A Survey of Water Quality Characteristics of Effluent from Hawaiian Aquaculture Facilities

Ten water quality parameters were measured in influent and effluent water at 11 aquaculture facilities in Hawaii. The data were grouped into four categories based on the types of organisms cultured: freshwater fish, freshwater prawn, marine fish, and marine shrimp. Within each category, concentrations of most parameters were lognormally distributed and spanned one to two orders of magnitude. Geometric mean concentrations of suspended materials, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and pigments were highest in effluent from freshwater prawn ponds and lowest in marine fish pond effluent. Nitrate/Nitrite and total ammonia concentrations were higher in fish pond effluent than in crustacean pond effluent. Parameter concentrations were generally higher in effluent than in influent water, with freshwater fish and prawn ponds exhibiting the greatest increases in suspended materials and pigments. In contrast, nitrate/nitrite concentrations were lower in effluent than in influent waters. These data provide a basis for analyzing the environmental impacts of warm-water aquaculture effluent discharges.     

用信息融合技术改进水产养殖水质监控系统

水质监控是实现水产养殖现代化的关键因素之一。本文设计并实现了一种基于物联网技术的水产养殖水质监控系统。该系统将传感及传感网技术、Zig Bee/GPRS/3G技术和信息融合与数据挖掘等物联网技术引入到水产养殖水质监控系统。目前该系统在国家罗非鱼产业技术研发中心无锡育种和保种基地平稳地运行,节能降耗、绿色环保,预测预警准确性较高,减少了各类灾害事故的发生,提高了水产品的品质,可在水产养殖水质监控中推广应用。     

龙须菜新品系GL 家系F1 配子体的性状分析

本研究旨在为深入构建龙须菜(Gracilaria/Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis)育种体系提供基础数据。采用DTOPSIS综合评价法对实验室构建的龙须菜GL家系的F1配子体的性状进行分析与评价,以期把F1配子体的综合性状这一模糊量化指标转化为该株系对理想解的相对接近度Ci值的量化指标,进而对各藻株的综合性状优劣进行综合分析,为未来良种的杂交以及选育提供依据。所测的100株藻体中,线性生长速率变化范围为2.0~7.3%/d,变异系数为26.79%,标准差达到1.28,各藻株之间存在明显的差异。藻株的分枝数分布很不集中,变异极为显著,其平均数为1.93个,标准差为0.8,变异系数为41.17%,差异明显,变异幅度相对很大。主枝基部直径变化范围1.4~2.2 mm,标准差达到0.18,变异系数在3个性状中最小,为9.87%。线性生长速率、分枝数、基部直径等性状分布均呈现明显的正态分布特征,标准差分析显示,各性状相对本身参数变化幅度较大,说明F1配子体存在一定的性状变异,可以挑选性状差异大的藻种进行杂交以期获得优良藻种。DTOPSIS综合评价分析显示20、47、93、6、31株系综合性状的评价值比较高,为后期人工选育优良藻种提供依据。     

净水剂ABC对养殖水体水质影响的初步研究

在实验室条件下测试了净水剂ABC对养殖水体水质的效应。结果表明：50—100mg／L净水剂ABC对偏酸性养殖水体有一定调节作用;能明显的提高水体透明度;能显著降低化学耗氧量。50mg／L净水剂ABC对铵盐高的水体(9mg／L)以及硝酸盐含量高的水体(2．4-4．8mg／L)作用明显。建议养殖水体净水剂ABC投放量为50mg／L。     

Some Aspects of the Growth of Gracilaria birdiae (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) in an Estuary in Northeast Brazil

The agarophyte Gracilaria birdiae Plastino & Oliveira was cultivated under field conditions in an estuary over a 6-month period. Biomass production varied significantly (p<0.01) and ranged from 900.0 to 3537.0 g m⁻² with a mean of 2124.4±1004.36 g m⁻² over the cultivation period. The epiphyte-biomass varied from 64.7 to 313 g m⁻², with maximum values observed in July. Relative growth rate (RGR) of G. birdiae varying from −0.59 to 4.67% day⁻¹, with a maximum mean observed in July. Correlation analysis showed that RGR was positively correlated with epiphyte-biomass (R-Pearson=0.69; p< 0.01) and negatively correlated with salinity (R-Pearson=−0.41; p<0.05). These correlations were used in a mathematical regression model to estimate the growth of Gracilaria in an estuary. The regression model explained 61% of RGR variability demonstrating that growth rates of Gracilaria were directly related to the variables salinity and epiphytes. The model was developed to help to predict production at a cultivation site in order to evaluate its suitability for Gracilaria cultivation.     

