添加剂对尖叶胡枝子青贮发酵品质及体外消化率的影响

以尖叶胡枝子为原料,添加乳酸菌制剂LaLsIL dry(0.000 5%,0.001 0%,0.002 0%和0.007 0%)和Micromanger H/M(0.001 135%,0.003 405%和0.004 450%),在实验室条件下制作小型塑料袋青贮,贮藏90 d,分析乳酸菌制剂对尖叶胡枝子青贮保存性能和消化率的影响。 结果表明,添加LaLsIL dry和Micromanger H/M可显著提高胡枝子青贮的乳酸含量(P<0.05),降低丁酸和氨态氮含量 (P<0.05)。通过Flieg青贮饲料评分方案得出尖叶胡枝子直接青贮饲料的发酵品质最差,等级为劣,而2种乳酸菌添加剂处理的青贮品质均明显好于对照组。LaLsIL dry和Micromanger H/M各处理均明显改善了尖叶胡枝子青贮饲料的发酵品质,同时也明显提高了尖叶胡枝子青贮饲料的干物质、粗蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维的体外消化率。     

尖叶胡枝子

尖叶胡技子分布范围较广，是优良的豆科牧草，止前我国对其开发利用不足，影响了其生态、经济价值的发挥。笔者重点介绍了尖叶胡枝子的生态适应性、植物学特性、生长特性、营养价值及利用。     

优良牧草——科尔沁尖叶胡枝子

科尔沁尖叶胡枝子为豆科多年生草本状半灌木，适应于干旱、半干旱区，在内蒙古农牧交错带东段种子9月中旬成熟，产量约636．89kg／hm^2，生育期约115—120d。成熟株高80-90cm，生长2年和3年的鲜干草产量平均为15310．7和5838．5kg／hm^2。科尔沁尖叶胡枝子生育后期基部叶易脱落，收获牧草宜在7月中下旬刈割，留茬高度10cm左右，可调制干草，尤以青贮效果较好，牛羊喜食，羊最喜食。     

尖叶胡枝子和达乌里胡枝子牧草生产力研究

2种胡枝子播种当年单株地上生物量和草群产量均较低,生长2年和3年单株生物量及草群产量较高;一个生育周期内,产量基本随生育期进程增加,尖叶胡枝子和达乌里胡枝子结实期干草产量分别是分枝期的3．5倍和4．5倍。尖叶胡枝子和达乌里胡枝子在结实期叶、果有脱落现象,故结实期产量低于或接近开花期;产量年度变化规律播种当年产量较低,以后逐年增加,但受气候特别是降雨的影响较大,降雨量低,产量相对较低。     

尖叶胡枝子营养成分研究

研究生长2年和3年的尖叶胡枝子(Lespedega hedysaroides)营养成分及茎叶比.结果表明:尖叶胡枝子粗蛋白质含量11.12%～15.08%、粗脂肪1.69%～2.48%、粗纤维22.83%～33.87%、无氮浸出物37.61%～49.13%、钙1.61%～1.98%、磷0.88%～1.22%、胡萝卜素20.75～94.47 mg/kg、茎叶比为1:1.53～1:2.48;同时比较研究尖叶胡枝子营养成分与达乌里胡枝子、截叶铁扫帚和二色胡枝子的差异.     

尖叶胡枝子种子贮藏蛋白分析

摘要：对3个不同类型尖叶胡枝子(Lespedeza hedysaroides)的种子贮藏蛋白进行SDS PAGE比较分析。结果表明,3个不同类型尖叶胡枝子的盐溶蛋白和贮藏蛋白谱带表现出丰富的多态性,分子量10.75～154.53 KDa。盐溶蛋白的特征蛋白谱带共19条,多态性条带13条,多态率68.42%;贮藏蛋白的特征蛋白谱带共28条,其中9条为多态性条带,多态率32.14%。利用盐溶蛋白和贮藏蛋白的条带信息进行聚类分析,供试材料可分为两类:Ⅰ类为普通型和浓绿型尖叶胡枝子;Ⅱ类为高杆型尖叶胡枝子。由此认为,种子贮藏蛋白电泳技术可以作为研究胡枝子属种内变异的重要研究手段。     

2种不同类型的尖叶胡枝子光合-光响应特性研究

以黄绿型和浓绿型2种不同类型的尖叶胡枝子Lespedeza hedysaroides为材料,对其叶绿素含量和光合-光响应特性进行了研究。结果表明,2种不同类型尖叶胡枝子的叶绿素含量存在显著差异。浓绿型尖叶胡枝子的最大净光合速率（Amax）、暗呼吸速率（Rd）、表观量子效率（AQY）均高于黄绿型尖叶胡枝子,而光补偿点（LCP）、光饱和点（LSP）低于黄绿型尖叶胡枝子。黄绿型尖叶胡枝子和浓绿型尖叶胡枝子净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci) 、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)及叶片温度（Tleaf）对不同光合有效辐射通量密度(PPFD)的响应均有一定程度的差异。     

