三江平原地区不同有机物料腐解规律的研究

利用网袋法模拟田间还田方式, 研究不同还田方式下玉米、大豆秸秆的腐解特征。结果表明: 经过150 d的分解, 玉米和大豆秸秆残留率在33.7%~61.1%之间, 秸秆还田分解趋势为: 土埋处理>露天处理, 土埋玉米秸秆>土埋大豆秸秆, 露天条件下大豆和玉米秸秆分解速率一致。从细胞结构上看, 玉米秸秆随着还田时间的延长, 基本组织和维管束遭到破坏, 细胞壁变薄, 细胞内物质消失, 细胞排列疏松; 大豆秸秆组织结构变化不明显。露天和土埋处理各有机物料有机碳分解率分别为39.9%~48.9%、49.6%~65.8%, 土埋玉米和大豆秸秆腐解速度明显高于露天处理。两个处理氮、钾分解率无太大差异, 分别为51.1%~67.7%、74.6%~91.7%, 而磷素变化比较明显, 露天和土埋处理玉米秸秆的磷释放率平均比大豆秸秆高49.4%、56.7%。作为还田物料玉米秸秆要好于大豆秸秆。     

秸秆腐解物对豇豆连作土壤性质及幼苗生理指标的影响

为探究不同秸秆腐解物对豇豆连作土壤微生态环境和豇豆幼苗相关生理指标的影响,选用豇豆为试验材料,共设置芥菜秸秆腐解(T1)、大蒜秸秆腐解(T2)、对照处理(不加任何植株粉碎物的豇豆连作土,CK)3个处理,测定在不同处理下,豇豆连作地土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性、土壤pH值和电导率,以及豇豆生长指标、叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性。结果表明,与CK相比,T2和T1处理均能显著提高土壤细菌数量,分别增加了50.02%和111.71%,放线菌分别显著增加了46.22%和17.53%,真菌分别显著降低了45.08%和33.80%。T2和T1处理均能提高土壤酶活性,其中T1处理的土壤脲酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶活性均为最高,与CK相比分别显著增加了10.74%、93.02%和283.83%;而T2处理的酸性磷酸酶活性最高,增幅为175.80%。此外,T2和T1处理均能显著提高豇豆连作土壤pH值,降低土壤电导率。种植豇豆后,T1处理能显著提高豇豆幼苗株高、茎粗、鲜重、干重和壮苗指数等指标,分别较CK增加了34.73%、9.33%、87.11%、100%和108.77%;但T2处理下豇豆的各生长指标与CK相比无显著性差异。T2和T1处理均能显著提高豇豆叶片叶绿素含量,显著降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,其中T1处理能提高豇豆幼苗过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,与CK相比分别显著增加了16.32%、19.21%和10.92%。综上,秸秆腐解物可为土壤生物提供不同的碳源和能源,维持土壤微生物群落多样性,改善土壤理化性质,从而促进豇豆根系吸收更多的养分,进而提高豇豆幼苗叶片叶绿素含量和抗氧化能力,有利于豇豆幼苗生长发育,达到缓解豇豆连作障碍的目的。本研究结果为实现豇豆生产的可持续性发展提供了理论依据。     

土壤湿度和机械长度对棉花秸秆分解率的影响

新疆棉花秸秆产量巨大,但是棉花秸秆的木质素和纤维素含量较高,不易被分解,很难作为饲料利用。本文研究了棉花秸秆在不同条件(土壤水分、棉花机械长度)处理下的分解速率。从土壤水分条件来看,棉花秸秆在50%土壤饱和含水量下的分解最为理想,其分解率在100 d后达到54.08%;从棉花秸秆粉碎程度来看,棉花秸秆粉碎越细越有利于其分解,但是3 cm处理100 d后分解率为54.12%,而1 cm处理100 d后分解率只有47.42%,说明棉花秸秆分解需要一定的孔隙度。另外,棉花秸秆分解之后对土壤肥力也有很大影响。此次试验结果可为推广大田试验提供科学依据。     

Soil properties and N application effects on microbial activities in two winter wheat cropping systems

