Effect of sowing methods and sowing rate in organic seed production of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

Different sowing methods and sowing rates were evaluated in organic seed production of timothy (two trials), meadow fescue (two trials) and red clover (one trial) in Southeast Norway, during 2010–2013. The plan included: (1) broadcast sowing of grass/clover, cover crop sown at 12 cm row distance; (2) sowing of cover and seed crop in crossed rows, both at 12 cm row distance; and (3) sowing of cover crop and seed crop in every other row. The three sowing rates were 5, 10 and 15 kg ha–1 in timothy and meadow fescue and 3, 6 and 9 kg ha–1 in red clover. On average for sowing rates and all trials with timothy, meadow fescue and red clover, first year’s seed yields were 5–6%, 20–25% and 19–25% higher on plots sown with cover crop and seed crop in every other row than on plots where seed crop had been broadcast or sown perpendicularly to the cover crop. The different sowing methods had no effect on weed coverage or weed contamination in the cleaned seed. Increasing sowing rate usually had a negative influence on seed yield, while weed coverage/contamination was not significantly affected. It is concluded that organic seed crops should be established with cover crop and seed crop in every other row at a low sowing rate. However, in an organic production system, even this favorable method will not always be sufficient to meet the requirement for seed crop purity.     

Seed Yield of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) in Norway and Denmark: The effects of locations,cultivars and autumn management

In order to determine genetic differences in seed yield potential, the optimal locations for seed production and optimal management after the first seed harvest, experiments with different timing of cutting and nitrogen application in autumn were conducted in three Scandinavian cultivars of meadow fescue (Saiten—origin 67° N, Fure—origin 61° N, and Senu Pajbjerg—origin 56° N) at the Norwegian locations Kvithamar (63.3° N), Staur (60.5° N), Landvik (58.2° N) and the Danish location Roskilde (55.4° N). The relative seed yields of ‘Saiten’, ‘Fure’ and ‘Senu Pajbjerg’ were 100, 171 and 175 on average for the first ley year, 100, 126 and 141 on average for the second ley year and 100, 115 and 116 on average for third ley year, respectively. A higher seed yield potential of the predominant Danish cultivar probably explains the commonly reported difference in seed yield between Norway and Denmark. Within Norway, seed yields normally decreased from south to north, with the lowest seed yields produced at Kvithamar and the highest at Staur or Landvik. At the coastal locations Kvithamar and, in particular, Landvik, cutting immediately after seed harvest (stubble removal) was necessary in order to maximize seed yields of ‘Fure’ and ‘Saiten’. Cutting at the end of the growing season (10 October) reduced the winter survival and seed yield of ‘Fure’ and ‘Saiten’ at these locations but was favourable at the inland location Staur, which had more stable snow cover. ‘Senu Pajbjerg’ was especially vulnerable to winter damage and did not benefit from cutting of stubble or regrowth at any location. Compared with inputs later in autumn, nitrogen application immediately after seed harvest increased both DM production in autumn and the next year's seed yield at all Norwegian locations.     

Regrowth Rates of Timothy and Meadow Fescue as Related to the Content of Remaining Water-soluble Carbohydrates and Non-elongated Tillers

The relationship between regrowth rates and the content of water-soluble carbohydrates in stubble (WSC) and percentage of non-elongated tillers (PNT) was studied in timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) cut at different phenological stages. Single plants were grown in pots and cut outdoors and then regrown under controlled climatic conditions. The data for the dry matter production during the following 3 weeks were fitted to an expolinear growth equation to determine an initial maximum relative regrowth rate (R _m) and a daily maximum regrowth rate (C _m). C _m appeared to be positively correlated to PNT in both species, whereas R _m was increased with increasing WSC. For regrowth after later cuts of meadow fescue there was a positive contribution to R _m by PNT.     

The effects of straw disposal and depth of cultivation on the growth, nutrient uptake and yield of winter wheat on a clay and a silt soil

Abstract. Experiments were conducted for one year on two different soil types. On a clay soil straw was either (a) burnt, (b) baled leaving the stubble, or (c) chopped and spread. The soil was tine cultivated to depths of 5, 10 or 15 cm or ploughed to 20 or 30 cm before winter wheat was sown conventionally. In addition, a direct-drilled crop was sown after each straw treatment. On a silt loam soil the direct-drilled, tine cultivated to 15 cm and ploughed to 30 cm treatments following burning or chopping and spreading straw were repeated.
Tine cultivation incorporated less straw than ploughing, decreased plant establishment and early growth but did not decrease yield. Direct-drilling through chopped straw decreased yield on the silt loam but not on the clay soil. Short straw (< 5 cm) was easier to incorporate than longer straw. Ploughing was the most efficient method of straw incorporation because it inverts soil. Early effects on crop growth and nutrient uptake following straw incorporation were transient and associated with large amounts of straw in the seeded layer of soil.     

