Sintered superhard materials

Diamond or cubic boron nitride particles can be sintered into strong masses at high temperatures and very high pressures at which these crystalline forms are stable. Most of the desirable physical properties of the sintered masses, such as hardness and thermal conductivity, approach those of large single crystals; their resistance to wear and catastrophic splitting is superior. The sintered masses are produced on a commercial scale and are increasingly used as cutting tools on hard or abrasive materials, as wire-drawing dies, in rock drills, and in special high-pressure apparatus.     

Synthesis of ultra-incompressible superhard rhenium diboride at ambient pressure

The quest to create superhard materials rarely strays from the use of high-pressure synthetic methods, which typically require gigapascals of applied pressure. We report that rhenium diboride (ReB2), synthesized in bulk quantities via arc-melting under ambient pressure, rivals materials produced with high-pressure methods. Microindentation measurements on ReB2 indicated an average hardness of 48 gigapascals under an applied load of 0.49 newton, and scratch marks left on a diamond surface confirmed its superhard nature. Its incompressibility along the c axis was equal in magnitude to the linear incompressibility of diamond. In situ high-pressure x-ray diffraction measurements yielded a bulk modulus of 360 gigapascals, and radial diffraction indicated that ReB2 is able to support a remarkably high differential stress. This combination of properties suggests that this material may find applications in cutting when the formation of carbides prevents the use of traditional materials such as diamond.     

聚合物乳液砂浆的粘结养护特性及其粘结性能

针对丙烯酸、纯丙和氯丁3种聚合物乳液砂浆在实际工程中粘结应用的可靠性和粘结性差的问题,研究了各种粘结养护制度下的粘结性能和本体抗压抗折强度,同时通过拟工程应用的室外实验来评估粘结可靠性.实验结果表明,聚合物砂浆有各自较适合的粘结养护制度,其种类不同,粘结性能各异,但都可以得到比参照普通砂浆有所提高的粘结强度.丙烯酸砂浆对老混凝土有更优良的粘结性能.     

Tubular graphite cones

We report the synthesis of tubular graphite cones using a chemical vapor deposition method. The cones have nanometer-sized tips, micrometer-sized roots, and hollow interiors with a diameter ranging from about 2 to several tens of nanometers. The cones are composed of cylindrical graphite sheets; a continuous shortening of the graphite layers from the interior to the exterior makes them cone-shaped. All of the tubular graphite cones have a faceted morphology. The constituent graphite sheets have identical chiralities of a zigzag type across the entire diameter, imparting structural control to tubular-based carbon structures. The tubular graphite cones have potential for use as tips for scanning probe microscopy, but with greater rigidity and easier mounting than currently used carbon nanotubes.     

Bonding in Xenon Fluorides and Halogen Fluorides

The bonding in rare gas fluorides is similar to that in halogen polyfluorides, and the stability of such compounds should depend primarily on the ionization potential of the central atom. This theory is consistent with findings for all known compounds of the system and yields predictions concerning other systems.     

Comment on "Synthesis of ultra-incompressible superhard rhenium diboride at ambient pressure"

Chung et al. (Reports, 20 April 2007, p. 436) reported the synthesis of superhard rhenium diboride (ReB2) at ambient pressure. We show that ReB2, first synthesized at ambient pressure 45 years ago, is not a superhard material. Together with the high cost of Re, this makes the prospect for large-scale industrial applications of ReB2 doubtful.     

预热温度对层状压缩木材力学性能的影响

不同预热温度下形成的层状压缩木材,因压缩层位置差异形成的不同结构及预热温度本身的变化均会引起力学性能变化。以毛白杨Populus tomentosa弦向板为材料,采用水热控制方法,通过改变预热温度获得了压缩层位于表层至中心层的不同结构的层状压缩木材。对其表面硬度、木材硬度、抗弯弹性模量与抗弯强度进行对比研究。结果表明:①随着预热温度的升高,木材表面硬度显著升高（P < 0.01）,较对照的增加率为3.9%~57.2%,而木材硬度则极显著降低（P < 0.001）,较对照的增加率为8.6%~38.5%。这个结果与压缩层随着预热温度升高,逐渐由表层向中心层移动形成的表层下0.32和2.82 mm厚度范围内木材的平均密度变化以及高温的作用密切相关。②随着预热温度的升高,弦向弯曲弹性模量逐渐增大,径向弯曲弹性模量逐渐减小;抗弯强度先增大,150℃后逐渐减小;但抗弯性能无显著差异（P>0.05）。不同预热温度下形成的层状压缩木材的力学性主要受其结构的影响,其次是温度的影响。控制压缩层的位置出现于木材表层,同时提高压缩层的密度,可获得力学性能更好的层状压缩木材。     