菊花江蓠对陆基围隔高密度对虾养殖的污染净化与水质调控

采用围隔设置单养虾(S)、单养藻(A)、虾藻混养(SA)、虾鱼藻混养(SFA)4种不同养殖模式,探讨菊花江蓠(Gracilaria lichevoides)对围隔高密度对虾养殖过程中产生的污染进行净化和水质调控作用。结果表明,养殖菊花江蓠的围隔水体中有更高的DO水平和较低的营养盐水平,说明对养殖水体的环境因子和营养盐都能起到很好的调控作用。水体中弧菌密度也较低,养殖环境稳定性好,使得养殖的对虾生长快,成活率高。与S相比,SA中的对虾成活率提高了32%。本实验对于采用搭配大型海藻进行养殖污染的净化与水质调控方法是可行的和有效的。     

Growth Rate Responses of Five Commercial Strains of Gracilaria (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) to Temperature and Light

Abstract Growth rate responses of five strains of four economically important species of Gracilaria from South America, Africa and Asia were studied under several temperature and light combinations, in experiments lasting from one to four weeks. Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui from the People's Republic of China was the most eurythermic of the species studied, growing at temperatures from 13.5 to 33.1 C, and all photon flux densities (15–91 μmol-photons/m² per sec). Gracilaria caudata from Brazil did not survive at 13.5 C and G. chilensis did not survive at 30.2 C, while G. gracilis from Namibia and Argentina survived up to 33.1 C. No strain survived at 35.8 C or higher. In general, there was a trend to an increase in growth rate with temperature, but this varied with the irradiance and the duration of the experiments. There was a clear interaction between temperature and photon flux density, and the duration of the experimental period interfered significantly in the growth responses. All strains tested, including G. chilensis from Chile and G. gracilis from Argentina and Namibia, could be cultivated under ambient conditions of temperature and photon flux density on the southern coast of Brazil.     

Carbon dioxide fixation by the seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture with the scallop Chlamys farreri in Sanggou Bay, China

The red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis was cultivated with the scallop Chlamys farreri in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system for 42 h at Sanggou Bay, located in north China. Variation in inorganic carbon in the IMTA system was determined. The experiment included three treatments each with three replicates and three scallop monoculture systems as controls. Scallop density (399.1 ± 7.85 g per microcosm) remained the same in all treatments while seaweed density differed. The seaweed density was set at three levels (treatments 1, 2, 3) with thallus wet weights of 125.3 ± 4.72 g, 252.3 ± 7.50 g, and 378.7 ± 6.51 g per microcosm, respectively. This produced bivalve to seaweed wet weight ratios of 1:0.31, 1:0.63, and 1:0.96 for treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In control groups, continuous dissolution of carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced by scallops into the seawater not only caused an ongoing increase in partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂), 5.5 times higher than that of natural seawater, but also acidified seawater by 0.8 units after 42 h of culture. However, in all seaweed-scallop groups, the higher the algal density, the more CO₂ was absorbed; pCO₂ was lowest in treatment 3. The results suggest that a ratio of bivalve to seaweed less than 1:0.96 may produce an even stronger CO₂ sink. Overall, the integrated culture of seaweed and scallop could provide an efficient and environmentally friendly means to reduce CO₂ emissions from bivalve mariculture.     