Modelling Spring Growth of Timothy and Meadow Fescue by an Expolinear Growth Equation

The applicability of an expolinear growth equation for describing dry matter yield was investigated in seven field experiments for spring growth of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) under two levels of N application. The equation was expanded by a growth index (GI) correcting for variations in radiation, temperature and plant-available soil moisture, and an ageing function describing the decrease in growth rate caused by advance in phenological development. The field sites covered a wide range of climatic conditions and the yield was recorded at five phenological stages from leaf stage to anthesis. The expansion of the equation appeared to be adequate for a combined analysis of the dry matter yield in meadow fescue and timothy. The estimated maximum growth rate during the linear phase (C _m) did not differ significantly between species. C _m increased with higher N application. It was concluded that C _m of the expanded model represented a potential rate, whereas the relative growth rate of the exponential phase (R _m) could not be considered as a potential rate. It varied more among locations and years, e.g. it was strongly affected by the length of the period from growth onset to the start of the linear phase.     

Straw incorporation and tillage for winter barley: Soil structural effects

A large-scale field experiment was conducted over four seasons on a gleysol (24% clay in topsoil) in Scotland. Conventional ploughing, shallow ploughing and shallow rotary or tine cultivation were investigated for the incorporation of straw in winter barley. Straw after harvest was either chopped or removed. Thus the residue treatments were either straw plus stubble or stubble only. Incorporation depths ranged from 0–100 to 0–300 mm.The presence of straw changed soil physical conditions after several seasons in which straw was incorporated. In the ploughed treatments, the presence of straw plus stubble decreased the average soil water content and matric potential in the topsoil in comparison to stubble only, indicating more rapid drainage. This was associated with the presence of buried straw in zones of loose soil just above plough depth and with a long-term increase in soil pore continuity related to the presence of straw residues. The presence of straw plus stubble under conventional ploughing decreased thermal diffusivities in the top 150 mm of soil in comparison with stubble only. Shallow incorporation of straw plus stubble gave higher overall strengths, bulk densities, lower water infiltration rates and poorer drainage in the topsoil than deeper incorporation. However, shallow incorporation caused an accumulation of organic matter over the first three seasons. This accumulation probably contributed to the increased aggregate stability and resistance to compaction of the top 50-mm soil layer, indicating improved resistance to erosion and to further compaction.     

秸秆深埋还田开沟灭茬机设计与试验

秸秆还田是农作物秸秆综合利用最为直接的形式,深埋还田能打破犁底层、培肥地力,并提高土壤抗旱保墒能力。在秸秆深埋还田时,由于作物根茬未粉碎,深开沟的同时会出现大块土垡。秸秆深埋后还需对根茬和土垡进行二次粉碎,增加了作业成本。为满足秸秆深埋还田开沟灭茬碎土的需求,设计研制了一种集开深沟、碎土、灭茬等多道工序的用于秸秆深埋还田的开沟灭茬机。以导向铲入土深度、灭茬刀转速、灭茬深度为试验因素,机器的作业阻力和灭茬碎土率为试验指标,进行了三因素三水平正交试验。结果表明导向铲入土深度和灭茬深度对作业阻力有极显著影响,灭茬刀转速对灭茬碎土率有极显著影响。在开沟深度为35 cm时,导向铲入土深度、灭茬刀转速和灭茬深度分别为100 mm、340 r/min和60 mm时,开沟灭茬机的作业性能最好,作业阻力为21.6 k N、灭茬碎土率为96.3%、开沟深度稳定性为92.4%。试验表明该机具有很好的开沟、灭茬、碎土效果,该研究为秸秆深埋还田机具的研制和配备提供参考。     

Different pre-sprouting methods for early tuber harvest in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Abstract