The application of mineral N fertilizers may influence biologically mediated processes that are important in nutrient transformations and availability. This study was conducted to assess the effect of N application on microbial activities in irrigated and non-irrigated winter wheat systems. Carbon decomposition and microbial biomass C in soils with three N application rates (0, 150, and 300 kg N ha^–1 as urea) were measured over 40 days in a laboratory incubation experiment. Carbon, N, and P contents in the soil under the irrigated wheat were higher than those in the soil under the non-irrigated wheat. The reverse trend was observed for soil pH and Ca and Mg contents. However, soils from the two systems had similar C/N ratios. Carbon decomposition and microbial biomass C in the soil under the irrigated wheat increased significantly (p <0.05). Increasing rates of N fertilizer resulted in higher C decomposition and microbial biomass C levels in both soil systems. Results indicate that different wheat cropping systems affect soil properties that will then have an impact on C turnover in the soil. Moreover, the irrigated wheat system favors soil conditions required for a faster C turnover. In conclusion, it is likely that due to positive effects on microbial activity, N fertilization will increase nutrient cycling and, subsequently, crop productivity will improve in N-poor soils.     

生防链霉菌配施棉秆炭对连作棉田土壤微生物区系的影响

棉花是重要的经济作物,长期连作能引起棉花土壤微生态的失衡、土传病害加重、进而导致产量和品质的下降,影响棉花产业的健康发展。本文以连作棉田土壤为研究对象,进行室内培养试验,在施用生防放线菌黄三素链霉菌(Streptomyces flavotricini)的基础上添加不同量的棉秆炭[0 g·kg~(-1)(CK)、25.0 g·kg~(-1)、50.0 g·kg~(-1)、100.0 g·kg~(-1)],采用微生物计数和16S rDNA基因序列分析的方法,研究两者配施对连作棉田土壤中生防菌数量、微生物数量和种类的影响,为棉花黄萎病的生物防治提供新的思路。研究结果表明:(1)生防放线菌配施棉秆炭对连作棉田土壤中微生物区系有显著的影响。与单施生防放线菌菌剂的处理相比,两者配施显著增加了土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌数量,其中配施25.0 g·kg-1棉秆炭处理使土壤中细菌/真菌数量比(B/F)、放线菌/真菌数量比(A/F)分别增加了5 271.2%和30.8%(P0.05)。(2)土壤中生防放线菌数量随着棉秆炭施用量增加而显著增加,配施100.0 g·kg~(-1)棉秆炭处理显著增加了2 672.8%(P0.05)。棉秆炭具有作为生防放线菌良好载体的潜力。(3)生防放线菌配施棉秆炭也改变了土壤中优势微生物的数量和比例,尤其提高了细菌中芽孢杆菌的数量和所占的比例;100.0 g·kg~(-1)棉秆炭与菌剂配施使土壤中链霉菌的数量及比例显著高于对照,但降低了小单孢菌数量;增加了真菌中米曲梅、黑曲霉和木霉的数量,但使其所占比例降低。由此可以看出,生防放线菌配施棉秆炭能提高连作棉田土壤中生防放线菌的数量,增强生防菌制剂的防病促生作用,改善连作棉田土壤微生物群落结构,在防控棉花连作障碍上具有较大的应用潜力。     

渭-库三角洲绿洲不同连作年限棉田土壤理化特征分析

研究了渭-库三角洲绿洲连作5、10、15、20、25 a的棉田土壤颗粒组成、p H、盐分、有机质等理化特征。结果表明:(1)连作15 a土壤黏粒含量最高,连作20 a最低;连作15 a粉粒含量最高,连作25 a最低;连作25 a砂粒含量最高,连作15 a最低。(2)连作10 a土壤盐分含量最高为8.07 g kg-1,连作15 a最低为5.68 g kg-1;随连作年限的增加,土壤趋向硫酸盐型盐渍化发展;土壤p H值波动不大,土壤呈微碱性或碱性。(3)连作15 a土壤有机质含量最高为12.65 g kg-1,连作5 a最低为8.46 g kg-1;全氮连作5~15 a略有增加,连作15~25 a有所减小;全磷连作20 a最低为0.82 g kg-1,连作10 a最高为1.12 g kg-1;全钾连作5~10 a明显增加,连作15~20 a明显减小,连作20 a之后又增加。(4)土壤粒度、盐分、有机质、全氮的变化基本表现为棉田连作15 a较明显,因此,在研究区棉田最适宜的连作年限为15 a,棉田连作15 a后,会导致土壤砂粒含量增多、含盐量增加、硫酸盐类盐渍化增强、p H值提高、有机质含量降低,使得养分含量失衡、肥力下降,从而影响到棉花产出和效益。     

