Comparison of four methods for the detection of Coleoptera adults infesting stored wheat: efficiency and detection sensitivity

In order to evaluate trapping and standard sampling methods for Coleoptera adult detection in bulked wheat, three commercial types of traps (WBII, Pitfall Cone Trap and Grain Probe Trap) and a 2-m long grain trier (9 openings, 750 g capacity) were compared. The comparison, which took place in 9 steel bins containing wheat in Central Greece, indicated that the traps were more effective in detecting adults belonging to the 21 beetle species that were found. Traps contained up to 45 times more adults than the grain trier samples, while at the same time traps produced noticeable levels of detection sensitivity for all species found, as compared to the grain trier samples. For most species, mean trap catches in WBII and Pitfall Cone traps were significantly higher than the means of the other two methods. The correlation coefficient values between trap catches and adult numbers in samples were not significantly different than zero, indicating that the effort to relate trapping to absolute estimation sampling methods is a very complex procedure.     

影响桃小食心虫性诱剂田间诱捕效率的几种因子的研究

考察影响桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii诱捕器诱捕效率的几种因子,结果表明,中捷四方性诱剂诱捕效率显著高于另一型号.3种诱捕器在诱捕效率上存在明显差异,船型诱捕器具有较高的监测效率.诱捕器诱捕半径以20～25m为最佳诱捕范围,与15m和30m的差异显著.地面植被覆盖程度对诱捕器诱捕效率有明显影响,且诱捕器在林冠层相对开放、同时无低矮灌木层条件下,易于发挥其诱捕作用.     

The use of traps baited with live females or synthetic pheromone as a tool for improving control programs of the cotton leaf-worm,Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), in cotton fields in israel

The aim of this investigation was to clarify whether pheromone traps could provide a reliable tool for early detection of aS. littoralis adult population and for indicating infestation by its larvae in the field. The aggregated pattern of distribution of adults is indicated by the fit of data to Taylor’s Power Law or to the negative binomial distribution. However, the relatively high k values obtained indicate thatS. littoralis adults are only slightly aggregated and sometimes almost randomly distributed. Trap position in the field and number of traps per area unit affected size of catches in both female-baited and synthetic-pheromone-baited traps. No relationship between size of catches and temperature, wind velocity or moon phase was detected. Variations in size of catches among traps was not affected much by the baited females. Pheromone traps proved to be a reliable tool for estimating fluctuations in population density and for indicating adult peaks. However, no correlation between male catches and infestation by larvae in the experimental plots was found. Pheromone traps may serve only as a warning device indicating the possibility of potential attack due to an increase in adult population level. Mercury vapor light traps were inferior to pheromone traps in detecting changes inS. littoralis population densities. Synthetic pheromone (“Litlure”) was somewhat less efficient in attracting males than virgin females; however, it is suitable for detecting fluctuations in theS. littoralis adult population.     

Do lethal trap devices threaten foot-hold trap capture efficacy?

Foot-hold trapping is an important tool used in pest management programs in countries such as Australia, New Zealand and in North America. Research on humane trapping methods including the addition of sedatives (Tranquilizer Trap Device) and toxins (Lethal Trap Device) to foot-hold traps to improve the welfare of trapped pest animals is important. Lethal Trap Devices (LTD) are being tested in Australia to determine if deploying a toxin with a foot-hold trap is effective at delivering a lethal dose of toxin to trapped predators. This study aimed to test whether fitting an LTD to two different foot-hold jaw traps (Victor Soft catch #3 and Bridger #5) would affect the jaw closure time and as such affect capture rates. We found that two spring Victor Soft catch traps were faster (20.91, SD 0.72 ms) than four spring Bridger #5 traps (26.79, SD 0.48 ms) even when fitted with a Lethal Trap Device. Fitting a Lethal Trap Device to either of these trap models did not affect closure time and as such would not have any effect on capture efficacy.     

