Kinetics of heat-induced polymerization of gliadin

The kinetics of heat-induced polymerization of gliadin, that is, a mixture of monomeric wheat storage proteins, was studied using a model system. Samples were heated at pH 6.0 and 8.0 at 110, 120, and 130 °C for up to 240 min, and their extractabilities were compared under nonreducing and reducing (with 1% dithiothreitol) conditions. Extraction media were sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) containing buffer (pH 6.8, SDS buffer) and/or 70% ethanol. Gliadin cross-linking mainly resulted from intermolecular disulfide (SS) bond formation. At higher temperatures and, preferably, alkaline pH, intramolecular SS bonds in gliadin underwent β-elimination reactions, leading to the formation of dehydroalanine (DHA) and free sulfhydryl (SH) groups. The latter interchanged rapidly with SS bonds, leading to intermolecular SS bonds and gliadin extractability loss. When free SH groups had been formed, gliadin extractability in SDS buffer decreased following first-order reaction kinetics, the reaction rate constant of which increased with temperature and pH. Furthermore, the extractabilities of α- and γ-gliadin in 70% ethanol decreased according to first-order reaction kinetics. ω-Gliadin extractability was much less affected. Under the experimental conditions, gliadin polymerization through SH-SS interchange occurred much more rapidly than β-elimination of cystine.     

Changes occurring in phenolic compounds and alpha-tocopherol of virgin olive oil during storage

Changes occurring in the concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, total phenols, and complex phenols linked to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol (fractions FII and FIV) and p-hydroxyphenylethanol (FIII) during storage of virgin olive oil under environmental conditions were studied. Under diffused light, alpha-tocopherol was decomposed by 79% in 4 months, whereas <45% of the phenols were lost during the same period. Among the phenols, FII showed the least stability, and decreased by 72% in 6 months. Total phenols, FIII, and FIV recorded reductions in the range of 57-63% in 6 months. When the oil was stored in the dark, alpha-tocopherol, total phenols, FIII, and FIV exhibited similar profiles of degradation, reducing by 39-45% in the first 6 months and 50-62% in 12 months. FII was the least stable compound in the dark and recorded a loss of 64% in 6 months and 79% in 12 months. The levels of the above antioxidants were further related to peroxide formation. Remaining levels of these compounds at PV = 20 meq/kg ranged between 50 and 73% under diffused light and between 40 and 62% in the dark.     

碘甲磺隆钠盐在水溶液中的光解研究

为了解碘甲磺隆钠盐在水溶液中的光降解特性,评价其环境安全性,以太阳光和高压汞灯为光源,进行光解试验,研究了碘甲磺隆钠盐在不同水溶液中的光解行为及水体pH值对其光解的影响。结果表明,碘甲磺隆钠盐在所有试验水体中的降解均符合一级动力学方程,不同水体中碘甲磺隆钠盐的半衰期分别为14.29～21.26h（太阳光）与2.29～3.76min（高压汞灯）,两种光源下碘甲磺隆钠盐在各自然水体中的降解速率依次为井水〉河水〉池塘水〉稻田水。不同pH值水体中的光解实验表明,碘甲磺隆钠盐在酸性介质中的光解比在碱性介质中快,顺序为pH5〉pH7〉pH9〉pH11。     

5,5-Dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone-N-oxyl formation in electron spin resonance studies of electrolyzed NaCl solution using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide as a spin trapping agent

Electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water has recently generated much interest as a disinfectant in the food industry. 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) is a spin trapping agent widely used in the electron spin resonance (ESR) characterization of oxygen-centered free radicals. The reaction between electrolyzed water, collected from the anode side of a two-chamber electrolyzer, and DMPO was investigated by ESR spectroscopy. Addition of DMPO to EO water generated an ESR spectrum identical to that of 5,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone-N-oxyl (DMPOX), suggesting that a compound from EO water oxidized DMPO with the formation of DMPOX. To further investigate the electrolytically generated compound that oxidized DMPO, aqueous solutions of different sodium salts (sodium chloride, sodium citrate, and sodium iodide) with similar conductivities were electrolyzed. The DMPOX signal was not detected in the electrolyzed sodium citrate sample, suggesting that DMPOX formation in the electrolyzed NaCl sample might be due to an electrolytically generated chlorine species. A low DMPOX signal was also observed from the electrolyzed NaI sample, suggesting that a similar species obtained through the electrolysis of I- can also oxidize DMPO. Hypochlorous acid is proposed to oxidize the spin trap DMPO with the formation of DMPOX. In a neutral pH environment, electrolyzed water also oxidized DMPO to DMPOX. This is consistent with the DMPOX formation in the reaction of chlorine water (containing HOCl and Cl2) or sodium hypochlorite with DMPO.     