Soil organic carbon and nitrogen fractions and water‐stable aggregation as affected by cropping and grassland reclamation in an arid sub‐alpine soil

This paper investigates effects of cropping abandonment and perennial grass growing on soil organic C and N pools and aggregate stability, by comparing soils under native grassland, crop cultivation, perennial grass growing and cropping abandonment, in degraded cropland at a sub‐alpine site in north‐western China. The pools of total and particulate organic C (115 and 37 Mg ha⁻¹) in the 0–30 cm soil layer of native grassland were reduced by 31 and 54% after 30 years of crop cultivation. After 4 years of conversion from cropland to perennial grass growing total and particulate organic C pools were increased by 29 and 56%, whereas 4 year cropping abandonment increased particulate organic C by 36%. Rapid increases in total and particulate N were also found in perennial grass growing and cropping abandonment soils. The native grassland soil and soils of cropping abandonment and perennial grass growing had higher carbohydrate C concentrations in the 0–10 cm layer than the cropped soil. The rapid recovery of particulate organic fraction and carbohydrates in the re‐vegetated soils were probably due to higher plant biomass inputs and lower organic matter decomposition compared with those in the cropped soil. Aggregate stability of the 0–30 cm soil layer was significantly decreased by crop cultivation but showed a good recovery after 4 year re‐vegetations. This study suggests that reduction of soil organic matter and aggregate stability under crop cultivation may be remedied by cropping abandonment or perennial grass growing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同绿肥种植模式下玉米秸秆腐解特征研究

【目的】玉米是中国第一大粮食作物,如何处理大量的玉米秸秆成为玉米种植区面临的关键问题之一,深入研究冬种绿肥对玉米秸秆腐解释放的影响,对农业可持续发展具有重要意义。【方法】采用尼龙网袋法,通过对红壤旱地空闲 (YCK)及紫花苜蓿(YZ)、 黑麦草(YH)、 肥田萝卜(YL)绿肥种植模式下玉米秸秆177 d的腐解量和养分释放的监测,分析玉米秸秆腐解速率及碳、 氮、 磷、 钾的释放规律。【结果】四种种植模式下,玉米秸秆腐解及养分释放均呈现前期快后期慢的规律,7 d的腐解和养分释放速率均达到最大。翻压177 d时,四种种植模式下(YCK、 YZ、 YH、 YL)玉米秸秆累积腐解量分别为23.41、 21.22、 20.86和20.95 g,玉米秸秆碳累积释放量分别为12.38、 11.07、 11.18、 11.36 g ,与YCK种植模式相比,YZ、 YH、 YL种植模式秸秆累积腐解量分别显著降低了9.3%、 10.9%、 10.5%,碳累积释放量则分别显著降低了10.6%、 9.7%和8.3%; 各处理氮累积释放量分别为479.46、 513.04、 442.58和530.20 mg,相比YCK种植模式,种植绿肥对玉米秸秆氮累积释放量的影响不显著,而YH种植模式较YZ和YL种植模式则显著降低了13.7%和16.5%。各处理磷累积释放量分别为58.10、 57.91、 58.47和59.47 mg,且YL种植模式较YCK种植模式显著提高了2.35%; 翻压 28 d时,各处理钾累积释放量为487.20、 444.85、 456.94和434.55 mg,分别占加入量的100.0%、 91.3%、 93.8%和89.2%,且三个种植模式均显著低于YCK种植模式,42 d时各处理的钾均全部释放。从玉米秸秆碳与氮、 磷、 钾比来看,翻压177 d时,与YCK种植模式相比,YZ和YL种植模式玉米秸秆碳氮比显著增加了102.8%、 91.6%; YZ、 YH、 YL种植模式碳磷比分别显著增加了48.4%、 72.4%、 147.0%。翻压 28 d时,YH种植模式玉米秸秆碳钾比较YL种植模式显著提高。【结论】玉米秸秆腐解及其养分释放速率均在翻压后第7天达到最大值,之后腐解和养分释放速率减缓。与空闲相比,种植绿肥能显著减缓玉米秸秆腐化和秸秆中碳和钾的释放,而种植紫花苜蓿和肥田萝卜能促进玉米秸秆氮素释放,种植黑麦草则减缓了玉米秸秆氮素释放。种植肥田萝卜能显著促进玉米秸秆磷素释放。冬季种植肥田萝卜既对玉米秸秆还田后氮素释放有一定促进作用,又能增加红壤中磷的有效性,同时还能减缓玉米秸秆钾的释放,使钾释放更为长效,是一种土壤培肥和秸秆养分释放较好的绿肥种植模式。     