单宁-苯酚-甲醛树脂胶接性能

以杨梅单宁和相思单宁取代酚醛树脂中的部分苯酚合成单宁-苯酚-甲醛树脂,研究酚醛树脂摩尔比、单宁种类及单宁取代率对酚醛树脂刨花板内结合强度的影响。结果表明,酚醛树脂摩尔比和单宁自身的结构对改性酚醛树脂刨花板内结合强度有较大影响:在低摩尔比(1.3∶1)时,杨梅单宁和相思单宁的引入会降低改性后的酚醛树脂刨花板内结合强度;在高摩尔比(1.8∶1)时,杨梅单宁和相思单宁改性的酚醛树脂刨花板内结合强度均得到提高,两者苯酚最大替代率分别为30%和50%,内结合强度提高幅度分别为13%和54%。     

Crocodile with laterally compressed snout: first find in australia

A crocodilian skull exhibiting a high, laterally compressed snout has been found in a cave in north Queensland. No teeth are preserved, but elliptical alveoli suggest a ziphodont dentition. This is the first known occurrence of such a crocodilian in Australia and probably the most recent in the world. The specimen is not referable to any known species.     

油罐粘接开孔工艺的研究与应用

采用“化学冷焊”方法对油罐进行粘接开孔作业无需动电、动火和清罐、关键技术是对胶粘材料的选择和粘接开孔工艺过程的控制。这种工艺不仅技术先进,而且快捷便利,安全经济,在石油化工系统具有广阔的发展前景和应用价值。     

空气介质中热处理杉木压缩木材的蠕变

该研究采用空气介质中热处理,对径向压缩的杉木试材进行不同温度、不同时间的热处理,然后测定试材在绝干状态或吸湿解吸过程中的蠕变行为.结论为:①热处理杉木压缩木材在常温绝干状态下瞬时柔量和蠕变柔量(8h内)较小,在常温吸湿解吸过程中瞬时柔量和蠕变柔量(8h内吸湿结束时或20h内解吸结束时)较大,吸湿木材的瞬时柔量和8h内吸湿结束时的蠕变柔量分别可达绝干木材瞬时柔量和8h内蠕变柔量的1.5倍、3～5倍.②吸湿解吸过程中,热处理杉木压缩木材的蠕变行为不同于典型的木材机械吸湿蠕变,蠕变柔量没有表现出较大程度的增加.③热处理对杉木压缩木材的蠕变行为有很大的影响.热处理温度越高(乇鹪?00,220℃),时间越长,相应的试材在绝干状态或吸湿解吸过程中的瞬时柔量越大,某一时刻的蠕变柔量越大.杉木压缩木材在热处理过程中,木材细胞壁主成分发生降解反应是各柔量增大的主要原因.④就热处理杉木压缩木材在绝干状态或吸湿解吸过程中的瞬时柔量、蠕变柔量与相应热处理条件下回复率(RS)的关系而言,柔量越大,RS越小.热处理温度的高低,如200,220或140℃,对柔量与RS之间的关系有影响.烫     

Animal evolution and the molecular signature of radiations compressed in time

The phylogenetic relationships among most metazoan phyla remain uncertain. We obtained large numbers of gene sequences from metazoans, including key understudied taxa. Despite the amount of data and breadth of taxa analyzed, relationships among most metazoan phyla remained unresolved. In contrast, the same genes robustly resolved phylogenetic relationships within a major clade of Fungi of approximately the same age as the Metazoa. The differences in resolution within the two kingdoms suggest that the early history of metazoans was a radiation compressed in time, a finding that is in agreement with paleontological inferences. Furthermore, simulation analyses as well as studies of other radiations in deep time indicate that, given adequate sequence data, the lack of resolution in phylogenetic trees is a signature of closely spaced series of cladogenetic events.     