Earlier harvest of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) can be achieved by different treatments of the seed tubers. This can be important, for example, in areas with a short growing season and in organic farming. In a pot experiment, different pre-sprouting methods were evaluated for four cultivars. The experiment consisted of (a) untreated seed tubers stored at 4 °C until planting, (b) traditional pre-sprouted tubers (P) and (c) pre-sprouted tubers with stimulation of adventitious root formation (PR). Pre-sprouted seed tubers have earlier and faster tuber formation, but often lower yield than non pre-sprouted tubers if there is no restriction of the growing season. The PR method developed here, where tubers were sprayed with water to stimulate adventitious root formation and give faster development and tuber initiation than conventional pre-sprouting, can be of value when the growing season is restricted or if early harvest is important. Initial emergence of the pre-sprouted potatoes was monitored in two pot experiments. Emergence was faster for the pre-sprouted treatments compared with the control, but there were no significant differences between the two pre-sprouting methods. At harvest, the pre-sprouted treatments gave higher yield than the control for all growing periods, methods and cultivars, although the differences were not significant for every combination. The cultivars Matilda, Cicero, Ovatio and Superb seemed to respond more positively in terms of yield to PR treatments than cv. Ditta. The new method for stimulating adventitious root formation developed here will substantially help growers to achieve earlier harvests.     

滑切防缠式香蕉秸秆还田机设计与试验

针对香蕉秸秆富含纤维且含水率高等物理特性,现有的秸秆与根茬粉碎还田机田间作业时存在着切割阻力大,秸秆纤维易缠绕等问题。采用理论建模方法确定了秸秆滑切刀片的刀刃曲线方程;设计阐述了还田机的关键结构参数,该文研制出一种滑切防缠式香蕉秸秆还田机,并阐述了还田机械的总体机构与工作原理,同时对其秸秆粉碎率以及功耗进行田间试验。结果表明:各因素对香蕉秸秆粉碎率和功耗影响的显著性顺序从大至小依次均为秸秆粉碎刀辊转速、灭茬刀辊转速、机器前进速度。当机器前进速度为1.39 m/s、秸秆粉碎刀辊转速为1 600 r/min、灭茬刀辊转速为500 r/min时,香蕉秸秆粉碎率为95.2%,功耗为4.96 k W。在最优工作参数情况下,实际香蕉秸秆粉碎率为94.9%,实际功耗为5.1 k W,与软件分析值(95.2%、4.96 k W)间的误差分别为0.31个百分点、0.27%,验证了分析的可信性。通过与甩刀式立式香蕉秸秆粉碎还田机进行性能对比试验,得出所研制的滑切防缠式香蕉秸秆还田机秸秆粉碎率提高1.94个百分点,功耗降低11.3%。该机器的设计为中国南方热带地区香蕉秸秆还田技术的推广与应用提供了基础。     

Root physiological traits and cold hardiness of alfalfa grown alone or mix-sowed with meadow fescue

Cold hardiness is important for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in northeast China. We investigated overwintering for three alfalfa grown alone or mix-sowed with meadow fescue. During the overwinter stage of the year from October 2013 to April 2014, five physiological and biochemical indexes and overwintering rate were investigated under natural conditions. The results showed that no matter either singly sowed or mix-sowed plants, physiological traits such as soluble sugar, soluble protein, and free proline of the alfalfa roots increased as the temperature decreased at the end of autumn, and decreased when the air temperature increased in the spring. The malondialdehyde content and peroxidase activity of all the treatments showed the trend of up–down–up during the whole overwintering stage. Investigation of the overwintering rate and using the membership function method combined with correlation analyses revealed that the order of the cold resistance of the selected alfalfa cultivars was as follows: Gongnong1?+?meadow fescue?>?Gongnong1?>?Wega7F?+?meadow fescue?>?Wega7F?>?WL319HQ?+?meadow fescue?>?WL319HQ. These results indicated that the cold resistance of alfalfa mix-sowed with the meadow fescue was higher than that of alfalfa that was singly sown.     

Yield and Quality of Mixed Seed Crops of Timothy ( Phleum pratense ) and Clovers ( Trifolium spp.) in an Organic Cropping System

Seed production of timothy ( Phleum pratense L.) in mixed crops with alsike ( Trifolium hybridum L.), white ( T. repens L.) or red ( T. pratense L.) clover was evaluated in an organic cash crop system. No fertilizer was applied except for household compost in the sowing year. While the first year crops of the alsike clover/timothy and red clover/timothy leys were harvested for clover seed, the first year crop of the white clover/timothy ley and all second year crops were harvested for timothy seed. The botanical composition of the alsike clover/timothy crop averaged 89/11 in the first ley year, and 8/92 in the second year. The corresponding yields averaged 443 kg ha -1 clover seed and 849 kg ha -1 timothy seed, respectively. Second year seed yields of timothy from mixtures with red and white clover were, in turn, 7% higher and 44% lower than from the corresponding mixture with alsike clover. First year seed yields of alsike clover from the alsike clover/timothy combination, and first year yields of timothy from the timothy/white clover combination were mostly rejected because of insufficient purity. In contrast, first year seed yields of red clover from the red clover/ timothy combination, and second year yields of timothy from all combinations, never failed to met the international requirement of maximum 1% contamination of one particular species in certified seed.     