持续棉杆还田对新疆棉田土壤可矿化碳库的影响

依据新疆绿洲棉花长期连作的微区定位试验,研究了在秸秆还田和不还田处理下,棉田土壤有机碳矿化特征,以及土壤有机碳释放随棉花秸秆还田年限的变化规律.结果表明:秸秆还田与不还田处理相比增加了0~60 cm土层土壤的总有机碳(TOC)、可矿化碳(MC)的含量和矿化速率(MR),并且随着秸秆还田年限的加长呈上升趋势,但随土层的加深而下降.持续秸秆还田后棉田随着秸秆还田时间增加土壤有机碳矿化速率、累积矿化排放量(CO2-C排放量)增加,但矿化强度呈降低趋势,而棉花连作但秸秆不还田的棉田变化趋势与之相反.说明棉花秸秆还田措施增加了新疆绿洲棉田土壤有机碳含量,土壤中有机碳虽然不断得到补充,但尚未达到饱和状态,随着秸秆还田时间延长棉田固碳能力下降.     

新疆棉花长期连作对土壤真菌群落结构组成的影响

土传性真菌病害给新疆连作棉花造成巨大损失,为了解新疆地区棉花在长期连作过程中土壤真菌群落结构演替与作物产量的增减及病虫害的发作规律。本文利用18S r RNA-PCR-DGGE法对比研究了新疆石河子棉区分别连作0 a(未开垦土壤)、1 a、3 a、5 a、10 a、15 a和20 a棉田0~40 cm范围内4个不同深度土壤中真菌群落组成的变化规律。结果表明,相同深度的土壤样品中真菌群落结构随着连作年限的延长Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数都表现为不同程度下降后又增加并达到新的稳定状态,其中11~20 cm深度的样品下降最多、最快。聚类分析结果表明,相同深度的土壤样品随连作年限延长也表现出快速变化后并达到新的稳定状态,其中不同深度样品中真菌群落受影响最大的连作年限不同。主成分分析显示,连作年限对真菌群落结构形成直接影响,但随着连作年限延长,样品中真菌群落结构的变化趋缓,甚至有恢复迹象。部分DGGE条带回收、测序并比对后发现,100%的序列信息都属于未培养真菌。整体上连作棉田真菌群落结构变化及演替规律与棉花连作有很强的关联性。     

Nitrogen dynamics in tropical soils of Mali,West Africa

Soil samples were collected from a loamy sand and a clayey soil near Cinzana, Mali, for the purpose of documenting the seasonal dynamics of soil inorganic N after 9 years under five crop-management systems. The cropping systems were: continuous grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) or millet (Pennisetum glaucum) without residue return, continuous grain with stalk residue returned to the field every second year, grain in rotation with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and grain in rotation with the green manure crops, sesbania (Sesbania rostrata) and dolichos (Dolichos lablab). A sharp increase in soil N was observed early in the rainy season in both soils. Extractable N concentration in loamy sand and clayey soils, respectively, peaked between 15–22 kg and 33–51 kg N ha^–1 in the upper 10 cm of soil. In the clayey soil, the higher soil N concentrations associated with the early season flush lasted 8 weeks after the onset of rain. Nitrogen addition through rotational crops and crop residue was low. Significant improvement of cereal grain yield may not be possible solely by rotation with sesbania and dolichos green manure or cowpea without additional nutrient input. Earlier cereal planting, where feasible, is recommended to improve synchrony of soil N mineralization and crop demand.     