Chlorine and chlorine dioxide treatment to reduce or remove EBDCs and ETU residues in a solution

Calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)(2)) and chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)), common disinfecting and bleaching chemicals used in the food industry, are potent oxidizing agents. In this paper, the degradation effects of chlorine dioxide on mancozeb and ethylenethiourea (ETU) residues were investigated in a model system and compared with those of liquid chlorine, under various conditions such as differing concentration, pH, reaction time, and temperature. All samples were analyzed for residues by GLC and HPLC. Rate of mancozeb degradation was dependent on pH, with pH 4.6 being the most effective. Mancozeb residues decreased 40-100% with chlorine and chlorine dioxide treatments. ETU residue concentrations in mancozeb solutions were monitored over 60 min. Under controlled conditions, the ETU residue concentrations increased up to 15 min reaction time and then decreased in all three pH ranges. Treatment with both chlorine and chlorine dioxide at pH 4.6, yielded no ETU residues at both 10 and 21 degrees C. The results show that chlorine dioxide gives excellent degradation effects at lower concentrations than liquid chlorine.     

不同砂石覆盖量对土壤水分及冬小麦生长过程的影响

为探讨不同砂石覆盖量对土壤水分运动和冬小麦生长的影响,进行了2014—2015年和2015—2016年遮雨棚下4种砂石覆盖量(0,23,46,69kg/m~2)的土箱试验研究。采用精度较高的重力传感器建立小型蒸渗仪观测系统,测定土壤水分动态变化。无麦和有麦情况下砂石覆盖量从0~69kg/m~2的处理名分别记为NW0、NW23、NW46、NW69及W0、W23、W46、W69。结果表明:(1)土壤贮水量随着砂石覆盖量的增加而增大,逐月土壤蒸发量、逐月蒸腾量、累积土壤蒸发量和累积蒸发蒸腾量均随砂石覆盖量的增加而减小。有麦的各处理土壤贮水量整体比无麦的低,有麦的各处理逐月蒸发蒸腾量比无麦的逐月土壤蒸发量高,累积蒸发蒸腾量亦比无麦的累积土壤蒸发量高。无麦情况下,第一、二年度3个覆盖处理比不覆盖处理的累积土壤蒸发量分别减少了11.6%~18.1%和28.5%~47.5%;有麦情况下,累积蒸发蒸腾量分别减少了2.2%~3.7%和0.7%~3.6%。(2)冬小麦的株高、叶面积指数、有效穗数、产量及水分利用效率均随着砂石覆盖量的增加而增大。第一、二年度3个覆盖处理比不覆盖处理的最大株高分别增长了5.3%~17.2%和1.0%~5.8%,最大叶面积指数分别增大了17.9%~74.6%和7.9%~28.2%,产量分别增大了6.6%~14.2%和12.3%~44.6%,水分利用效率分别增大了8.0%~16.2%和15.6%~67.1%。最适宜冬小麦生长的砂石覆盖量为69kg/m~2。进行砂石覆盖能够将冬小麦生长前期增加的土壤储水有效用于生长后期,从而对提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率做出了重要贡献。     

