加强兽药饲料管理保障畜禽产品安全关键要素

兽药饲料的使用将直接影响畜禽养殖的效能和畜禽产品的质量安全,推进畜禽养殖高质量发展,要求做好畜禽兽药饲料管理工作,确保畜禽兽药饲料使用的规范性和科学性。该文分析了兽药饲料管理存在的问题,就加强兽药饲料管理、保障畜禽产品安全提出一些合理化的建议和对策,希望对推进畜禽养殖业健康发展有所启示。     

畜禽饲料营养价值的评定方法

畜禽饲料营养价值评定的数据信息是饲料数据库中的关键指标之一,客观准确地评价畜禽饲料营养价值、建立数据库是确定畜禽养殖过程中准确营养需要量的重要依据,同时也是优化畜禽养殖饲料配方、降低畜禽养殖成本和节能减排的重要理论和方式。畜禽饲料营养价值评价方法主要有化学分析法、消化试验法、平衡试验法、饲养试验法和屠宰试验法等。本文主要介绍了畜禽饲料原料离体消化试验法,旨在为畜禽饲料营养价值的评定提供参考。     

浅谈畜禽饲料添加剂技术的应用

畜禽饲料添加剂的面世和应用,对发展商品畜牧业产生了不可估量的作用。为能够正确应用和推广饲料添加剂,取得好的经济效益,现就饲料添加剂使用的有关问题作一介绍。一、畜禽饲料添加剂概念与种类畜禽饲料添加剂是指在畜禽饲料中添加的各种营养性和非营养性微量物质,这些物质的作用是补充普通饲料中某些营养成分的不足,促使畜禽生长发育、提高生产性能和饲料转化率、防治畜禽疾病、减少饲料养分的损失、改善饲料品质等等。按性质和作用可分以下几类:     

微生物发酵饲料在畜禽养殖中的应用

微生物发酵技术在畜禽养殖中应用广泛,在改善饲料适口性、提高饲料利用率、减少环境污染、促进畜禽生长性能、提高畜禽免疫力、改善畜禽肉品质及繁殖性能等方面有重要作用.本文详述了微生物发酵饲料在畜禽养殖中的应用及微生物发酵饲料的发展前景.     

饲料中不可缺少锌和硫

锌和硫是畜禽生长、繁育所必须的微量元素,在畜禽饲料中不可缺少。当饲料中缺锌或饲料中的锌不易被畜禽吸收时,畜禽就会出现缺锌症,导致畜禽的肌体消瘦,外皮增厚,种畜、种禽的睾丸明显萎缩,精子少,生长、繁育都受到影响。因此,畜禽饲料不可缺锌。在有些缺锌的畜禽饲料中应适当补锌,方法是     

大麦的营养价值及其在畜禽饲料中的应用

大麦（Hordeum vulgare）属于禾本科植物,是我国用途最为广泛的谷物之一,广泛应用于酿造、食品、医药学等领域。大麦苗、大麦叶、大麦秸秆、大麦芽等均可作为畜禽饲料来源,具有较高的营养价值和饲用价值。将大麦开发为畜禽饲料产品,既可以缓解畜禽饲料来源不足的问题,又能够提高畜禽养殖业经济效益。介绍了大麦的营养价值,综述了其在畜禽饲料中的应用研究进展,以期为大麦在畜禽饲料领域的开发利用提供参考。     

科苑采撷

饲料莫忘加点硫 硫是畜禽所必需的微量元素之一。它能促进畜禽机体内蛋白质的合成，提高畜禽产品中蛋白质的含量。因此，畜禽饲料中不可缺硫。对含硫量不足的畜禽饲料，可以通过添加硫酸钠的方法来增加含硫量。一般在每千克畜禽饲料中添加硫酸钠3—5克。     

怎样科学使用畜禽全价饲料

畜禽饲养使用的全价饲料是根据畜禽的不同生长阶段一对各种营养物质的不同需求，选择不同的原料配制而成的营养全面的饲料。在畜禽生产中一饲喂全价饲料可以降低生产成本。提高畜禽生产水平．增加经济效益。但是一部分畜禽饲养户存在着不能科学地使用全价饲料。造成饲料报酬低。影响经济效益的问题。因此一怎样科学地使用全价饲料咧故到以下几点：1要专料专用畜禽的种类不同和畜禽不同的生长阶段对各种营养物质的需求不同一饲料的内在品质也不同。饲养户应按们养的对象、生长阶段、按饲料说明选用饲料做到专料专用。否则容易造成饲料浪费及…     

色、味添加剂在畜禽生产中的应用

色味添加剂能改变饲料中某种饲料的不良气味,能刺激畜禽胃肠蠕动,增加唾液腺、胃肠腺和胰腺的分泌,提高饲料的消化利用率,促进生长,同时还可以提高畜禽产品质量等级,预防某些疾病发生和补充饲料中的某种营养物质不足,纠正家畜对某种单一饲料的偏食性等。 (一)着色剂在畜禽饲料中的应用 畜禽产品颜色的深浅与其营养价值无关,但是人们往往从蛋黄的色泽深浅来判断蛋品的新鲜度,从畜禽皮肤、肉、脂肪的色泽判断肉品的质量和风味。畜禽单纯靠饲料本身色素往往不能满足人们对畜禽产品色泽的要求。在现代养殖业中,特别是养禽业,人们为了获得色泽…     

风味剂在畜禽饲料生产中的应用

饲料营养、采食量和消化吸收是保证畜禽健康生长和高效生产的三个要素。长期以来,在畜禽饲料生产中人们注重的是饲料营养的全价性和各种营养素间的平衡,而对畜禽饲料的另外的重要特性即风味与适口性、采食量、食欲、消化吸收的关系没有引起足够的重视,随着畜禽饲料生产工业的发展,养殖水平的不断提高,畜禽的采食量已成为限定因素之一。因此,如何改善畜禽饲料的风味与适口性,增加采食,保证旺盛的食欲已成为现代畜     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …