Irrigation with salt water affects growth,yield, fruit quality,storability and marker-gene expression in cherry tomato

The use of saline water for plant production will become increasingly necessary over future decades. In some cases, fruit quality such as in tomato, can be improved by irrigation with saline water. The influence of different salt concentrations on physiological responses and the expression of some selected genes of cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L), cv. West Virginia 106, was examined. Tomato plants were grown in peatmoss substrate and irrigated with 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 or 150?mM sodium chloride (NaCl) in a glasshouse. The NaCl treatments of 75, 100 and 150?mM salt resulted in shorter plants, decreased stem width, a lower plant dry weight, fewer flowers, and smaller leaf area, while yield was reduced by treatment with concentrations of 50?mM NaCl and above. Average fruit weight and fruit number were also negatively affected by treatment with 50?mM salt and above. Salinity treatment led to increased fruit total soluble solids, titratable acidity and firmness and improved the taste index. Salt-responsive marker genes identified in Moneymaker were also induced in cherry tomato but not at the highest salt concentrations. Our results indicated that cherry tomato treated with 25?mM NaCl produced fruit with improved quality in comparison with non-salinized control plants without compromising yield, while at 50 and 75?mM the improved fruit quality was accompanied by a reduction in yield.     

富硒有机肥、复合肥和灌水量对番茄产量和品质的影响

以樱桃番茄"千禧"为供试材料,采用大田小区试验的方法,研究了膜下滴灌条件下富硒高钙有机肥和复合肥配比(每667 m2分别施50 kg复合肥(F1),500 kg富硒高钙有机肥+25 kg复合肥(F2),1 000 kg富硒高钙有机肥(F3))和灌水量(100%灌水量(W1)和80%灌水量(W2))对番茄产量和品质的影响。结果表明:(1)富硒高钙有机肥和复合肥配施,比使用同量氮磷钾的富硒高钙有机肥或复合肥,产量都显著提高;(2)随着富硒高钙有机肥施肥量比例的增加,番茄果实中硒含量、番茄红素含量、维生素C含量和可溶性糖含量均显著增加;(3)滴灌可以有效提高水分利用效率,80%灌水量在产量降低不显著的情况下,番茄果实中硒的含量和果实品质均有不同程度的提高。因此,膜下滴灌80%灌水量时,富硒高钙有机肥和复合肥配施(各占50%)在保证果实品质和硒含量达到富硒农产品标准的同时,产量达到最佳。     

Saline water and municipal solid waste compost application on tomato crop: Effects on plant and soil

A field experiment was conducted in Southern Italy to evaluate the effects of different water quality and fertilizers on yield performance of tomato crop. In mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer and irrigation with fresh water (Electrical Conductivity, EC, = 0.9 dS m^?1) (FWF); mineral N fertilizer and irrigation with saline water (EC = 6.0 dS m^?1) (SWF); municipal solid waste (MSW) compost and irrigation with fresh water (EC = 0.9 dS m^?1) (FWC); MSW compost and irrigation with saline water (EC = 6.0 dS m^?1) (SWC). At harvest, weight and number of fruits and refractometric index (°Brix) were measured, total and marketable yield and dry matter of fruit were calculated. The results indicated that MSW compost, applied as amendment, could substitute the mineral fertilizer. In fact, in the treatments based on compost application, the tomato average marketable yield increased by 9% compared with treatments with mineral fertilizer. The marketable yield in the SWF and SWC treatments (with an average soil EC in two years to about 3.5 dS m^?1) decreased respectively of 20 and 10%, in respect to fresh water treatments. At the end of the experiment, application of compost significantly decreased the sodium absorption rate (SAR) of SWC treatment in respect of SWF (?29.9%). Significant differences were observed among the four treatments both on soil solution cations either exchangeable cations. In particular compost application increased the calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) contents in saturated soil paste respect to the SWF ones (31.4% and 59.5%, respectively). At the same time saturated soil paste sodium (Na) in SWC treatment recorded a decrease of 17.4% compared to SWF.     

