挤奶机器人对奶牛福利改善的研究

作为现代牧场生产的关键智能设备,挤奶机器人显著提高了牧场的管理效率和经济效益,还实现了传统人力驱动挤奶方式向奶牛自愿式挤奶模式的转变,使得奶牛更加自主自在,从而带来了奶牛福利革新。挤奶机器人通过模拟犊牛自然哺乳的节奏和力度,提升了牛奶产量和质量,有效降低了乳腺炎等疾病的发生率,实现了奶牛更加健康、长寿。本文综合现有研究和案例,基于动物福利的五个基本原则,综述了挤奶机器人给奶牛福利带来的直接和间接改善,探讨了挤奶机器人对“人-牛”协调关系福利提升的影响,进一步展望了挤奶机器人在改善奶牛健康和牧场管理水平上的发展方向。     

参照OIE动物福利国际标准，提升奶牛养殖生产福利化水平

世界动物卫生组织（OIE）制定了奶牛生产福利的相关国际标准,其中包括奶牛福利衡量指标以及解决奶牛生产系统设计、环境控制和动物管理实践中相关动物福利问题的推荐性建议。OIE奶牛福利标准理念先进、操作性强,具有很好的参考借鉴作用。这提示应参考OIE国际标准,构建适合我国国情的奶牛福利标准和科学评估体系,加大对奶牛福利科学研究的投入,提高奶牛饲养管理人员的动物福利意识,切实提升我国奶牛生产的福利化水平。     

日粮阴阳离子平衡在奶牛生产中应用的研究进展

日粮中的阴、阳离子对奶牛的正常生产和健康有着重要的意义,它们不仅影响奶牛体液的酸碱平衡和渗透压、机体的代谢活动及多项生理指标,而且在奶牛不同的生理阶段,适宜的日粮阴阳离子平衡能提高奶牛的采食量、生产性能,还能有效预防奶牛的产后瘫痪等疾病。作者现就日粮阴阳离子平衡(dietary cation anion balance,DCAB)在奶牛上的应用进行综述,为生产实践中合理应用提供一定的理论基础。     

不同季节、生长阶段对奶牛粪便主要污染指标的影响

为了解规模化奶牛场产生的粪便对环境污染的危害程度,本文对规模化奶牛场育成牛和成乳牛粪便主要污染指标进行了特性分析。结果表明,季节因素对育成牛及成乳牛粪便特性的影响显著(P<0.05)。生长阶段对粪便含水率的影响差异显著(P<0.05),而对有机质、氮、磷、铜、锌、钾的影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

多种因素对奶牛超数排卵效果影响的研究

试验探讨了激素处理、季节、供体母牛体况、胎次等因素对奶牛超数排卵效果的影响,为连续超排研究奠定了基础。结果表明:CUE-MATE法和自然发情法超数排卵效果没有显著差异(P>0.05),但CUE-MATE法处理周期短;中等、上等体况的供体母牛超数排卵效果显著好于体况较差的牛(P<0.05);冬、秋季节超数排卵效果显著高于春季(P<0.05);经产母牛和青年牛超数排卵效果没有显著差异(P>0.05)。由此可见,奶牛规模化胚胎生产可采用CUE-MATE法,选取中等以上体况在秋、冬季节进行。     

Identification of plasma and hepatic parameters related to metabolic robustness in dairy cows

Blood plasma and hepatic parameters were identified that describe the differences between metabolically robust or vulnerable dairy cows grouped according to their past health status. Data from a field study on dairy cows were used from which metabolically challenged dairy cows were selected that had a milk fat percentage of >4.5 mg/g and a fat to protein ratio of >1.5 in their previous early lactation. The selected cows were either classified as metabolically robust or vulnerable based on the occurrence of various metabolic and (re)production disorders in their previous lactations. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected in week 3 ante partum (a.p.) (-3 wk), in week 4 (+4 wk) and in week 13 (+13 wk) post-partum (p.p.). Plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones and mRNA expression of genes involved in metabolic pathways in the liver were used as variables for a two-group discriminant analysis (DA). Average discriminant scores (centroids) were different (p < 0.05) in -3 wk, +4 wk and in +13 wk. In -3 wk, significant variables that best explained the differences between metabolically robust and vulnerable cows were parity, plasma triglycerides, glucose and mRNA abundance of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2). In addition, based on the classification matrix, 69% of the dairy cows were correctly classified. In +4 wk, identified significant parameters were parity, plasma glucose and urea, and 67% of the cows were correctly classified. In +13 wk, significant variables that explained the differences between the groups were parity, mRNA abundance of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain 1 and CPT1, and 66% of the cows were correctly classified. In conclusion, the identified variables may distinguish from metabolically challenged cows, those cows that had a poorer health performance in their previous lactations.     