Influence of killing agents and water on the capture of six coleoptera species in probe traps

The introduction of propylene glycol, DDVP and water inside perforated probe traps was evaluated on the basis of their effectiveness in trapping adults of six species of Coleoptera infesting stored cereals. Adults ofSitophilus oryzae, Tribolium castaneum, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Tenebroides mauritanicus, Rhyzopertha dominica andOryzaephilus surinamen-sis were placed in plastic cylindrical bins each containing 14 kg of wheat. One probe trap was then introduced into each container and the adults trapped were counted 72 h later. Experiments were conducted at two population densities, of 30 adults (approx. one insect per 0.5 kg of wheat) and 90 adults (approx. three adults per 0.5 kg of wheat) of each species per container. The highest percentage of adults trapped was observed forC. ferrugineus andT. castaneum, and the lowest forR. dominica andS. oryzae. No significant differences in number of adults captured (% of the total number of adults) was noted between the two population density levels. At the lower density, the presence of killing agents in the traps did not increase the captures significantly; on the other hand, at the higher density, the killing agents helped to increase significantly the catches of 5.oryzae, T. castaneum, T. mauritanicus andO. surinamensis, as compared with the catches in the control traps. No significant differences were noted forC. ferrugineus andR. dominica.     

Long-term impacts of an organophosphate-based regime of pesticides on field and field-edge Collembola communities

During a 6-year study, effects of two contrasting regimes of pesticide use on pitfall and suction catches of Collembola were monitored in an arable field under a rotation of grass and winter wheat. Current farm practice (CFP) represented conventional fungicide and herbicide use plus applications of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, whereas reduced input approach (RIA) utilised minimum inputs of fungicides and herbicides and excluded any use of insecticides. Compared with RIA, the CFP regime caused a substantial decline in the abundance and diversity of Collembola in the field, including the local disappearance of one species, without recovery during the study. At the field edge, which was protected during OP applications by a 6-m unsprayed buffer zone, effects of the CFP regime were less severe, and were not persistent in the long term. Some Collembola species occurred only in field-edge samples. Pitfall and suction sampling yielded remarkably similar patterns of catches, indicating that pitfall trapping may be appropriate for detecting long-term changes in collembolan abundance caused by intensive agricultural management practices.     

Field tests on trapping efficiency of sticky traps forBlatta orientalis andblattella germanica (dictyoptera)

The efficacy and species specifity of two commercial sticky traps (Ekolex-V and Trappit-Lo Line) were compared in field tests in a multistorey restaurant complex in CZ. Traps were tested under high population density ofblatta orientalis L. (BO) andBlattella germanica (L.) (BG). We found species specific differences in trapping efficiency between the two traps. There was a high correlation between visually estimated counts and actual catches of BG and BO in Trappit. The correlation in Ekolex catches was lower (BG: r=0.86, BO: r=0.58). Nymph/adult ratio increased with increasing population density in both Trappit and Ekolex traps. Although both types of traps reflected differences in population density, we found Trappit more efficient than Ekolex especially forBlatta orientalis. Estimated Trappit/Ekolex ratio of BG catches decreased with increasing population density showing Trappit more sensitive. Trapping sensitivity at low cockroach density was proposed as a standard criterion for evaluation of cockroach trap efficiency.     

Studies on the sorghum grain midge,Contarinia sorghicola Coquillet,in relation to environmental influence

Abstract

Biology, ecology and damage potential of the sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola Coquillet, were studied at Coimbatore, India. The life cycle of the midge was shorter in summer than winter: Johnson grass, Sorghum halepense and pearl millet, Pennisetum americanum served as alternate hosts for the sorghum midge. Seasonal incidence studies revealed that four peak infestations occurred in crops sown in April, June, August and October. Midge developmental stages were quite active all through the year with no diapause, Peak adult midge attraction to the light trap was recorded at 21.00 hours. However, adult midges were found to be quite active only in the daytime in the field. There was no relationship between adult midge catches from the light trap and the population recorded in the field. Morning relative humidity and wind velocity were negatively associated with the population of midge attracted to the light trap. An increased percentage of midge population was recorded in the light trap during the new moon and second quarter phases of moon. Sticky traps were not efficient in trapping adult midges. One pair of adult midge per earhead caused 16–9% grain damage.     