Influence of Long-term Tillage,Straw, and N Fertilizer Management on Crop Yield,N Uptake,and N Balance Sheet in Two Contrasting Soil Types

Field experiments (established in autumn 1979, with monoculture barley from 1980 to 1990 and barley/wheat–canola–triticale–pea rotation from 1991 to 2008) were conducted on two contrasting soil types (Gray Luvisol [Typic Haplocryalf] loam soil at Breton; Black Chernozem [Albic Agricryoll] silty clay loam soil at Ellerslie) in north-central Alberta, Canada, to determine the influence of tillage (zero tillage and conventional tillage), straw management (straw removed [S_Rem] and straw retained [S_Ret]), and N fertilizer rate (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha^?1in S_Ret, and only 0 kg N ha^?1in S_Rem plots) on seed yield, straw yield, total N uptake in seed + straw (1991–2008), and N balance sheet (1980–2008). The N fertilizer urea was midrow-banded under both tillage systems in the 1991 to 2008 period. There was a considerable increase in seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw with increasing N rate up to 100 kg N ha^?1 under both tillage systems. On the average, conventional tillage produced greater seed yield (by 279 kg ha^?1), straw yield (by 252 kg ha^?1), and total N uptake in seed + straw (by 6.0 kg N ha^?1) than zero tillage, but the differences were greater at Breton than Ellerslie. Compared to straw removal treatment, seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw tended to be greater with straw retained at the zero-N rate used in the study. The amounts of applied N unaccounted for over the 1980 to 2008 period ranged from 1114 to 1846 kg N ha^?1 at Breton and 845 to 1665 kg N ha^?1 at Ellerslie, suggesting a great potential for N loss from the soil-plant system through denitrification, and N immobilization from the soil mineral N pool. In conclusion, crop yield and N uptake were lower under zero tillage than conventional, and long-term retention of straw suggests some gradual improvement in soil productivity.     

Yield and chemical composition of five common grassland species in response to nitrogen fertiliser application and phenological growth stage

Abstract

The interaction of grassland management factors such as plant species, rate of nitrogen (N) fertiliser application and stage of maturity at harvest, will determine the optimal balance of herbage yield, nutritive quality and ensilability for ruminant nutrition and/or industrial applications. This study investigated the effects of N fertiliser input and harvest date on the yield and chemical composition of five common grass species, and made comparisons with red clover. Perennial ryegrass (PRG), Italian ryegrass (IRG), tall fescue, cocksfoot, timothy and red clover were grown under two inorganic N fertiliser inputs (0 kg N ha^?1 and 125 kg N ha^?1; except red clover) and harvested at five dates (fortnightly from 12 May to 7 July) in the primary growth. Regression analysis of these data allowed comparison of the yield and chemical composition of each grass species at common growth stages, without the confounding effects of variation in maturity between grass species at common harvest dates. Of the grass species investigated, timothy was most productive in terms of dry matter (DM) yield and thus has the potential to provide a cheaper feed per unit DM. However, the most digestible grass species was PRG, with timothy being the lowest, and this could impact on both animal and bioenergy production potential. The most suitable grass species for ensiling was IRG (particularly when grown without fertiliser N) due to its higher water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration and lower buffering capacity (BC) compared to all other grass species. In comparison to the grasses receiving inorganic N fertiliser, red clover had a numerically lower DM yield, but a higher mean DM digestibility and crude protein concentration. The lower WSC concentration and higher BC of the red clover may result in a greater preservation challenge during ensiling.     