干旱胁迫与正常供水钾肥影响甘薯光合特性及块根产量的差异

【目的】干旱胁迫影响甘薯叶片光合特性及块根产量,研究通过施肥缓解干旱胁迫机理可为甘薯抗旱高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】选用食用型甘薯品种“泰中6号”为材料,以硫酸钾(K2SO4)为供试肥料,水分处理设为土壤最大持水量的60%~70%(正常供水W1)和30%~40%(干旱处理W0); 钾肥设K0、 K1、 K2、 K3四个水平,K2O用量分别为0、 12.0、 24.0和36.0 g/m2。分析不同钾肥用量对不同生长时期甘薯叶片相对含水量、 叶绿素荧光参数、 光合特性及收获期块根产量的影响。【结果】在干旱胁迫和正常灌水条件下,施钾处理均显著增加了甘薯叶面积和叶片叶绿素含量,提高净光合速率(Pn),增加光合产物的生产和积累,提高块根产量和收获指数。两种水分条件下,块根产量均以K2处理最高, 干旱胁迫下K2与K3处理差异显著,正常灌水处理不显著。两种水分条件下,甘薯叶片光合参数对钾肥的响应存在显著差异,干旱胁迫下施钾使叶片水分利用效率(WUE)增大,气孔导度(Gs)降低,气孔阻力增大,蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)降低,水分蒸腾量减少; 而正常灌水条件下上述指标对钾肥的响应趋势相反。两种水分条件下施钾均可以增大叶片相对含水量(RWC),提高实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)和最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),但是干旱胁迫下施钾增幅较大。【结论】干旱胁迫下适量施钾可以提高甘薯的抗旱性,增加甘薯产量,过量施钾使甘薯产量显著降低,而正常水分供应时,稍多钾肥对产量影响不显著。干旱胁迫与正常灌水条件下施钾对叶片光合参数的调控效应存在显著差异。施用钾肥可增大叶面积,提高叶绿素含量和光合性能,调节叶片气孔关闭,增大叶片气孔阻力,减少水分蒸腾损失,增加叶片相对含水量,提高水分利用效率和净光合速率; 施钾还能提高叶片PSⅡ原初光能转换效率和实际光化学效率,减少过剩激发能对光合机构的破坏,提高甘薯叶片的光合能力。干旱条件下钾肥的调节功能优于正常水肥供应。     

Formation and Emission of Chlorinated by-Products from a Bench-Scale Packed-Bed Odor Scrubber

The phenomenon of chlorinated byproduct formation and their possible emission from odor control systems employing chlorine scrubbing solutions was evaluated. Experiments with hypochlorite scrubbing solution were performed with a bench-scale, single-stage, packed-bed odor scrubber to explore the potential for generating toxic air contaminants (TACs) such as chloroform in full-scale operating units. Known concentrations of a mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) commonly found in wastewater were introduced at realistic field concentrations in an airstream to the inlet of a counter-current packed-tower operated with different scrubbing solutions. Formation of TACs was observed in the scrubbing solution under low-, neutral- and high-pH conditions. The addition of a mixture of VOCs: acetone, methylethylketone, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, produced chloroform under neutral to high pH conditions. Under low-to neutral-pH conditions, toluene and chlorophenol produced chlorotoluenes and chlorophenols as reaction byproducts. Under the bench-scale unit’s operating conditions, trace levels of the reaction byproducts formed were stripped from the re-circulated scrubber solution into the outlet gas. Based on the bench-scale observations and a quasi-steady-state, first-order reaction model applied to the scrubber reservoir and packed tower system, scrubber solution residence time in the liquid reservoir is hypothesized to be an important operating parameter affecting TAC formation in full-scale hypochlorite-based, packed-tower, odor control units.     

Enhanced photostability of monascus pigments derived with various amino acids via fermentation

The photostability of 18 amino acid derivatives from monascus pigment was tested under various physical and chemical conditions. Under sunlight, the half-life of derivatives was increased to 1.45-5.58 h, corresponding to a 6-25-fold improvement over a control red pigment (0.22 h). The degradation of pigment derivatives followed a first-order reaction, and the pigment stability increased with an increasing concentration while it decreased with both an increase and decrease in pH from 7. The stabilities of derivatives decreased in descending order in hexane, ethanol, propanol, methanol, ethyl ether, distilled water, chloroform, and acetonitrile. Pigment stability under UV light (365 nm) showed a pattern similar to stability after exposure to sunlight. After 30 days of incubation at 30 degrees C, more than 80% of the initial derivative contents remained while only 29% of the control red remained. The differences in degradation patterns that control red gradually changed to brown whereas the phenylalanine derivative remained a weak red were confirmed by HPLC analysis.     