Catching Ips duplicatus (Sahlberg) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) with pheromone‐baited traps: optimal trap type,colour, height and distance to infestation

BACKGROUND: Field trapping experiments were carried out to evaluate effective trap characteristics for maximising Ips duplicatus (Sahlberg) catches in pheromone‐baited traps in China. RESULTS: Window‐slot and cross‐barrier traps had significantly higher catches than multiple‐funnel traps. The colour of window‐slot traps showed a significant effect on catches, with dark colours (black and red) being more effective than light colours, especially white and yellow. Window‐slot traps at a 1.5–2.0 m level caught more beetles than those at either ground level (0–0.5 m) or at 3.5–4.0 m. Ips duplicatus can be attracted to pheromone‐baited traps over a distance of > 100 m from the forest edge in an open grassy field. There was a strong diurnal pattern of flight activity, with catches on window‐slot traps occurring during the daytime with one broad peak at mid‐ to late afternoon. The seasonal flight activity of I. duplicatus as monitored by pheromone‐baited window‐slot traps during 2007–2008 indicated that three major flight peaks occurred in early June, late June–early July and late July respectively, suggesting the existence of a potential second generation. CONCLUSION: The optimal trap characteristics will improve the performance of pheromone‐baited traps as a critical monitoring or mass‐trapping tool to combat outbreaks of this pest species. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

佳多虫情测报灯和普通黑光灯对草地螟种群监测与防治效果比较

2004-2006年连续3年应用佳多自动虫情测报灯和传统普通黑光灯对草地螟种群监测和诱杀结果表明,两种诱虫灯均可有效监测草地螟种群动态,自动虫情测报灯对高密度草地螟种群诱杀效果显著,诱蛾量明显高于普通黑光灯的,而普通黑光灯对低密度种群诱杀较为有效。两种灯光诱捕器监测的草地螟种群动态变化趋势基本一致,每天诱蛾数呈极显著相关（r2004=0.973、r2005=0.990和r2006=0.981,p<0.01),但黑光灯下草地螟种群始见期较早而终见期较晚。两种灯下诱捕的草地螟雌蛾数均大于雄蛾数,但灯光诱捕器之间诱捕的草地螟雌雄性比差别不大。     

Evaluation of commercial traps of various designs for capturing the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Abstract

The attractiveness of six different traps, one hand-made and five commercially available, on olive fruit fly adults, was compared in the field. Experiments were undertaken at three different localities of Messinia Co., SW Greece, with varying conditions of fruit load and pest population density. The Glass-Plastic Elkofon Trap attracted more adult flies than any other type of trap. Satisfactory catches were also given by the Glass McPhail trap, the Plastic McPhail trap and the Plastic Elkofon trap, whereas low attractiveness was demonstrated by the Bottle trap and the Pouch trap. It is clear from the findings of this study that trap captures of the olive fruit fly are significantly influenced by trap design (e.g. shape, materials, special features), especially during the period of the high population peak (mid-September – early November) as well as in olive orchards with a high pest population density. In olive orchards with a low pest population density no significant differences were recorded among captures of different trap types. We discuss ways of improving the mass-trapping technique as a control method against olive fruit fly.     

Efficiency of the synthetic sex attractant and the effect of trap size on captures ofSpodoptera littoralis males in water traps and in dry funnel traps

The efficiency of the synthetic sex attractant ofS. littoralis and the effect of trap size on male captures in water traps and in newly designed dry traps were investigated. The synthetic attractant was less efficient in attractiveness than virgin females in both small (17 cm) and large (60 cm) traps. Trap size did not affect male captures in traps baited with either virgin females or synthetic pheromone. The dry trap tested was as efficient as the water trap, easier to handle, and highly suitable for monitoring or for mass trapping ofS. littoralis.     

