面分析了它们如何改善公猪精液品质,但是有关研究还很不完善、不系统。因此,需要根据种公猪不同品种、不同生长阶段、不同环境条件下对各类营养物质的需求来制定合理、合适的种公猪饲料配方,以期发挥种公猪的最大潜力和价值。     

甲壳素和壳聚糖营养研究进展

甲壳素、壳聚糖是一种新型绿色饲料添加剂,具有降脂、抗菌抑菌和免疫调节等多种生物学活性,本文综述了甲壳素、壳聚糖的生理生化功能以及在畜禽日粮中添加的生物学效应,为进一步促进其开发利用提供理论依据。     

Determination of the prevalence of whole blood taurine in Irish wolfhound dogs with and without echocardiographic evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy

ObjectivesTaurine plays an important role in maintaining myocardial function. Irish wolfhound dogs (IW) are at risk for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), but a relationship between whole blood taurine (WBT) deficiency and DCM has not been established. Our aim was to determine prevalence of WBT deficiency in IW with and without DCM and assess its association with diet.Animals115 privately owned IW.MethodsWhole blood taurine was measured in IW that received cardiovascular examination. Dietary history was recorded; crude protein and energy intake were estimated.ResultsForty-nine (42.6%) had DCM; 66 (57.4%) had no DCM. Dogs with DCM were older ([median; inter-quartile range or IQR] 5.3; 4.3, 6.2 years) than dogs without heart disease (3; 2, 4 years; P < 0.001). There was no significant relationship between WBT concentration and age (P = 0.64). Whole blood taurine was severely reduced (<130 nmol/mL) in 8 dogs (4 with and 4 without DCM) and moderately reduced (130–179.9 nmol/mL) in 32 dogs (12 with DCM and 20 without DCM). Follow up of dogs without DCM revealed that a higher proportion of dogs with any degree of WBT deficiency developed DCM later compared to dogs with normal WBT (P < 0.001).ConclusionsWhole blood taurine deficiency occurred in IW with and without DCM. Based on taurine measurement on a single occasion, there was no clear relationship between low WBT and presence of DCM in this population. Regardless of WBT, DCM affected predominantly older dogs, suggesting a relatively late onset disease in the IW.     

猪精氨酸的营养生理研究进展

综述精氨酸的生理、代谢和营养作用.精氨酸(Arg)是幼年动物的必需氨基酸,是动物体内一氧化氮和多胺合成的生物前体,并能刺激生长激素和胰岛素的释放.在动物体内起重要的营养生理作用.     

Effect of dietary cation-anion balance in mineral balance in anaerobically exercised and sedentary horses

Eight geldings and four mares were randomly assigned treatments within three 4x4 Latin square design experiments to study the effects of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) on mineral balance and dry matter digestibility in sedentary and anaerobically exercised horses. Four diets with an average DCAB (calculated as meq ((Na+K+) - Cl-)/kg of diet dry matter) of +24 (Low, L), +127 (Medium Low, ML), +227 (Medium High, MH) and +352 (High, H) were fed for a 21 day adjustment period followed by a 72 hour collection period. Diets consisted of a pelleted base concentrate of com, soybean meal and cottonseed hulls fed with either native prairie grass or bermuda grass hay in a 60:40 ratio. Diet L was formed by adding calcium chloride and ammonium chloride to the base concentrate, diet ML was formed by adding calcium chloride, and diet H was formed by adding potassium citrate and sodium bicarbonate. Diet MI-I received no supplementation and served as the control. Representative samples of feed, feces and urine were analyzed for mineral content and mineral balances were calculated by difference. Fecal output was greater (p <.05), and thus, dry matter digestibility was lower in exercised homes consuming diet L versus diet H. Sodium balance was greater (p <.05) in sedentary horses consuming diet MH as compared to those consuming diets ML and L Sodium balance was greater (p <.05) in exercised homes consuming diet H as compared to those consuming diets ML and L Potassium balance was greater (p <.05) in sedentary horses consuming diet H as compared to those horses consuming diet ML, however, potassium balance was not affected by DCAB in exercised horses. No significant differences were detected in chloride or magnesium balances in the sedentary horses, although chloride balance was greater (p <.05) and magnesium balance was lower (p <.05) in exercised homes consuming diet L as compared to all other diets. In sedentary homes, phosphorus balance was reflective of intake with differences (p <.05) observed between all treatments. However, in exercised homes, phosphorus balance was lower (p <.05) oniy for those consuming diet L. Calcium balance decreased significantly as DCAB decreased between all treatments in sedentary horses, while calcium balance in exercised homes was greater (p <.05) for homes consuming diet H as compared to those consum- ing diet L.Previous research from our laboratory has shown that both exercised and sedentary horses consuming diets with a low DCAB experience a nutritionally induced metabolic acidosis. The current data indicate that anaerobically exercised and sedentary horses consuming these diets excrete significantly more calcium in the urine resulting in decreased calcium balances. Prolonged consumption of diets with a low DCAB may lead to a significant demineralization of bone and a subsequent weakening of the skeleton.     

动物营养水平与免疫及疾病关系的研究

动物营养与免疫及疾病之间的关系错综复杂,一方面营养水平合理可以提高免疫力和抗病力,营养缺乏直接或间接地引起动物机体免疫组织和免疫器官的损伤,从而引发各种疾病;反之,各种疾病引起的免疫反应又会影响营养成分的吸收。可见动物日粮营养水平对动物免疫与疾病具有重要影响。本文简要概述了动物日粮中的蛋白质、氨基酸、矿物质、维生素、脂肪、益生菌等营养物质对动物免疫与疾病的影响。     

反刍动物钴营养研究进展

钴是反刍动物的必需微量元素之一,在动物体内发挥重要的作用。本文就钴对反刍动物的生物学功能、吸收与代谢、缺乏与过量、来源与供应、添加剂量与添加效果等方面的研究进行综述。     

微量元素对农作物品质影响概述

微量元素是植物生长所必需的,对植物的各种生理代谢过程的关键步骤起调控作用。大量研究表明,微量元素对于改善农作物品质起到了至关重要的作用,文章概述了微量元素在植物体内的作用原理,并概括的介绍了微量元素对于农作物品质的改善作用,强调了微量元素对于未来农业发展的重要性。