Enhancement of salinity tolerance in tomato: Implications of potassium and calcium in flowering and yield

Abstract

Five tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cultivars were grown in sand nutrient culture experiment in a greenhouse to investigate the effects of salinity on growth and yield. Nutrient solutions were made saline with 50 mM NaCl (EC = 5.5 mS/cm or supplemented with 2 mM KNO₃ (EC = 6.8), 20 mM Ca(NO₃)₂ (EC = 7.5), and combination of potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) (EC = 8.0). Seedlings were irrigated with saline treatments commencing two weeks after transplanting. Determination of sodium (Na) and K in tomato leaves and fruits were by flame photometry. Accumulation of Na in tomato fruits was higher than in leaves under control or saline conditions for all tomato cultivars. The amount of K in the tomato leaves was higher in control than in saline‐grown plants. Addition of K and Ca to the nutrient solution resulted in a 3 to 7 fold increase in K accumulation in all cultivars tested. Stem and leaf growth were significantly reduced with salinity but growth was enhanced following irrigation when K was added to the nutrient solution. Flowering and fruit set were adversely affected by NaCl stress. Reduction of flower number was 44% relative to the control plants. Fresh fruit yield decreased by 78% when plants received 50 mM NaCl. Growth and development of tomatoes under saline conditions was enhanced in this study following the application of K to the saline nutrient solution. Amelioration in growth was also achieved when Ca was used but to a lesser extent. Our results suggest that ion accumulation and regulation of K and Ca contribute to salt tolerance and growth enhancement.     

Response of Leek (Allium porrum L.) to Different Irrigation Water Levels Under Rain Shelter

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different water levels on water-use efficiency, yield and growth parameters of leek (Allium porrum L.) and was carried out in the practical research field of Ondokuz May?s University in Turkey. Different irrigation water levels were based on the weight changes of each pot and included 5 irrigation treatments [25% (I₂₅), 50% (I₅₀), 75% (I₇₅), 100% (I₁₀₀) and 118% (I₁₁₈) times of consumed water]. Decreases in irrigation water resulted in decreases in plant height, stem diameter, leaf and stem fresh weights, leaf and stem dry weights and leaf area, but did not significantly affect leaf number or chlorophyll content. A yield-response factor of 1.26 was obtained, implying that the leek crop was sensitive to water stress caused by deficit irrigation. Comprehensive analysis of yield, water use efficiency, and evapotranspiration, the I₇₅ treatment can be suggested for leek production in water-scarce regions.     

Effect of N rate and split application on bahiagrass production

Abstract

Vegetative and reproductive growth were studied in five tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cultivars under saline conditions imposed at the five‐leaf stage by addition of 50 mM NaCl to half strength Hoagland nutrient solution. The plants were raised in pots filled with washed quartz sand kept in a greenhouse. Stem height and number of leaves in tomato plants were significantly reduced when irrigated with saline regimes in contrast with control plants that received only the Hoagland solution. The highest number of flowers were obtained in the cultivar Pearson and the least in cultivar Strain B. Fruit set and yield were little affected by varietal differences and were not related to vegetative growth. Fruit weight was suppressed with NaCl stress, but improvement in weight was achieved when potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) were added to the saline water. The most detrimental effect of NaCl stress was the reduction of biomass yield in tomatoes. However, the relative dry weights of Pearson and Monte Carlo were increased to 60% and 54%, respectively, when NaCl was supplemented with Ca. Large varietal differences in biomass occurred among the NaCl‐treated and control plants. Tomato fruit quality (TSS) was improved by salinization.     

Effect of K-type and Ca-type artificial zeolites applied to high sodic soil on the growth of plants different in salt tolerance

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of K-type and Ca-type artificial zeolites on the growth and water and element absorptions of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), maize (Zea mays L.) and beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in high sodic soil. Tottori sand dune soil, which was used as a control, was converted to high sodic soil mixed with salts. Each type of zeolite was mixed into the high sodic soil at rates of 0, 1, 2 and 5%. The results showed that kidney bean, tomato and maize died in high sodic soil 25–27 days after transplanting (DAT), whereas beet survived, although its growth was extremely suppressed at 26 DAT. The addition of Ca-type zeolite improved growth in all of the tested plants. Even 4 DAT the growth of beet was improved by recovery of water absorption, and growth of tomato was improved by recovery of Ca and K absorptions and cation balance, and restriction of Na absorption. Growth of kidney bean and maize improved at 11 or 13 DAT by recovery of water absorption and Ca and K absorptions. After 4 DAT, water absorption and P and K absorptions of beet were highly recovered compared with those of the other plants; beet growth improved to a large degree. The ameliorative effect of 5% Ca-type zeolite was lower than that of 2% in tomato, maize and beet because the excessive uptake of Ca restricted P transport from root to shoot, and high electrical conductivity of the soil solution restricted water uptake. Even 1% K-type zeolite addition suppressed growth of beet at 4 DAT, and the addition of 2% or 5% of K-type zeolite suppressed the growth of tomato and maize 11 or 13 DAT. Higher concentrations of HCO^? ₃ and CO^2? ₃, and pH of the soil solution of K-type zeolite treatments might inhibit water absorption by roots.     