猪卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌培养体系的建立和优化

试验系统探讨了猪卵母细胞的体外成熟和孤雌激活方法。结果表明:在成熟液中分别添加FSH(促卵泡素:0.1ng/mL)和hMG(人绝经期促性腺激素:0.01IU/mL)的卵母细胞成熟率差异显著,但2组间的分裂率和囊胚率差异不显著。在成熟液中添加0、10、30、50、70ng/mL或90ng/mL的EGF(表皮生长因子),50ng/mLEGF组的分裂率达到84.90%,囊胚率达到30.20%,显著高于其余各组。分别使用以TCM-199和NCSU-23为基础液的成熟液来成熟培养猪卵母细胞,NCSU-23组的分裂率,成熟率和囊胚率均高于TCM-199组。使用离子酶素激活方法和电激活方法进行对比,离子酶素激活后孤雌胚胎发育效果好,差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

荷斯坦奶牛的三阶段饲养试验

针对奶牛的生长发育特点,将围产期与产奶牛细分为3个阶段,即围产前期(产前21d到分娩)、围产后期(分娩到产后21d)、产奶期(产后21d到产奶结束),并根据3个阶段的生长发育特点和营养需求建立饲养管理程序。试验结果表明,干奶期和围产期饲养程序可以降低胎衣不下、产褥热、酮病和子宫炎的发病率(P<0.05),试验组产奶量比对照组高出6.08kg,差异显著(P<0.05),2组的乳成分没有显著变化(P>0.05)。     

On-farm welfare assessment of dairy goat farms using animal-based indicators: the example of 30 commercial farms in Portugal

Welfare assessment can play multiple roles in the path to welfare improvement. In the dairy goat area, identification of the main welfare problems across countries and different production systems is needed. By the application of a prototype welfare assessment protocol, based on animal-based indicators, we aimed to provide an insight into the main welfare problems affecting intensively kept dairy goats in Portugal. Thirty farms, organised in three size categories, were assessed. The main areas of concern were claw overgrowth, queuing at feeding and hindquarter dirtiness, with larger farms heading higher concerns. Additionally, this paper aimed to investigate indicators’ consistency over time. Ten of the 30 farms were revisited four months later, during which no major husbandry changes were made. Our results showed an overall consistency. This study can help define intervention thresholds or minimum legal levels for each indicator, by determining their overall prevalence.     

中草药饲料添加剂在奶牛生产中的应用

本文针对中草药对奶牛泌乳性能、抗热应激、免疫机能及繁殖等方面的影响作一综述。     

奶牛乳房炎防治技术研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛的常见病和多发病之一,给奶牛业带来了巨大的经济损失,也严重地制约着奶牛业的发展。从奶牛乳房炎的发病现状、奶牛乳房炎的发病机理、奶牛乳房炎防治措施三个方面对奶牛乳房炎防治技术进行了综述,旨在为临床防治奶牛乳房炎提供理论指导。     

奶牛脂肪肝的病理学研究进展

脂肪肝是许多奶牛泌乳早期主要的代谢性疾病,并常引起奶牛疾病的发生和繁殖力下降.严重的病例,泌乳量和能量摄入减少.因此,病理学研究可为脂肪肝的预防和治疗提供有利的理论基础,每年可节省数百万美元的损失.脂肪肝是由于肝脏摄取脂类的量超过肝脏氧化和吸收的量,脂肪动员高浓度的血浆非酯化脂肪酸引起的.过量的脂肪以甘油三酯的形式储存于肝脏,造成细胞完整性和功能降低,从而造成肝脏功能改变.文章从脂肪肝的基础病理、临床病理、免疫病理以及生殖病理方面,论述了脂肪肝的病理学研究进展.     

宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛淘汰情况及长寿性影响因素分析

试验通过收集出生、产犊和离群的记录,探究宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛的淘汰情况,分析影响该地区奶牛长寿性的因素。对15523头荷斯坦牛的生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次进行描述性统计,分析淘汰时的胎次、季节和泌乳阶段的分布情况;计算生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次之间的表型相关,利用固定模型分析场-出生年、出生季节、牧场规模、淘汰原因和头胎产犊月龄对长寿性的影响。结果显示,宁夏地区荷斯坦牛的平均利用胎次为2.36胎,平均生产寿命为736.59 d。荷斯坦牛成母牛在产后第1个月内的淘汰风险最高,随着泌乳阶段的延长,成母牛在每个胎次内的淘汰风险均逐渐降低;随着淘汰胎次的增加,奶牛淘汰更加集中发生在产后泌乳早期;生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次之间存在较高的表型相关(均>0.9),场-出生年、出生季节、牧场规模、淘汰原因和头胎产犊月龄对长寿性有显著影响(P<0.05),春季出生和22月龄头胎产犊的奶牛长寿性表现更好。本研究初步揭示了宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛的淘汰规律和长寿性的影响因素,为宁夏地区牛群选育成母牛长寿性状奠定了基础。