南澳贝藻混养互利机制的初步研究

以牡蛎和龙须菜为试验材料,进行了两个阶段不同投放比例的室内模拟混养试验,试验周期均为4周,各试验组分别为:对照组、龙须菜单养组、牡蛎单养组、牡蛎龙须菜低密度混养组、牡蛎龙须菜中密度混养组和牡蛎龙须菜高密度混养组,其中除对照组和龙须菜单养组外,各试验组牡蛎密度均为27只/m3,第一阶段龙须菜密度分别为:0,47,0,47,94,188g/m3,第二阶段龙须菜密度为:0,158,0,158,316,854g/m3。定期采样测定水体中营养盐(NO2-N,NO3-N,NH4-N,PO4-P)的含量及养殖生物的生长情况。试验结果表明,第一阶段试验结束时,投放牡蛎的试验组与未投放牡蛎的试验组水体氮、磷含量差异显著(P0.05)。第二阶段试验结束时,投放牡蛎的各试验组磷酸盐和硝酸盐含量差异显著(P0.05),高密度混养组的磷酸盐含量和硝酸盐含量与牡蛎单养组相比分别降低了43%、30%,说明龙须菜明显吸收了水体中的氮、磷,混养系统氮、磷利用更为合理,其中龙须菜854g/m3,牡蛎27只/m3的高密度混养组投放密度最为合理。     

饲料中添加龙须菜对眼斑拟石首鱼生长、脂肪酸组成、免疫及肠道的影响

为了研究添加龙须菜（Gracilaria lemaneiformis）对眼斑拟石首鱼（Sciaenops ocellatus）生长、脂肪酸组成、免疫和肠道的影响,在饲料中分别添加0（对照组）、1%、2%、3%、4%和5%的龙须菜,饲养初始体质量（9.380.06）g的眼斑拟石首鱼8周。结果表明,添加龙须菜对鱼体成活率、增重率（WG）和特定生长率（SGR）均不存在显著性影响（P0.05）,但1%~4%组的增重率均高于对照组,1%组的饲料效率和特定生长率最高;所有龙须菜添加组全鱼脂肪酸中的二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）均高于对照组,且添加量为5%时DHA显著高于对照组（P0.05）;肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性在4%组显著高于对照组（P0.05）;3%组肠道粘膜褶最高且组织状况最好。由此可见,饲料中添加龙须菜对眼斑拟石首鱼生长有一定的促进作用,且添加适量龙须菜可以改善眼斑拟石首鱼的肝脏和肠道健康,提高全鱼DHA含量。     

Effect of Water Exchange Rate on Production, Water Quality, Effluent Characteristics and Nitrogen Budgets of Intensive Shrimp Ponds

Water exchange is routinely used in shrimp culture. However, there are few, if any, systematic investigations upon which to base exchange rates. Furthermore, environmental impacts of pond effluent threaten to hinder further development of shrimp farming in the U.S. The present study was designed to determine effects of normal (25.0%/d), reduced (2.5%/d) and no (0%/d) water exchange on water quality and production in intensive shrimp ponds stocked with Penaeus setiferus at 44 postlarvae/m². Additional no-exchange ponds were stocked with 22 and 66 postlarvae/m² to explore density effects. Water exchange rates and stocking density influenced most water quality parameters measured, including dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, Kjeldahl nitrogen, soluble orthophosphate, biochemical oxygen demand, phytoplankton and salinity. Reduced-exchange and no-exchange treatments resulted in reduced potential for environmental impact. Mass balance of nitrogen for the system indicates that 13–46% of nitrogen input via feed is lost through nitrification and atmospheric diffusion. Growth and survival were excellent in ponds with normal exchange, reduced exchange, and a combination of low density with no water exchange. A combination of higher stocking density and no water exchange resulted in mass mortalities. Mortalities could not be attributed to a toxic effect of any one water quality parameter. Production was 6,400 kg/ha/crop with moderate stocking density (44/m²) and reduced (2.5%/d) water exchange and 3,200 kg/ha/crop with lower stocking density (22/m²) and no water exchange. Results indicate that typical water exchange rates used in intensive shrimp farms may be drastically reduced resulting in a cost savings to farms and reduced potential for environmental impact from effluent.     