2种胡枝子种子生物学特性对比研究

尖叶胡枝子和达乌里胡枝子在内蒙古林西县从返青期到种子形成约需要110～120d;2种胡枝子生殖枝率较高达89．4％～95.6％;尖叶胡枝子的结荚率和成熟率比达乌里胡枝子高,种子收获期不同,种子的发芽率、硬实率,千粒重也不相同,2种胡枝子适宜的收获期为9月20-25日,种子贮藏时间对其发芽率和硬实率有明显的影响;种子产量尖叶胡枝子为607.33kg／hm^2,达乌里胡枝子为591．77kg／hm^2。     

添加乳酸菌对胡枝子青贮品质的影响

1材料与方法1．1青贮原料试验中剪取第1茬盛花期的“赤城”二色胡枝子枝条,留茬高度为50～60cm,迅速拿回实验室经揉搓机揉碎后作为青贮原料。     

2种胡枝子牧草生物量及草层结构变化研究

尖叶胡枝子和达乌里胡枝子地上生物量随生育期的进程在不断增加,尖叶胡枝子最大生物量出现在开花期,达乌里胡枝子出现在结实期;在分枝期和孕蕾期叶/茎>1,其中分枝期尖叶胡枝子和达乌里胡枝子叶的比重分别占地上总生物量的71.26%和70.94%,孕蕾期叶比重略低于分枝期.开花期和结实期,随着花果的出现,花果的比重迅速上升,叶比重迅速下降;地上生物量的垂直分布近于菱形,在孕蕾期尖叶胡枝子和达乌里胡枝子生物量主要集中于10～30 cm和20～50 cm处;尖叶胡枝子枝条主要以中、细枝为主,约占总枝条量的66.71%～67.67%.而达乌里胡枝子以粗、中枝为主,约占枝条总量的78.39%～82.89%;枝条的垂直分布尖叶胡枝子和达乌里胡枝子粗枝主要集中在0～20 cm,中、细枝集中分布在20～40 cm.     

Fermentation quality and chemical composition of shrub silage treated with lactic acid bacteria inoculants and cellulase additives

Effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants and cellulase additives on fermentation quality and chemical compositions of shrub silages were studied by using a small‐scale fermentation system. Two LAB inoculants of Qingbao (Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilacticii, Lactobacillus casei and Clostridium phage) and Caihe (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus acidilactici) and a commercial cellulase made from Trichoderma reesei were used as additives for intermediate pea‐shrub, rush bushclover, arborescent ceratoides and shrubby silage preparation. The crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and water‐soluble carbohydrate contents of the four shrub materials were 10.1–14.2, 62.6–67.2 and 1.9–3.5% on a dry matter basis, respectively. All shrub silages had pH 3.40–4.43, ammonia‐N 0.1–0.2% g/kg and lactic acid 1.3–2.9% on a fresh matter basis. The silage quality of LAB‐inoculated silages did not have a greater effect than control silages, except shrubby silage preparation. Silages treated with the cellulase, the pH of rush bushclover and shrubby sweetvetch silage were significantly (P < 0.05) lower and the lactic acid content were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the control silages. The results confirmed that shrub contained a relatively high content of crude protein; its silages can be preserved in good quality, and they are new potential resources for livestock feed.     

不同乳酸菌添加量和发酵时间对全株玉米青贮营养价值及发酵品质的影响

本试验以登海605玉米品种为材料,于蜡熟期2/3乳线时进行刈割,乳酸菌制剂的添加量分别为0,10,20和30 mg·kg^-1,4个处理,每个处理4个重复,在室温条件下发酵45和90 d,取样测定营养成分、发酵品质和瘤胃降解率等指标,旨在研究不同乳酸菌添加量和发酵时间对全株玉米青贮营养价值的影响。结果表明:干物质(DM)受乳酸菌添加量和发酵时间的影响较小,差异不显著(P>0.05);随乳酸菌添加量的增加,发酵90 d的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量显著线性降低(P=0.018),而相对饲喂价值(RFV)显著线性增加(P=0.006)。发酵90 d的酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量和pH值较45 d显著降低(P<0.01),而乳酸和乙酸含量显著增加(P<0.05)。随乳酸菌添加量的增加,乳酸含量显著线性增加(P<0.05)。24 h的DM和NDF消化率受乳酸菌添加量和发酵时间的影响较小,差异不显著(P>0.05)。发酵90 d时,48 h DM降解率随乳酸菌添加量的增加显著线性增加(P=0.034),48 h NDF降解率较45 d显著增加(P=0.022)。发酵90 d时,20 mg·kg^-1组的RFV、总可消化养分(TDN)和有机酸含量最高,而pH值最低。综上所述,乳酸菌添加量和发酵时间对全株玉米青贮的营养成分含量、发酵品质和DM瘤胃降解率均有显著影响,全株玉米青贮在发酵90 d且乳酸菌添加量为20 mg·kg^-1的营养价值和发酵品质最优。     