Effect of Weather Conditions on Frit Fly (Oscinella frit, Diptera: Chloropidae) Activity and Infestation Levels in Spring Wheat in Central Germany

Effects of temperature, rainfall and solar radiation on frit fly (Oscinella frit) population and infestation level were evaluated in two wheat varieties in central Germany during 2008?C2010. The effect colour of water traps (blue, white and yellow) -used in population determination- on their efficiency was also evaluated. Strong correlation was found between weather parameters and trap catches (R² between 0.8 and 0.98). Infestation percents were calculated by counting the infested plants at different growth stages 10?C30. The weather conditions in 2008 and 2009 were drier, warmer and sunnier than 2010, which affected trap catches as well infestation percents. There was a positive correlation between blue trap catches and solar radiation and negative correlation with white and yellow traps. Infestation percents were higher in 2008 & 2009 than in 2010; although trap catches were higher in 2010 than 2008 & 2009, because weather conditions affected adult negatively ovipositon and newly larvae survival in 2010. The results indicate that weather can play a precise role in frit fly activity and its infestation levels.     

Sampling for adults of the planthopper Myndus crudus a vector of lethal yellowing of palms 1

Abstract

Tests were made using coloured sticky traps to determine trap efficacy in catching adult Myndus crudus Van Duzee (Homoptera, Cixiidae) under field conditions. Blue traps caught more M. crudus adults than any of the other colour traps tested. Blue traps caught adults of both sexes during the day and night although significantly more adults were caught during the day. A sampling bias was shown in that blue traps caught significantly more males than expected from the field population. Blue sticky traps were more effective at sampling adult M. crudus populations than previous sampling techniques based on host plant attractiveness and should be considered for use in future sampling.     

绿盲蝽性诱剂诱捕效率的测定及其影响因子分析

于2015年6月在河南新郑枣园,以红色荧光粉为标记物,采用"标记-释放-回捕"法,对绿盲蝽性诱剂枣园诱捕效率及其影响因子进行了研究。在室内对实验室饲养的绿盲蝽雄成虫进行荧光染色标记,将标记好的雄成虫转移至枣园中心点进行释放,同时按照距释放点一定的距离和方位挂好性诱捕器,释放后连续7d进行回捕,回捕后进行荧光检测。结果表明,7d内绿盲蝽雄成虫的标记回捕率为7.3%;性诱剂有效诱捕半径为10~30m,最佳诱捕半径为20m。性诱剂的诱捕效率还受风向、风速、空气相对湿度等气象因子的影响,位于主导风向上风口的诱捕器,其诱捕量最大。回归分析表明,夜间平均风速与诱捕率存在极显著的线性回归关系,回归方程式为y＝0.540＋0.232x;夜间平均相对湿度与诱捕率有着显著的负相关性,两者的相互关系可用回归方程y＝1.887－0.20x表示。即在一定范围内,夜间风速越大、相对湿度越低越有利于提高绿盲蝽的诱捕效率。     

Development of semiochemical attractants for monitoring bean seed beetle, Bruchus rufimanus

BACKGROUND: Bruchus rufimanus is a serious pest of field beans. The objective here was to develop a semiochemical‐baited trapping system to facilitate monitoring of the pest. RESULTS: Volatile compounds that were electrophysiologically active with the antennae of B. rufimanus females were identified from headspace samples of Vicia faba flowers and from male B. rufimanus. Selected headspace samples and synthetic compounds were tested in olfactometer bioassays. The semiochemicals were then formulated in lures for traps and evaluated in a field trapping experiment. Cone traps baited with a three‐component blend of floral volatiles, releasing (R)‐linalool (17.7 mg day^?1), cinnamyl alcohol (0.4 mg day^?1) and cinnamaldehyde (0.77 mg day^?1), caught significantly more of both sexes of B. rufimanus than unbaited control traps. A male volatile, 1‐undecene, was EAG active with female antennae. It was attractive to females in an olfactometer, indicating that it is a sex pheromone. However, in the field it only enhanced trap catches if it was released together with the floral volatiles. CONCLUSION: The blends of semiochemicals identified were shown to be attractive in cone traps under field conditions. The prototype trapping system developed could be used as a monitoring tool to determine infestation levels of B. rufimanus in bean fields. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Trapping whiteflies? A comparison of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) responses to trap crops and yellow sticky traps

