猪毛滴虫病的研究进展

毛滴虫是猪体内较为常见的原虫,目前有关猪毛滴虫的报道较少,其兽医公共卫生学意义尚未确定。文章就猪毛滴虫的分类地位、虫体形态、生活史、致病性、流行病学情况、诊断、防治等方面的内容作一综述,为猪毛滴虫和毛滴虫病的研究提供参考。     

鸽毛滴虫病预防与治疗研究进展

鸽毛滴虫病一直是危害养鸽业的一种重要的寄生虫性疾病。文章简要介绍了鸽毛滴虫及鸽毛滴虫病的危害,主要综述了鸽毛滴虫病预防和治疗的研究进展,希望为临床生产时间中鸽毛滴虫病的控制提供一些参考。     

Efficacy of ipronidazole against trichomoniasis in beef bulls

Preputial smegma samples from 195 beef bulls were collected repeatedly and cultured for Tritrichomonas foetus. Seventy-five (38.5%) of these bulls were positive for trichomonads on at least 1 culture. Sensitivity of the culture procedure (number of positive cultures/number of total cultures from known-positive bulls) was 81.6%. Storage of preputial smegma in lactated Ringer's solution at 5 C for 24 hours resulted in a 14% loss of sensitivity. Seventy-three of the 75 infected bulls were available for treatment and were alloted randomly to 2 groups. Bulls in both groups were treated with procaine penicillin (7,000 IU/kg, IM) for 2 days before ipronidazole treatment. Thirty grams of ipronidazole powder was dissolved in 60 ml of sterile water, and was given IM to group 1 bulls. Group 2 bulls were given a similar 30-g ipronidazole solution IM on day 1, and were given 15 g of ipronidazole dissolved in 30 ml of sterile water on days 2 and 3. Efficacy of treatment (ie, negative cultures of preputial smegma for trichomonads for 6 consecutive weeks after treatment) was 92.8% for the 42 bulls treated once and 100% for the 31 bulls treated 3 times.     

Venous blood gas and lactate values of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), boat-tailed grackles (Quiscalus major), and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) after capture by mist net, banding, and venipuncture

Blood gas partial pressures, pH, and bicarbonate and lactate concentrations were measured from the basilic vein of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) and the jugular vein of boat-tailed grackles (Quiscalus major) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) to assess immediate impacts of mist net capture and handling for banding and venipuncture. Mourning doves and house sparrows exhibited mild acidemia (median [minimum-maximum] venous blood pH(41 degrees C) = 7.394 [7.230-7.496] and 7.395 [7.248-7.458], respectively), relative to boat-tailed grackles (Quiscalus major; 7.452 [7.364-7.512]), but for different reasons. Mourning doves exhibited relative metabolic acidosis (lower venous blood pH, higher lactate concentrations, lower bicarbonate, and no significant differences in partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) or partial pressure of O2 (pO2) compared with boat-tailed grackles). House sparrows exhibited relative respiratory acidosis (lower venous blood pH, higher pCO2, lower pO2, and no significant differences in bicarbonate and lactate concentrations compared with boat-tailed grackles). All birds captured by mist net and handled for banding and venipuncture experienced some degree of lactic acidemia; and values were greater in mourning doves (lactate, 7.72 [3.94-14.14] mmol/L) than in boat-tailed grackles (5.74 [3.09-8.75] mmol/L) and house sparrows (4.77 [2.66-12.03] mmol/L), despite mourning doves resisting least and being easiest to disentangle from the mist net. House sparrows were more susceptible to respiratory acidosis, warranting particular care in handling birds <30 g to minimize interference with ventilation. The different sample collection site for mourning doves may have affected results in comparison with the other two species, due to activity of the wing muscles. However, despite the higher lactate concentrations, pCO2 was relatively low in doves. The metabolic, respiratory, and acid-base alterations observed in this study were minor in most cases, indicative of the general safety of these important field ornithology techniques. The effect of other adverse conditions, however, could be additive.     

Diagnosis of trichomoniasis in 'virgin' bulls by culture and polymerase chain reaction

The diagnostic test for Tritrichomonas foetus in bulls is microscopic examination of cultured preputial samples. Trichomonads other than T. foetus can be present in a preputial sample. Both a staining technique and a polymerase chain reaction assay were useful in differentiating between T. foetus and another trichomonad observed in samples from virgin bulls.     

Tolerance of disturbance by humans in long-time resident and recent colonist urban doves

Background: A critical trait for successful urban dwelling by birds is the ability to tolerate high levels of disturbing stimulation by humans. If such tolerance is partly acquired gradually after colonization, species with a long history of residence in cities are likely to be more tolerant of such stimulation than recent urban colonists, but this has not often been tested.Methods: We tested whether introduced Rock(Columba livia) and Spotted(Streptopelis chinensis) Doves, historically long-term residents of Melbourne, Australia, were more tolerant of disturbance by humans than the very recent colonist, the native Crested Pigeon(Ochyphaps lophotes) by comparing the Flight Initiation Distances(FID) and time allocations to vigilance during foraging of all three species in urban Melbourne. That all three species are members of the Columbiformes reduces the possibility that any species differences in tolerance are simply phylogenetic in origin.Results: Flight initiation distance was shorter in Rock Doves than in the other two species, which did not differ in approachability by a human. Rock Doves retreated from an approaching human mainly by walking a relatively short distance, Crested Pigeons mainly by running a relatively short distance and Spotted Doves primarily by flying a comparatively long distance. The time allocation to anti-predator vigilance of Rock Doves was smaller than that of the other two species, whose allocations were similar.Conclusions: The very recent colonist of eastern Melbourne, the Crested Pigeon, was not the least tolerant of disturbance by humans of the three related species. Natural selection for tolerance therefore probably cannot entirely explain the pattern of tolerance evident among these urban dove species and behavioural flexibility is probably involved. Length of residency in a city is not an infallible guide to a species’ level of tolerance of disturbance by humans.     