Effects of Surface Oxidation and Oxygen on the Removal of Trichloroethylene From the Gas Phase Using Elemental Iron

The reduction of trichloroethylene (TCE) in the gas phase byFe° was examined under water vapor saturatedconditions (relative humidity (RH) = 100%). The reactionconformed to first-order rate kinetics under anaerobic(N₂ atmosphere) conditions and acid-washedFe°exhibited a faster TCE removal rate than unamended (partially oxidized) Fe°, i.e., k_obs = 0.015 h^-1 versus0.012 h^-1. Analysis of the two types of Fe° showedthat 40.3% of the unamended Fe° surface was nonreactive. Experiments with iron oxides, which form commonly on the surface of Fe° exposed to humid air (magnetiteand maghemite), showed that these solids were nonreactive with TCE under anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions (air),TCE reduction occurred in two distinct phases. There was a fastinitial rate followed by a slower later rate of reduction when the oxide layer was formed. Further experiments showed that theFe° surface was saturated with TCE at higher concentrations (K_1/2 = 5,397.4 ± 345.4 ppmv) and thatoxygen acted as an irreversible inhibitor of TCE reduction(maximum rate of reaction decreased when oxygen was present).     

晋陕蒙露天煤矿排土场不同新构土体土壤蒸发特征研究

为研究不同新构土体改良模式下的土壤蒸发特征,采用微型蒸发器田间自然条件下测定土壤水分蒸发过程,分析了不同土体重构模式的日蒸发量、累积蒸发量上差异。结果表明,相对于沙黄土,沙黄土、砒砂岩掺混(7︰3,w/w)的新构土体土壤蒸发降低了14.81%(P0.05),风化煤对沙黄土蒸发特征无明显影响,但显著提高了沙黄土、砒砂岩掺混的新构土体蒸发10.3%(P0.05),而砒砂岩防渗层和工业防水布等不同防渗措施土体之间蒸发差异不显著,但防渗层可以有效截留水分在蒸发过程中较长时间供给土体。试验表明砒砂岩、防渗层等措施下的新构土体土壤蒸发较小,并较长时间内保证土壤水分供给,在旱区矿区排土场具有一定的实践推广意义。     

Corrosion and Leaching of Copper Tubing Exposed to Chlorinated Drinking Water

The leaching of lead and copper from plumbing materials is a source of metals in drinking water and is a public health concern. This work investigated the influence of free chlorine (HOCl/OCl^-) on the level of copper in water in contact with the solid metal, and proposed an oxidation-dissolution mechanism to explain copper leaching. Experimental results are presented for the leaching of copper metal exposed to chlorine-disinfected water under various pH, free chlorine, dissolved oxygen, total carbonate, chloride, and water volume conditions. The rate of copper leaching is found to be accelerated in waters with high free chlorine concentrations and low pHs. The leaching is explained by a proposed mechanism involving two consecutive steps: (1) direct oxidative attack on the solid metal surface by the free chlorine, followed by (2) dissolution of the partially oxidized copper surface as determined by the solubility of the copper mineral products at a particular pH.     

不同贮藏条件下荷花粉脂质氧化与色泽降解动力学模型

为了减少干燥后荷花粉贮藏过程中品质的劣变,该研究选用可真空和避光的包装材料,分别研究了30 d贮藏过程中温度(4、20、30℃)、光照(避光、非避光)和氧气(真空、常压)对荷花粉黄色度值(b*值)、过氧化氢值(peroxide value,POV)和硫代苯巴比妥酸反应底物值(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBArs)变化动力学的影响;同时,采用零阶和一阶数学模型对试验数据进行模拟。结果表明:贮藏温度对荷花粉贮藏过程中品质劣变具有显著影响。在避光真空包装条件下,温度为20和30℃贮藏30 d,与4℃贮藏条件相比,荷花粉黄色度值显著降低(P0.05),POV值和TBArs值显著上升(P0.05);贮藏温度为4℃,真空包装贮藏发现,光照对荷花粉POV值的影响不显著(P0.05),但明显加快了脂质氧化的传播速度,非避光条件下贮藏30 d,TBArs值上升了7.42 mg/kg;零阶模型可较好的预测荷花粉贮藏过程中脂质TBArs值的变化,一阶模型可较好的预测荷花粉贮藏过程中黄色度和脂质POV值的变化规律。研究结果为脱水后荷花粉贮藏过程中品质劣变规律的探索及贮藏条件的选择提供了一定的基础。     