Effect of fertilization and harvest frequency on yield and quality of tall fescue and smooth bromegrass

Abstract

Fertilization and harvest frequency affect yield and quality of forages. The purposes of this experiment were to determine (i) the effects of fertilization and frequent harvesting on yield and quality of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and (ii) the efficiency of N in animal waste as compared with inorganic N fertilizer for forage production of these cool season grasses. ‘Fawn’ tall fescue and ‘Southland’ smooth bromegrass were grown in the greenhouse on Pullman clay loam topsoil (fine, mixed thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) under eleven fertilizer treatments and two harvest regimes. Nitrogen fertilizer increased yields, N and K concentrations and K/(Ca + Mg) ratios and decreased P, Ca, and Mg concentrations. Phosphorus and K fertilizers did not affect yields but applied P increased P and tended to decrease N and Ca concentrations. Applied K tended to increase Ca concentrations. Recovery of N from feedlot manure ranged from 0.8 to 14%, whereas, recovery from NH₄NO₃ averaged 64%. Harvesting at 3‐week rather than at 6‐week intervals reduced yields 25%; however, N and P removal were higher under the 3‐week harvest regime. Even though forage production was reduced under heavy utilization, the grasses required more N fertilizer under heavy than under lighter utilization. The two grasses produced similar yields under the 3‐week cutting regime and at N rates through 340 kg/ha under the 6‐week cutting regime. Tall fescue yields were higher with the higher N rates under the 6‐week cutting regime. Smooth bromegrass forage was higher than tall fescue forage in N, K, and Ca, whereas tall fescue forage was higher in P and Mg.     

不同地表覆盖方式对松花菜土壤温度、产量和水分利用的影响

为探索不同地表覆盖方式下半干旱地区露地高原夏菜的栽培效果,以松花菜(Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.)为研究对象,设露地无覆盖(CK1)、地膜覆盖(CK2)、地膜+秸秆行间覆盖(T1)、秸秆行间覆盖(T2)和秸秆全覆盖(T3)5个处理,研究不同地表覆盖方式对松花菜土壤温度、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,地膜+秸秆行间覆盖与露地无覆盖相比,显著促进了松花菜株高、茎粗和叶面积的增加,但总体与地膜覆盖无显著差异;秸秆行间覆盖和秸秆全覆盖处理抑制了松花菜植株的营养生长。与露地无覆盖相比,地膜+秸秆行间覆盖具有明显的增温效果,且最大增温幅度出现在春茬试验莲座期10 cm土层和秋茬试验苗期5 cm土层,秸秆行间覆盖和秸秆全覆盖处理都不同程度地存在增温和降温双重效应。与地膜覆盖相比,地膜+秸秆行间覆盖处理对土壤温度的调控均能达到地膜覆盖的效果,且在秋茬试验中,地膜+秸秆行间覆盖处理在苗期5 cm和10 cm土层温度分别升高2.5℃和1.8℃,更有利于松花菜幼苗的生长发育,秸秆行间覆盖和秸秆全覆盖处理在两茬试验各生育期、各土层均表现为降温效应,且秸秆全覆盖处理降温效果最明显。与露地无覆盖、地膜覆盖相比,春茬试验,地膜+秸秆行间覆盖处理生物产量分别提高32.3%、2.7%,经济产量分别提高68.9%、4.7%,分别节水29.0%、7.3%,水分利用效率分别提高137.8%、13.1%;秋茬试验,生物产量分别提高4.7%、2.4%,经济产量分别提高27.6%、8.4%,分别节水23.8%、11.1%,水分利用效率分别提高67.2%、21.9%。综上,地膜+秸秆行间覆盖处理具有良好的调温保墒作用,增产增效显著,较地膜覆盖种植在榆中地区更具优越性。     

动定刀同轴水稻秸秆切碎还田装置结构设计与试验

针对中国南方稻田留茬高、土壤黏重,油菜栽种复式作业机耕整地作业部件易缠草、壅泥,影响作业质量和油菜出苗的难题,提出了将田间稻秸秆收集切碎并绕过耕作部件后均匀覆盖于播种行行间的种植方法,研发了多功能油菜覆草直播播种机,围绕该机器设计了一种动刀与定刀及风送叶片同轴安装的稻秸秆切碎装置,并分别对稻秸秆的"站秆"和"残茬"进行切碎台架试验。结果表明:喂入压辊转速、动刀转轴转速、动定刀间隙3个影响因素对切碎长度合格率、功耗影响显著;对"站秆"和"残茬"切碎的各因素取值为:喂入压辊转速399.2、401.64 r/min,动刀转轴转速968.12、977.23 r/min,动定刀间隙0.52、0.49 mm时,稻秸秆切碎合格长度率为95.78%、96.98%,功率损耗为3.09、2.68 k W。经整机田间试验,该装置的秸秆田间覆盖效果达到油菜种植农艺要求。该研究为多功能油菜覆草直播播种机产业化提供了技术参考。     