鸽新城疫病毒中等毒力株感染的实验室诊断

将临床初诊为新城疫的送检病鸽组织匀浆 ,接种SPF鸡胚。用致死鸡胚的尿囊液做血液凝集试验 ,并用鸡新城疫阳性血清进行血凝抑制试验。结果含毒尿囊液的血凝反应可以被新城疫阳性血清抑制 ,鸡胚半数感染剂量 (EID50 )为 1 0 - 3/ 0 1mL ,鸡胚平均死亡时间 (MDT)为 72 8h ,证明所分离的病毒为具中等毒力的鸽新城疫病毒     

猪毛滴虫病病原及诊治的研究进展

猪毛滴虫病的历史较短,关于该病的研究和病例报道也较少。近年来,随着该病导致保育猪腹泻病例日益增多,猪毛滴虫病对养猪业的危害日益显现。本文就该病的病原、危害性、致病机理、流行病学、临床症状、病理变化、诊断以及防治作一综述,旨在为猪毛滴虫病的研究和防控提供参考。     

Antitrichomonal activity of Peganum harmala alkaloid extract against trichomoniasis in pigeon (Columba livia domestica)

1. This study was designed to evaluate the antitrichomonal effects of P. harmala alkaloid extract against T. gallinae, both in vitro and in vivo, as well as comparing it to that of metronidazole, conventional antitrichomonal medication and harmine and harmaline, the two alkaloids present in P. harmala.

2. T. gallinae were collected by the wet mount method from infected free-living pigeons. The in vitro assay was performed using multi-well plates containing test compounds in final concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50 or 100 μg/ml. The in vivo assay was done on 60 experimentally infected pigeons dosed with metronidazole at 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) or alkaloids at 25 mg/kg BW.

3. The 24 h minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of alkaloid extract was 15 µg/ml while that of metronidazole was 50 µg/ml. Harmine and harmaline revealed 24 h MIC of 30 and 100 µg/ml, respectively. Treatment of infected pigeons with alkaloids led to a full recovery after 3 d but with metronidazole total eradication of trophozoites was not achieved.

4. In conclusion, data of the present study suggested P. harmala is a potent natural anti-trichomonal agent, effective against T. gallinae.     

一年生苜蓿种质资源形态变异及其形态特征

以22份一年生苜蓿为材料,对生育期和外部形状进行观测和统计分析,并对形态类型加以聚类分析。结果表明：（1）一年生苜蓿的茎为直立或匍匐,茎高在7．0～30．7cm,3出羽状复叶,种子为黄色、肾形。生育期在95—140d,从生育天数可分为早熟型和晚熟型;（2）一年生苜蓿种内变异很大,其中主茎长度和自然高度的变异系数最大,分别为43．0％和42．9％。其次是叶长和叶宽,变异系数分别为33．3％和30．0％。而第2主茎长度变异系数是27．6％,伸展长度变异系数22．1％;（3）对一年生苜蓿在干旱地区和高寒地区的生长状况的比较发现,一年生苜蓿更适应于干旱地区的生长;（4）一年生苜蓿的主茎长度越长,第2主茎长度越长,自然高度越高,伸展长度越长,叶长和叶宽也越长;（5）通过形态类型的聚类分析,可将一年生苜蓿分为3个类型,直立型,匍匐型和低矮型。     

越年生和多年生冷地型禾本科牧草的品种比较

2000-2002年在上海交通大学农业与生物学院农场对46个禾本科牧草品种进行比较试验,并在实验室内进行耐盐性鉴定与品质分析.通过对参试材料的鲜草产量、干草产量、粗蛋白含量、耐盐性等性状的考察和比较分析,筛选出越年生黑麦草Lolium multi florum是高产牧草种.其中秋播早发类型品种有泰蒂拉(英文名:Tetila;试验编号:G16;下文同),Grazer(G38),Total(G41),初春第1茬干草产量超过6 t/hm2;春播产量较高的品种有FaGrow(G30),97-3(G23),泰蒂拉和特高(Tatragold,G18)等,当年6月中旬1次收获的干革产量超过8.6 t/hm2;4次收获鲜草总产较高的品种有9724(G22),FaGron(G30),Total(G41),特高和泰蒂拉等,折合干草产量超过20 t/hm2;耐盐性较强的品种有特高,Minaret(G37)和上农四倍体(G45),能在含0.6%NaCl的1/4 Hoagland营养液中萌发和生长良好;高产品种中乳熟期粗蛋白含量较高的品种有9724(G22)和Tetila(G16),分别超过或接近占干物质的10%;乳熟期牧草干鲜比较高的品种有特高和上农四倍体(G45),超过0.3.在46个品种中,综合性状评定最好的5个品种有9724(G22),特高,泰蒂拉,FaGrow(G30),和Total(G41),它们都适合在上海及其周边地区加以推广应用.