Effects of naturally and microbially decomposed cotton stalks on cotton seedling growth

Cotton stalk directly returning to cotton field has impeded the cotton growth to a large extent in Xinjiang province, China. The allelopathic effects of products from naturally and microbially decomposed cotton stalks on the cotton seedling growth were studied. The results showed that when the seedlings were treated with the 30-day microbially decomposed cotton stalks, they displayed better growth and physiological characteristics than those treated with the products of 30-day naturally decomposed cotton stalks. When treated with the microbially decomposed cotton stalks at a low concentration of 5 g kg^?1, the seedling dry weight and plant height even increased significantly compared to the untreated control (P < 0.05). The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that two compounds, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), were detected with higher concentrations in the naturally decomposed cotton stalk extracts, which strongly inhibited the cotton seedling growth in bioassay, suggesting the two compounds might be the responsible allelochemicals inducing autotoxicity to cotton growth.     

Enzyme activities in semiarid soils under conservation reserve program,native rangeland,and cropland

There is limited knowledge of biochemical processes in low carbon content soils of semiarid regions under different land use and management. This study investigated several enzyme activities of C, N, P, and S transformations in semiarid soils with different clay (10–21 %) and sand (59–85 %) contents that were under conservation reserve program (CRP), native rangeland (NR), and cropland (CL) under sunflowers (Eriophyllum ambiguum (Gray)), continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), or in rotations with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) in West Texas, USA. Soils under CRP and NR showed higher total C and N contents than cultivated soils under continuous cotton, but soil pH (6.7–8.4) was not affected by the management or land use studied. The activities of β‐glucosidase, β‐glucosaminidase, arylamidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, phosphodiesterase, and arylsulfatase (mg product (kg soil)^–1 h^–1) were lower in CL under continuous cotton compared to cotton in rotation with other crops, CRP, and NR. The enzyme activities were also lower when compared to soils from other regions. Linear regression analyses indicated positive correlations between enzyme activities and total C (r values up to 0.96, P < 0.01). There was a positive relationship between enzyme activities and total N, but soil pH showed the opposite trend. Enzyme activities were significantly intercorrelated with r values up to 0.98 (P < 0.001). The specific enzyme activities (mg product (g organic C)^–1) were lower in continuous cotton in comparison to the uncultivated soils (i.e., NR and CRP) reflecting differences in organic matter quantity and quality due to cultivation. Among the enzymes studied, the specific activities of β‐glucosidase and arylamidase showed a more pronounced decrease with increasing soil depth. In general, soils under CRP or wheat‐cotton rotations revealed higher enzyme activities than soils under the common agricultural practice for these regions, i.e., continuous cotton under conventional tillage.     

新疆典型绿洲棉秆还田对覆膜滴灌棉田残膜分布的影响

为探寻长期膜下滴灌棉田在采取棉秆还田后残膜的分布状况,于2016年棉花采摘后在应用膜下滴灌开始年份分别为2006年、2002年和1998年的3块棉田中采集土壤样品,然后进行棉秆粉碎还田,2017年对3块试验棉田再次进行取样,分析秸秆还田前后0～40 cm土层中残膜面积、质量及棉杆残留量。结果表明：1）秸秆还田前,3块试验田的地膜残留密度随覆膜年限增加逐年增加,棉田土壤处于严重污染状态;2）采取棉秆粉碎还田后,3个取样地块0～40 cm土壤中棉秆分布总体上呈现由上至下先增加后减少并在15～25 cm深度土壤中聚集分布的特点;3）秸秆还田后,3块取样棉田0～15 cm耕作层土壤中残膜面积占比58%以上、残膜质量占比60%以上,该层中面积>5～30 cm2和质量>50～100 mg残膜均增加显著,相对秸秆还田前的土壤残膜分别平均增加20%和10%左右。     