秸秆还田施肥点播机粉碎抛撒装置结构设计与优化

针对小麦秸秆粉碎还田免耕播种过程中出现的堵塞、架种与晾籽问题,该文对秸秆粉碎还田施肥点播机秸秆粉碎抛撒装置结构进行设计,采用理论分析、ADAMS仿真方法对切茬甩刀、切茬定刀、切茬粉碎机构与开沟器配合尺寸等秸秆粉碎抛撒装置关键参数进行设计,通过田间优化试验最终确定开沟器前侧至切茬甩刀水平位置端面距离为2.3 cm,秸秆挡板倾斜角为22°,此时晾籽率最低,为1.65%。作业性能验证试验表明:当整机的粉碎抛撒装置采用设计参数进行作业时,播深合格率为81.3%,秸秆粉碎长度合格率为96.6%,秸秆抛撒范围合格率为90.2%,秸秆抛撒不均匀度为11.9%,均优于标准要求,满足作业要求,试验过程全程无堵塞,点播机切茬粉碎抛撒装置可使秸秆全量还田同时保持机具良好通过性,实现免耕地无残茬播种并完成高质量秸秆粉碎抛撒盖种。本研究可为从秸秆粉碎抛撒角度解决堵塞问题、为免耕播种环境的相关机具研发提供参考。     

SMS-1500型秸秆粉碎与残膜回收机的设计

为解决棉花收获后的残膜回收问题,设计了一种用于收获后棉秸秆切碎还田和残膜回收的联合作业机具,介绍整机的结构和工作原理,对主要工作部件做了设计,确定秸秆粉碎和残膜回收装置的结构参数,分析秸秆切碎和残膜回收过程,得出圆盘锯片切碎秸秆的条件。试验结果表明：在作业速度为5～5.5 km/h时,秸秆切碎长度小于20 cm,残膜回收率大于90%,作业后膜、杆分离,残膜自下而上揭起,残膜破损小。该机作业效率高,能耗小,回收的残膜集中堆放,可用于棉花收获后的残膜回收。     

砍切式玉米秸秆还田机的设计与试验

针对中国北方一年两熟区玉米收获后地表秸秆量大,甩刀式秸秆还田机粉碎长度合格率低,影响后续小麦少免耕播种等问题,基于四连杆机构往复运动原理,利用地表作为支撑,提出了利用砍切对秸秆切段还田的思路,进而研发出一种砍切式玉米秸秆还田机。为避免后续小麦播种时出现拥堵现象,设计秸秆切断长度不超过小麦窄行行距的一半(6 cm);通过理论计算和动力学仿真分析,优化了切刀的运动轨迹并确定切秆装置各杆件尺寸并分析了机具切割功耗为28.39 kW;利用ANSYS软件对切刀进行有限元静力分析,切刀力学性能满足设计要求。田间对比试验结果表明,在玉米收获后秸秆全量保留的条件下,与甩刀式秸秆还田机相比,砍切式秸秆还田机粉碎后秸秆平均长度短0.73 cm,秸秆长度不合格率小5个百分点,秸秆长度变异系数小0.218;机具运行平稳性试验表明砍切式玉米秸秆还田机振动略大于甩刀式玉米秸秆还田机,但差异不显著,该机平稳性满足作业要求;切刀入土平均深度为7.71 cm,可明显降低0~10 cm土层土壤容重;后续播种试验试验表明在砍切式秸秆还田机作业后地表进行播种时,播种机无拥堵现象且播种深度合格率比甩刀式大2.3个百分点。该文研究成果能够为中国北方一年两熟区玉米秸秆还田提供一种新型装备,有利于促进秸秆还田技术的推广。     

不同秸秆移除条件下冻融对农田土壤风蚀可蚀性的影响

为研究实际生产中不同秸秆移除率条件下冻融作用对土壤风蚀指标的影响,2011—2013年在美国堪萨斯州3个县设置3个不同秸秆移除率:0,50%,100%,对春秋季节土壤侵蚀比（EF）、平均几何直径（GMD）、地表随机粗糙度（RR）进行了统计分析。结果表明:（1）在冻融作用下,秸秆留茬能够有效减轻土壤风蚀,随着秸秆移除率的增大,土壤EF值增大,GMD值、RR值减小;（2）经过2011—2012年的冻融作用,2012年春季Norcatur、Colby、Scott City三地秸秆100%移除组的EF值增幅分别为149%,185%,16%,50%移除组的EF值增幅分别为40%,152%,-28%,0移除组的EF值增幅分别为29%,47%,9%;（3）休耕对于增强土壤抗风蚀能力有一定积极作用。研究成果为我国易发生土壤风蚀季节性冻融地区的适宜秸秆移除率的研究提供参考。