乳酸菌青贮添加剂的研究与应用

很多添加剂被用来促进青贮发酵过程,其中研究最广泛的就是乳酸菌青贮添加剂。本文主要阐述了在青贮中加入乳酸菌添加剂可以促进作物的发酵速度,并且改善家畜的生产性能。     

Fermentation quality and aerobic stability of mulberry silage prepared with lactic acid bacteria and propionic acid

The objective of this study was to examine the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of mulberry (Morus alba L.) silage prepared with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and propionic acid (PA). The selected LAB strains Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum LC365281 (L1) and L. brevis LC365282 (L2), and commercial inoculant strains L. plantarum Gaofuji (GF) and L. buchneri Fresh (FR), and PA were used as additives for silage preparation. Silage treatments were designed as control, L1, L2, GF, FR, PA, PA + L1, PA + L2, PA + GF, or PA + FR. After 30 days of ensiling, the fermentation quality of silages treated with PA + L1 was improved, with a lower (p < 0.05) pH and NH₃‐N content than those of other treatments. During the aerobic exposure, the PA + LAB‐treated silages displayed an aerobic stability with stable pH value and lactic acid content. The results confirm that L. plantarum L1 and PA were the best additive combination for ensiling mulberry.     

添加乳酸菌和菠萝皮对柱花草青贮品质的影响

柱花草是热带、亚热带的优质豆科牧草,蛋白含量高、营养品质好,为促进柱花草的加工利用,本试验研究了添加不同乳酸菌和菠萝皮对其青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响。青贮处理为CK(对照)、LQ(青贮宝)、LF(发酵乳杆菌)、LP(植物乳杆菌)、LS(鼠李糖乳杆菌)、B(20%菠萝皮)、BLQ(B+LQ)、BLF(B+LF)、BLP(B+LP)、BLS(B+LS)。添加处理后青贮60 d进行分析。结果表明,柱花草含有较少的可溶性碳水化合物和乳酸菌,自然青贮其pH超过5.0,发酵品质差;所有添加物都显著降低pH、增加乳酸含量(P＜0.05),明显改善了柱花草青贮料的发酵品质。单独添加菠萝皮的丁酸和NH₃-N含量显著高于所有单独添加乳酸菌(P＜0.05),pH与LP以外的其他3种乳酸菌差异不显著(P＞0.05)。除LP的乙酸含量较高,丁酸含量较低外,4种乳酸菌对其他各个发酵指标的影响没有显著差异(P＞0.05)。本试验所用4种乳酸菌与菠萝皮混合添加,都进一步改善了柱花草青贮料的发酵品质,特别是BLP的青贮效果最佳,其pH值、乙酸和NH₃-N含量低,乳酸含量及乳酸与乙酸比高。青贮袋开封后,包括对照在内的所有青贮料的有氧稳定性均较佳。     

Silage fermentation and ruminal degradation of stylo prepared with lactic acid bacteria and cellulase

In order to improve the silage fermentation of stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis ) in tropical areas, stylo silages were prepared with commercial additives Lactobacillus plantarum Chikuso‐1 (CH 1), L. rhamnasus Snow Lact L (SN ), Acremonium cellulase (CE ) and their combination as SN +CE or CH 1 + CE , and the fermentation quality, chemical composition and ruminal degradation of these silages were studied. Stylo silages treated with lactic acid bacteria (LAB ) or cellulase, the pH value and NH ₃‐N ? total‐N were significantly (P  <  0.05) decreased while the ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM ), crude protein (CP ), neutral detergent fiber (aNDF om) and acid detergent fiber (ADF om) were significantly (P  <  0.05) increased compared to control. Compared to LAB or cellulase‐treated silages, the DM , CP contents and relative feed value (RFV ), and the ruminal degradability in LAB plus cellulase‐treated silages were significantly (P  <  0.05) higher, but the aNDF om content was significantly (P  <  0.05) lower. CH 1 + CE treatment was more effective in silage fermentation and ruminal degradation than SN +CE treatment. The results confirmed that LAB or LAB plus cellulase treatment could improve the fermentation quality, chemical composition and ruminal degradation of stylo silage. Moreover, the combined treatment with LAB and cellulase may have beneficial synergistic effects on ruminal degradation.