Commensurability and mobility in two-dimensional molecular patterns on graphite

Two-dimensional molecular patterns were obtained by the adsorption of long-chain alkanes, alcohols, fatty acids, and a dialkylbenzene from organic solutions onto the basal plane of graphite. In situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies revealed that these molecules organize in lamellae with the extended alkyl chains oriented parallel to a lattice axis within the basal plane of graphite. The planes of the carbon skeletons, however, can be oriented either predominantly perpendicular to or predominantly parallel with the substrate surface, causing the lamellar lattice to be either in or near registry with the substrate (alkanes and alcohols) or not in registry (fatty acids and dialkylbenzenes). In the case of the alcohols and the dialkylbenzene the molecular axes are tilted by +30 degrees or -30 degrees with respect to an axis normal to the lamella boundaries, giving rise to molecularly well-defined domain boundaries. Fast STM image recording allowed the spontaneous switch between the two tilt angles to be observed in the alcohol monolayers on a time scale of a few milliseconds.     

Density-modulus relationship in graphite fibers made from acrylic yarns

Three types of polyacrylonitrile yarn were converted to graphite fibers. There was a linear relation between density and Young's modulus of the graphite fibers, the ranges observed being 1.58 to 2.18 grams per cubic centimeter and 25 to 112 x 10(6) pounds per square inch.     

以浓硝酸为插入剂制备无硫可膨胀石墨

用浓硝酸和天然鳞片石墨反应制备无硫可膨胀石墨 ,最佳反应条件是 :石墨与浓硝酸的质量比为 1∶2 ,反应温度为 30℃ ,反应时间为 10min ,可膨胀石墨的膨胀容积为 30 0mL·g-1,不含硫。     

压缩炭化杨木的微观结构与化学成分

研究压缩、炭化过程中木材结构与化学成分的变化对压缩炭化木的应用有重要意义。利用扫描电镜、扫描电镜X射线能谱和红外光谱分析研究了杨木经压缩、炭化的微观结构和木材的化学成分变化。研究发现：意杨Populuse euratnericoIta经过压缩、炭化后,细胞腔变小,胞壁距离减小,胞壁距离最大分别缩小56．94％和53．34％,但细胞壁本身仍然保持了其完整性：心边材各元素的变化趋势一致,炭元素上升,氧元素下降,以边材为例,素材O／C为1．76,压缩、炭化处理后分别为1．65,1．45;杨木在热压和高温炭化过程中,纤维素的降解,使C—H伸缩振动吸收峰强度下降．并发生了一定的位移,半纤维素降解使C-0伸缩振动吸收峰强度降低。木质素苯环和酚醚键C-0-C的伸缩振动吸收峰的变化说明木质素也发生了化学反应．炭化后的心材在波数2853cm。附近出现了明显的振动．说明木材内部复杂的化学反应产生了新的化学基团。图9表1参15     

AZ31镁合金扩散焊接实验

根据原子扩散理论对AZ31镁合金进行了扩散连接工艺研究。在Gleeble-1500型热/力模拟试验机上,对AZ31镁合金进行了在不同连接工艺条件下的扩散连接,在电子万能试验机上对扩散连接接头进行了剪切强度试验,从而获得了AZ31镁合金的最佳扩散连接工艺参数。利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)对扩散连接接头微观组织进行分析,得出了AZ31镁合金主要是通过原子扩散和晶粒长大造成的原始焊接表面晶界的移动,促使接头表面原子充分扩散,形成牢固的连接。     

三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛共聚树脂的胶接性能

从实际应用出发,利用三聚氰胺(M)对脲醛树脂(UF)进行共聚改性,研究树脂的胶接性能,在尿素(U)分两次(U1、U2)加入的前提下探讨了三聚氰胺的质量分数、添加方式、甲醛(F)与尿素(U)物质的量比及缩聚阶段甲醛与尿素(U1)物质的量比的不同对树脂性能的影响。结果表明:随着F与U1物质的量比以及三聚氰胺质量分数的增加,胶接强度增加,甲醛释放量明显降低;F与U物质的量比升高,胶接强度以及甲醛释放量都明显提高;二次投料可以有效降低甲醛释放量。当n(F)∶n(U)=1.3,n(F)∶n(U1)=1.9,三聚氰胺的加入量为16%时,胶合板胶接强度达到GB/T9846.3—2004I类板的要求,甲醛释放量达到GB/T9846.3—2004E1级。