农田不同肥力条件下玉米秸秆腐解效果

为了探讨农田不同肥力对玉米秸秆腐解转化和能态变化的影响,该文采用砂滤管法在陕西关中高、中等、低3种肥力塿土上进行了480 d的玉米秸秆腐解试验,研究了腐解进程中玉米秸秆的分解率以及有机碳组成和能态变化。结果显示,随着腐解进行,腐解产物中的苯–醇溶性、水溶性组分下降,半纤维素和纤维素含量先上升后下降,而木质素增加;腐解物的能态呈现上下起伏、下降和相对稳定3个阶段的变化,总体是一个放能过程。腐解产物的热值与其有机碳、苯–醇溶性组分、水溶性组分、半纤维素和纤维素呈显著正相关,但与其灰分、木质素、腐殖物质含量呈显著负相关。腐解480 d,3种肥力间比较发现,玉米秸秆在中等肥力田块上矿化率最高,低肥力田块上的最低;中等肥力土壤能够促进玉米秸秆中的水溶性有机组分和木质素的分解,而高肥力土壤能够促进苯–醇溶性组分和半纤维素、纤维素分解,并有利于腐殖物质的形成,而且腐解物的能态最高。     

生物炭对干旱区绿洲农田土壤呼吸的影响

为探究不同粒径秸秆生物炭添加对绿洲农田土壤CO2排放及Q10的影响,以新疆典型绿洲农田土壤灰漠土为供试材料,采用室内土柱培养的方法,研究添加＞5、1～5、0.25～1和＜0.25mm共4种粒径棉花秸秆生物炭和葡萄藤生物炭对农田土壤CO2释放的影响。结果表明：（1）试验周期内（0～85d）,添加生物炭处理土壤呼吸速率呈先增加后降低的趋势,前10d土壤呼吸增速较高;添加生物炭的土壤呼吸速率（1.27μmol·m-2·s-1）高于不添加生物炭的对照处理（1.01μmol·m-2·s-1）,棉花秸秆生物炭处理土壤呼吸速率（1.43μmol·m-2·s-1）高于添加葡萄藤生物炭处理（1.08μmol·m-2·s-1）。培养期内土壤CO2累积过程符合一级反应动力学方程,生物炭添加改变了土壤CO2潜在排放量、周转速率和半周转期。（2）添加棉花秸秆和葡萄藤两种生物炭处理与土壤CO2累积排放量（y）分别符合y=7.51x+88.53和y=2.68x+75.85的线性关系（x为生物炭粒径）。（3）添加生物炭处理土壤呼吸速率与空气温度和土壤温度显著相关,棉花秸秆生物炭处理土壤呼吸速率与温度的相关性高于葡萄藤生物炭处理,土壤温度敏感系数随粒径的减小而增加。综合土壤呼吸速率和温度敏感系数考虑,建议绿洲农田施用1～5mm中等粒径生物炭。     

Stratification of nutrients in soil for different tillage regimes and cotton rotations

Crop management practices, especially tillage and rotation, can impact soil nutrient stratification, crop growth, and yield. The objectives of this study were to determine the soil-profile distribution of plant-available nutrients in four depth intervals from 0 to 90 cm for different cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cropping systems, tillage regimes, and N fertilization rates in a south-central Texas silty clay loam soil after 5 years of treatment imposition. Distribution of nutrients in the soil profile varied between cropping systems (continuous cotton monoculture and cotton–corn (Zea mays L.) rotation), conventional (CT) and reduced tillage (RT), and N fertilization rates (0, 80, and 160 kg N ha⁻¹). Plant-available P showed the greatest stratification and was 426% higher at 0–15 cm than at 60–90 cm, while SO₄ had the greatest increase (42%) with depth. The percentage decrease from 0–15 to 60–90 cm was 47% and 147% for NO₃ and K, and 76%, 12%, 43%, and 232% for Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn, respectively. In contrast, Ca and Mg concentrations increased 22% and 15%, respectively, from 0–15 to 60–90 cm. Increasing the N fertilization rate increased plant-available NO₃ and SO₄ but decreased K, Fe, Cu, and Zn concentrations. Inclusion of corn in rotation with cotton decreased plant-available Mn, Fe, and Cu from 15 to 90 cm relative to continuous cotton at 160 kg N ha⁻¹. For unfertilized soil, rotation increased micronutrient concentrations at 15–60 cm compared to continuous cotton. On average, CT cotton–corn had significantly lower K, Ca, Mg, Na, and SO₄ concentrations than CT continuous cotton. Reduced tillage and diversified cropping systems altered the distribution of plant-available nutrients in soil relative to CT and continuous cotton. In fact, RT increased plant-available P and NO₃ in surface soil, which may have contributed to higher lint yields than CT continuous cotton.     