微生物絮凝剂在水产养殖水环境改良中的应用前景

综述了微生物絮凝剂的种类、絮凝特性、絮凝机理以及微生物絮凝剂在水质改良中的应用现状,并分析了它作为水质改良剂在水产养殖中的应用前景。     

光合细菌对三角帆蚌养殖水体水质的影响

将红螺菌科的红假单胞菌应用于三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cum ingii)养殖水体,测定水化学环境因子和微生态群变化情况。结果表明,光合细菌可稳定养殖水体pH,去除氨氮、亚硝基氮、总氮,降低COD,改变水体氮磷比;光合细菌能有效控制异养细菌、弧菌、气单胞菌数量,对真菌的增殖也有一定抑制作用,避免养殖水体水质恶化。     

3种花卉对富营养化水体的水质净化作用研究

以紫叶酢浆草(Oxalis triangularis)、凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)和大漂(Pistia stratiotes)为试验对象,研究了其生长状况及对3种不同富营养化水体的净化效果,分析了3种水生植物对水体中总磷、总氮和氨氮的吸附能力。结果表明,3种水生植物在富营养化水体中可以正常生长。大漂对3种不同富营养化程度水体的总磷吸收率分别为93.58%、97.72%和96.65%,紫叶酢浆草为89.57%、83.76%和86.54%,凤眼莲为90.11%、85.07%和91.46%;大漂对水体中总氮的吸收率分别为89.05%、90.18%和73.50%,紫叶酢浆草为68.32%、59.73%和72.90%,凤眼莲为68.45%、71.49%和71.53%;大漂对氨氮的吸收率为85.80%、91.48%和88.60%,紫叶酢浆草为77.51%、72.07%和89.68%,凤眼莲为68.84%、90.90%和90.88%。试验表明,3种水生植物均能显著改善富营养化水体的水质。各项指标综合分析可见,大漂对富营养化水体的净化效果最为明显,凤眼莲次之。     

应用沸石和硝化细菌改善池塘水质的试验

采用沸石和硝化细菌进行了改善养鱼池水质的试验,结果表明,这两种物质对养鱼池水质均有明显的改良作用,其中沸石降解氨氮迅速,基本不受外界环境因素的影响,但作用的时间较短;硝化细菌降解氨的速度较慢,受水环境因素的影响较大,但作用的时间较长。     

3种水生植物对富营养化水体的净化作用研究

以紫叶酢浆草（Oxalis triangularis）、凤眼莲（Eichhornia crassipes）和大漂（Pistia stratiotes）为试验对象,研究了其生长状况及对3种不同富营养化水体的净化效果,分析了3种水生植物对水体中总磷、总氮和氨氮的吸附能力。结果表明,3种水生植物在富营养化水体中可以正常生长。大漂对3种不同富营养化程度水体的总磷吸收率分别为93.58%、97.72%和96.65%,紫叶酢浆草为89.57%、83.76%和86.54%,凤眼莲为90.11%、85.07%和91.46     

Effect of shading colours on growth and pigment content of Gracilaria fisheri (Xia & Abbott) Abbott,Zhang & Xia (Gracilariales,Rhodophyta)

Sporeling and tissue propagation of agarophytic seaweed, Gracilaria fisheri, aimed to investigate the optimal shading colour for the preservation. This study was conducted under different shading colours indoor and outdoor experiments. The indoor experiment: tissues and sporelings of the seaweed were cultured in plastic chambers under fluorescent lights and were wrapped with white, green, blue and red colour PVC sheets of light intensity of 20 ± 1 μmol m^?2 s^?1. The outdoor tissues were cultured in the plastic tanks under different shadings of Saran sheets: white, green, blue and black covering the hoop‐houses with light intensity of 110 ± 10 μmol m^?2 s^?1. The results showed that different shading colours strongly influenced growth of G. fisheri sporelings and tissues but little effect on pigmentation. After 40 days, the highest growth rates of G. fisheri tissues and sporelings were found under red light with 1.44 and 1.89% day^?1 respectively. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) on pigment content of tissues indoor, whereas it was found that chlorophyll concentration of the sporelings under green light with 416.8 μg g^?1 fresh weight was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in other treatments. After 8‐week culture, outdoor tissues showed the highest growth rate with 1.71% day^?1 in the green hoop‐house. The study has found that G. fisheri cultivation was less influenced by epiphytes in the back hoop‐house with 15%. This study showed the feasibility of successful cultivation of G. fisheri sporelings and tissues.     