Ozonated water extends the shelf life of fresh-cut lettuce

The use of ozonated water as a sanitizer to extend the shelf life of fresh-cut lettuce and the effect on the antioxidant constituents (polyphenols and vitamin C) were investigated. Fresh-cut iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was washed at 4 degrees C using three different ozonated water dips [10, 20, and 10 activated by ultraviolet C (UV-C) light mg L(-1) min total ozone dose], and the dips were compared with water and chlorine rinses. Treated lettuce was packaged in air or active modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (4 kPa of O2 + 12 kPa of CO2 balanced with N2) and stored for 13 days at 4 degrees C. Despite its strong oxidizing activity, ozonated water did not stimulate the respiratory activity of fresh-cut lettuce. Moreover, ozonated water maintained the initial visual appearance of fresh-cut lettuce and controlled browning during storage in air. Initially, ozonated water and chlorine reduced the total mesophilic population by 1.6 and 2.1 log, respectively, when compared with water. Active MAP was effective in controlling total microbial growth, achieving 2.0 log reduction in relation to samples stored in air at the end of storage. On the other hand, active MAP caused a 2.0-3.5 reduction of coliforms on sanitized samples compared with water-washed samples. The most efficient treatments were ozone 20 and ozone 10 activated by UV-C, which were as effective as chlorine. Changes in individual phenolic compounds were independent of the washing treatments. In air, chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acid contents increased noticeably after 13 days while monocaffeoyltartaric and dicaffeoyltartaric acids remained unchanged. MAP effectively suppressed accumulation of caffeoylquinic derivatives, whereas caffeoyltartaric derivatives decreased during MAP storage to reach similar levels. The content of vitamin C (ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid) decreased during storage, particularly under MAP. Ozonated water could be an alternative sanitizer to chlorine for fresh-cut lettuce due to good retention of sensorial quality and browning control with no detrimental reduction in the antioxidant constituents.     

旱地土壤施用生物质炭的后效应——水分条件对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

农田施用生物质炭作为农田土壤固碳减排技术的重要措施已受到广泛关注。本研究选择一次性大量施入生物质炭3年后且长期种植玉米的旱地土壤为研究对象,通过室内培养试验,研究了不同水分条件下的有机碳稳定性的变化,结果表明:一级动力学方程较好地描述了土壤有机碳的矿化动态,总体看来旱地土壤有机碳的矿化强度随土壤含水量的增加而增大,在25%WHC(持水量,water holding capacity)、50%WHC和75%WHC水分条件下,与C0(无生物质炭)相比,C20(生物质炭20 t/hm2)、C40(生物质炭40 t/hm2)处理下,有机碳的矿化强度分别降低了28.57%~42.86%(25%WHC)、22.22%~33.33%(50%WHC)、15.00%~30.00%(75%WHC),不同处理下土壤的微生物商和微生物代谢熵对水分的响应存在明显差异,与对照相比,生物质炭施用下微生物量相对稳定,且稳定程度与生物质炭用量有关。因此,旱地土壤施用生物质炭具有保持微生物量稳定且降低土壤有机碳矿化与CO2释放的作用,这对于农田土壤有机碳的固持增汇具有重要意义。     

沼液氨氮减压蒸馏分离性能与反应动力学

对沼液中氨氮进行脱除,有助于降低沼液对环境的潜在危害和在农业生态应用时对植物的生理毒性,但现有沼液氨氮脱除技术存在氨氮分离反应动力学常数较小和耗时较长等问题。基于此,在扩大沼液中氨氮利用价值的目标下,该文在旋转蒸发仪上对沼液进行了减压蒸馏分离研究并探索了温度、压力和NaOH添加量对氨氮分离效果的影响,同时进行了三因素四水平的正交试验,对操作参数进行优化。研究中,采用氨氮分离一级反应动力学常数评价反应速率,用氨氮分离因子评价氨氮分离性能。单因素试验结果表明,NaOH 添加量增加有利于同时提升一级反应动力学常数和分离因子。同时,降低操作压力和增加反应温度有助于提升一级反应动力学常数,但却会带来分离因子值的下降。正交试验结果表明,3个操作参数对氨氮分离效果的主次顺序依次为：pH值,压力,温度。筛选出的优方案为NaOH添加量15 g/L （pH值为13.04）、压力15 kPa、温度35℃,此时氨氮分离一级反应动力学常数为0.97 h-1,达到90%氨氮去除率时分离因子值为395.96。这意味着对pH值提升后的沼液进行减压蒸馏,不仅可对沼液中氨氮达到较好的分离效果,理论上还能回收较高浓度的氨水用于沼气净化提纯。相比于热吹脱和气体吹脱技术,在同等pH条件下,减压蒸馏技术可在较低温度下获得更高的一级反应动力学常数,且极易通过温度和压力的改变进行提升,说明减压蒸馏法分离氨氮在反应动力学上具有优势。研究结果可为以回收高浓度氨水为目标的沼液高效低耗氨氮分离提供参考。     