棉秆田间起拔力测量系统设计与试验

为探讨土壤、棉秆直径、起拔角度等因素对棉秆起拔阻力的影响,该文基于虚拟仪器技术,设计了一套棉秆田间起拔力实时测量系统并进行了棉秆起拔阻力测试试验。该系统由起拔力测量机械装置和起拔力测量软件组成,采用LabVIEW进行编程,实现了信号的采集读取、分析运算、实时显示及保存。利用万能材料试验机对该系统测量精度进行了标定,结果显示测量负载最大相对误差为0.4%。分别在土壤干基含水率26.93%、28.13%、25.44%;起拔角度30°、40°、50°;起拔线速度6..28和9.42mm/s条件下,以土壤含水率、棉秆根部直径、起拔角度、起拔线速度为影响因素,进行了田间棉秆起拔力测量单因素试验。试验结果表明,土壤含水率对棉秆起拔力存在影响,棉秆起拔力随棉秆根部直径增大而增大;对起拔角度和起拔线速度的回归分析表明,起拔角度对棉秆起拔力存在显著影响,起拔线速度对棉秆起拔力的影响受土壤条件差异影响,在土壤含水率较低（坚实度高）时,起拔线速度对起拔力影响显著;试验条件下最优起拔角度为30°,最优起拔线速度为6.28 mm/s。该系统能快速完成棉秆起拔力的测试,采集的数据可为棉秆收获机械设计提供参考;合理选择棉秆收获机械起拔角度,有利于减少动力消耗、提高生产效率。     

Dissolved and Soil Organic Carbon after Long‐Term Conventional and No‐Tillage Sorghum Cropping

Abstract

Distribution of dissolved (DOC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) with depth may indicate soil and crop‐management effects on subsurface soil C sequestration. The objectives of this study were to investigate impacts of conventional tillage (CT), no tillage (NT), and cropping sequence on the depth distribution of DOC, SOC, and total nitrogen (N) for a silty clay loam soil after 20 years of continuous sorghum cropping. Conventional tillage consisted of disking, chiseling, ridging, and residue incorporation into soil, while residues remained on the soil surface for NT. Soil was sampled from six depth intervals ranging from 0 to 105 cm. Tillage effects on DOC and total N were primarily observed at 0–5 cm, whereas cropping sequence effects were observed to 55 cm. Soil organic carbon (C) was higher under NT than CT at 0–5 cm but higher under CT for subsurface soils. Dissolved organic C, SOC, and total N were 37, 36, and 66%, respectively, greater under NT than CT at 0–5 cm, and 171, 659, and 837% greater at 0–5 than 80–105 cm. The DOC decreased with each depth increment and averaged 18% higher under a sorghum–wheat–soybean rotation than a continuous sorghum monoculture. Both SOC and total N were higher for sorghum–wheat–soybean than continuous sorghum from 0–55 cm. Conventional tillage increased SOC and DOC in subsurface soils for intensive crop rotations, indicating that assessment of C in subsurface soils may be important for determining effects of tillage practices and crop rotations on soil C sequestration.     

Characterization of rhizosphere microbial communities in continuous cropping maca (Lepidium meyenii) red soil,Yunnan, China

ABSTRACT

Continuous cropping maca systems are widespread in Yunan Province, China. However, the relationships between continuous cropping maca systems and microbes are not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of continuous cropping maca systems (Maca with 0, 1, 2, and 3 years of continuous cultivation) on the soil microbial community. The results showed that the soil organic matter, total N, total P, and total K contents, as well as maca fresh and dry weight, decreased significantly with increased continuous cropping years. Interestingly, qPCR analysis showed that the bacterial and fungal abundance (DNA levels) decreased and active bacterial and fungal abundance (RNA levels) increased with cropping years from the first to the third cropping (p < 0.05). Moreover, the abundance of actinomycetes in the CK soil was significantly higher than that in the other maca soils. In addition, the continuous cropping system resulted in rich diversity in the fungal structure and had little effects on the bacterial and actinomycete communities. Acidobacteria (50%) and Ascomycota (58.3%) were detected in the continuous cropping maca soils. Based on the present results, continuous cropping of maca not exceeding two years could be optimal to maintain soil nutrition and microbial community.