Viability of a Freshwater Mussel (Elliptio complanata) as a Biomechanical Filter for Aquaculture Ponds II: Effects on Aquaculture Pond Water Quality

Bivalves have been proven to be an inexpensive method for removing suspended solids, dissolved nutrients, and controlling algal growth through suspension feeding. The freshwater mussel, Elliptio complanata, is one of the most abundant species in Delaware, and it is additionally favorable for this experiment because of its hardiness against environmental stress and its filtration efficiency. This study examines the possibility that biomechanical filters such as E. complanata can supplement existing chemical and mechanical filtration regiments in aquaculture pond management. Twelve earthen aquaculture ponds located at the Delaware State University were stocked at a density of 4,000 catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) per hectare. Four different concentrations (0, 75, 150, and 300) of E. complanata were placed in trays within the ponds with three replicates of each concentration. The trays were suspended 15 cm below the surface of the water for a period of five months. Fish were fed a 32% protein diet twice daily at a rate of 1% of their body weight. Water quality was analyzed weekly while fish and mussel growths were measured biweekly. Results from water quality parameters varied significantly and were not conclusive based on the data obtained in this study. Water quality did not improve within the mussel treatment ponds during the course of this study and was found to be significantly below that of control ponds for all of the water chemistry parameters measured, with the exception of ammonia. Catfish in the 150 mussel treatment ponds grew the fastest; the 75 mussel treatment provided the most growth in mussels; and the 300 mussel group maintained the highest mussel survivorship. Although there were differences between ponds, fish growth and survivorship were not significantly different between treatments. While our mussel densities may have not been sufficient, their placement within the water column may have added additional stress. Being removed from the sediment can result in a decreased clearance rate in a benthic species such as E. complanata. This study may not have been conclusive in proving that mussels can be used to maintain water quality in aquaculture ponds, but we did see positive growth and survivorship of mussels and fish that indicated that the mussels were thriving in the aquaculture pond setting. This study may show that aquaculture ponds provide a suitable habitat in which propagated mussels may be held until their release into native areas.     

Utilization of Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta: Gracilariaceae) as a Biofilter in the Depuration of Effluents from Tank Cultures of Fish, Oysters, and Sea Urchins

An evaluation was made on a seasonal basis of the effect of the marine macroalga culture Gracilaria chilensis on concentrations of some soluble and particulate wastes emitted during tank cultures of a fish Isacia conteptionis , an oyster Crassostrea gigas , and a sea urchin Loxechinus albus species. The animals were each cultured in separate tanks, and effluent from each was directed through separate tanks, which contained dense cultures of the Gracilaria chilensis . Inflow-outflow monitoring was conducted for the presence of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and phosphate. Also evaluated were particulate nitrogen and phosphate. The most significant wastes were ammonium from the fish culture and nitrate from the oyster culture. These were completely removed from the water, with minor exceptions, by the alga during all seasons of the year. Lesser amounts of soluble phosphate and nitrite, arising from the fish cultures, were also removed. Of the particulate matter, only nitrogen was in evidence from the fish cultures in the summer. It was concluded that Gracilaria chilensis culture was highly efficient at biofiltration of the soluble nutrients tested but had little effect on particulate emissions. The best growth of Gracilaria chilensis occurred in the ammonium-rich effluent from the fish culture.     

红毛菜种间遗传差异的RAPD分析

在对红毛菜丝状体和叶状体DNA的提取中，突破常规海藻DNA提取方法，通过低温研磨以及温浴、冰浴等措施，提取到较高质量的DNA。应用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术对取自我国福建莆田海区红毛菜(Bangia fusco -purpurea Lyngb)和江苏南通海区红毛菜(Bangia spp.)进行了种间遗传差异分析，在使用的20个随机引物中，有14个引物扩增出条带清晰的多态性片段，这2个种的种间相似率为0．5618，遗传距离为0．4382。由此判断福建红毛菜和江苏红毛菜为同一属的2个不同物种。