Soil Evaporation and its Affecting Factors under Crop Canopy

Abstract

Based on field experiments, changing patterns and affecting factors of soil evaporation and energy balance under crop canopy were studied. Soil evaporation under crop canopy was measured directly using the microlysimetry technique. The main factors affecting soil evaporation under crop canopy including surface net radiation, leaf area index, soil water content, and crop growth period were analyzed to give scientific proof for the soil evaporation control. The results showed that no soil evaporation occurred under the crop canopy when net radiation was reduced to a threshold of 230.57 w/m². Under crop cover conditions, evaporation/evapotranspiration (E/ET) reduced with increases of crop leaf area index, followed by an exponential function to a leaf area index (LAI) threshold of 4. The cumulative evapotranspiration, transpiration, and evaporation under crop canopy conditions during the winter wheat growing season were 443.9 mm, 272.2 mm, and 171.7 mm, respectively, with E/ET having a relatively high value of 38.7%.     

Development and evaluation of a soil water evaporation model to assess the effects of soil texture, tillage and crop residue management under field conditions

Abstract. A number of mathematical models to predict soil water evaporation are available in the literature which generally require complex input data. In the present study, a simple parametric model has been developed by coupling existing and newly developed equations to assess soil water evaporation and drainage under field conditions in relation to potential evaporation rate, soil texture, time and depth of tillage and crop residue management. The model has moderate input data requirements and predicts well the effects of tillage and crop residue management practices on soil water loss (evaporation+drainage) with multi-drying and -wetting cycles prevailing under natural conditions. The root mean squares of deviations between observed and predicted cumulative water loss at different periods of study were 0.82, 2.04, 2.31 and 1.74  cm for untreated, residue-mulch, tillage and residue-incorporated treatments, respectively. Simulation analysis on cumulative evaporation and evaporation rate has shown that the evaporation reduction with different combinations of tillage and crop residue followed the order of residue-undercut>residue-mulch>residue-incorporated>tillage. Thus, the magnitude of beneficial effects of crop residues and tillage on soil water evaporation reduction are associated with amount of residues, mode of residue management (mulched or incorporated in the soil) and time and depth of tillage.     

Inactivation kinetics of purified tomato polygalacturonase by thermal and high-pressure processing

Tomato polygalacturonase (PG) was extracted from ripe tomatoes and purified by cation exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Cation exchange chromatography yielded two peaks with PG activity: the first peak was identified as PG2 (the heat labile form) and the second one as PG1 (the heat stable form). Both PG2 and PG1 presented a molar mass of 42 kDa when analyzed by SDS-PAGE and an isoelectric point >9.3. Thermal inactivation of purified tomato PG2, at pH 4.4, in the temperature range from 53 to 63 degrees C, followed first-order kinetics. Combined pressure-temperature inactivation of tomato PG2 was studied at 5-55 degrees C/100-600MPa. Under all pressure-temperature conditions, PG2 inactivation followed first-order kinetics. Purified tomato PG1, although more thermostable than PG2, showed a pressure stability very similar to that of PG2. These results indicate that high-pressure processing is an efficient alternative to inactivate tomato PG without the need for applying high temperatures.     

Oxidation of diazinon by aqueous chlorine: kinetics, mechanisms, and product studies

The oxidation kinetics and mechanisms of diazinon, an organophosphorus pesticide, by aqueous chlorine were studied under different conditions. The oxidation is of first order with respect to both diazinon and chlorine. The oxidation rate is found to increase with decreasing pH. The second-order rate constants at pH 9. 5, 10.0, 10.5, and 11.0 are determined to be 1.6, 0.64, 0.43, and 0. 32 M(-)(1) s(-)(1), respectively. Based on the rate constants at different temperatures, the activation energy is calculated to be 30 kJ/mol at pH 10.0 with a chlorine-to-diazinon ratio of 11:1, 33 kJ/mol at pH 11.0 with a 11:1 ratio, and 36 kJ/mol at pH 11.0 with a 5:1 ratio, respectively. Diazoxon is identified as the oxidation product by GC-MS. Ion chromatography analysis shows an increase of sulfate concentration as the reaction proceeds, indicating that sulfur is being oxidized to sulfate. This study indicates that oxidation by aqueous chlorine can significantly affect the fate of diazinon in the environment.