BACKGROUND: Greenhouse whiteflies, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), are notorious pests that, through the reduction of crop yields and excretion of honeydew, cause significant economic losses for sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) growers. Chemical and biological controls are the two most common forms of whitefly management in greenhouses. Consequently, insecticide resistance and inadequate control have rejuvenated interest in alternative tactics. In the present study, whitefly responses to trap crops (eggplant and squash) and yellow sticky traps were compared in order to identify the most effective traps for dispersing and resident adults. RESULTS: Results indicated that yellow sticky traps were most effective at trapping adult whiteflies. Significantly more dispersing whiteflies were recorded on eggplant than on squash trap crops. None of the traps significantly reduced adult populations on the main crops (peppers) compared with the control. However, yellow sticky traps did significantly reduce oviposition on peppers. CONCLUSIONS: Adult whiteflies were most effectively trapped on yellow sticky traps followed by eggplant trap crops. Further study of whitefly trapping using visual cues may enhance trapping management. Specifically, research combining yellow sticky traps with other control strategies is recommended. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effectiveness of Some Insecticides on Wheat Blossom Midges in Winter Wheat

Orange wheat blossom midge damage can impart serious loss of quantity and quality of winter wheat. Wheat midges were evaluated in large scale field in winter wheat in Bad Lausick (Leipzig, Saxsony) central Germany. The present study aimed at studying the activity of wheat blossom midges WBM, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) and Contarinia tritici (Kirby) using pheromone, sticky traps and two types of water traps. Management of midges with different treatments was studied; Karate (pyrethroid), Biscaya (neonicotinoid) and NeemAzal T/S (botanical insecticide) were sprayed on wheat at heading stage (GS 55). Monitoring was conducted before the treatment and continued for 4 weeks after the treatment. Pheromone traps were used for forecasting midge adult population and determine the control date. Water traps were used to assess midge larvae, while midge adults were surveyed using sticky traps. A strong correlation between midge catches and weather conditions was obtained; as well a coincidence between pheromone catches and wheat midge infestation in the susceptible growth stages (GS 47–65) was recorded. Insecticide applications to fields of midge-infested winter wheat significantly reduced the wheat midge damage. There were significant differences in wheat midge numbers between treated and untreated; wheat midge numbers were lower in the treated than in control. The results proved that both Karate and Biscaya caused more mortality to wheat midges than NeemAzal T/S.     

Surveillance techniques for non‐native insect pest detection*

The risk of introduction of new insect pest species is growing with the increase in passenger travel and the trade in plant products worldwide. Though effective detection methods exist in a number of cases, only some of them are applied in practice through organized networks. This paper reviews the detection tools available for insect pests, based on commonly available attractants and trapping systems. Chemical attractants are divided into powerful attractants (such as pheromones and para‐pheromones), attractants of lower intensity (such as kairomones and food attractants), and their combinations. Physical attractants are also considered, such as visual cues, which are generally used in combination with olfactory attractants, and light traps. Finally, the diversity of trapping systems is also presented in relation to attractants, trap design and target species.     

Rat control by trapping in deepwater rice

Studies conducted at the deepwater rice research site of the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute during 1989–1992 revealed that bandicoot rats in flooded deepwater rice (DWR) fields can be controlled effectively by the use of live traps. Intensive trapping during the flooding period significantly reduced damage to elongating stems and grain yield. Live traps were found to be superior to snap traps. Traps need to be placed on a float. Trap floats served as roosts for the exhausted rats that swam from the raised areas to the flooded rice fields. Floats made of banana trunk (after fruit harvest) were inexpensive and lasted for 2–3 weeks. Fresh snail flesh or paddy grains were effective trap baits. Field monitoring is an essential part of the trapping programme. The programme should be Initiated at the beginning of stem cutting in the field and continue until its cessation. Collective effort may be useful but not essential, when a DWR field is attacked an individual farmer can adopt the method to control rats.