Grapevine Irrigation with Saline Water: Effect of Rootstocks on Quality and Yield of Cabernet Sauvignon

The effects of three irrigation salinity levels (1.8, 3.3, and 4.8 dS/m) on ion accumulation and relative turgidity of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifea) grapes on ‘Rugerri’ and ‘Salt Creek’ rootstocks were studied in order to introduce more saline water in the Negev Desert of Israel. Leaf samples were taken four times during the summer of 1997 and analyzed for total diffusible ions, which included sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg), and for soluble ions, which included zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn). Quality and quantity of yield were also measured. The lowest relative turgidity, 0.8, was measured at ECi (electrical conductivity of irrigation water) 4.8 dS/m, which decreased with time to 0.75 for all treatments. The Na/K ratio indicated relative sodium accumulation. It increased fast with time from about 0.1 to 1.4 under high salinity and more slowly, from 0.1 to 0.5, under the low-salinity treatment. Average yield of fresh berries under all treatments (except one) ranged between 8.0 and 8.5 kg/vine under the respective saline and fresh-water irrigation. This difference was not significant, but in view of the first-year experiment this result should be regarded as provisional. The juice quality criteria, as determined by the production of total soluble solids (TSS) pH², improved from 321 to 288, indicating low acidity under the saline treatment and higher acidity under the non-saline treatment. The ratio of TSS/acidity, which changed slightly from 34 to 32, also indicated a moderate reduction in acidity under saline conditions, especially under the ‘Ruggeri’ rootstock. Thus, it was concluded that (a) by the use of saline water the quality of the berries may be improved, (b) ‘Ruggeri’ rootstock was less affected than ‘Salt Creek’ by salinity in both quantity and quality of yield, and (c) relative sodium (Na) content in the lamina and the petiole increased with time during the growth period while relative turgidity declined, indicating a possible accumulation of toxic ions over time.     

Ameliorative Effect of Calcium Nitrate on Cucumber and Melon Plants Drip Irrigated with Saline Water

Abstract

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Orlando) and melon (Cucumis melo cv. Ananas) were field grown to investigate the effects of supplementary calcium nitrate applied to irrigation water on plant growth and fruit yield of salt stressed and unstressed cucumber and melon plants. Treatments were (1) control: normal irrigation water (C); (2) normal irrigation water plus supplementary 5 mM Ca(NO₃)₂ added to the irrigation water (C + CaN); (3) salt treatment: C plus 60 mM NaCl added irrigation water (C + S); and (4) supplementary Ca(NO₃)₂: C + S plus supplementary 5 mM Ca(NO₃)₂ added to the irrigation water (C + S + CaN). Plants irrigated with water containing high NaCl produced less dry matter, fruit yield, and chlorophyll than the control treatments of both species. Supplementing irrigation water with Ca(NO₃)₂ resulted in increases in dry matter, fruit yield, and chlorophyll concentrations over plants irrigated with saline water. Membrane permeability increased with C + S treatment for both species. Supplementary Ca(NO₃)₂ restored membrane permeability. Sodium (Na) concentration in plant tissues increased in leaves and roots in the elevated NaCl treatment. Concentrations of Ca and N in leaves were decreased in the high salt treatment and fully restored by supplementary Ca(NO₃)₂. These results clearly show that supplementary Ca(NO₃)₂ can partly mitigate the adverse effects of saline water on both fruit yield and whole plant biomass in melon and cucumber plants.     

不同灌溉方式和灌水量对北疆加工番茄生理生长及产量的影响

为探讨不同灌溉方式和灌水量对滴灌加工番茄生长特性、生理特性、产量及灌溉水利用效率的影响,寻求适宜新疆干旱地区加工番茄种植的灌水组合模式,优化干旱地区滴灌加工番茄种植管理。采用桶栽试验,设置3种灌溉方式,即分根区交替灌溉(APRI)、固定灌溉(FPRI)和常规灌溉(CI)分别与滴灌覆膜结合,在3个灌溉水平(充分灌溉1 060mm、中度亏水810mm和重度亏水560mm,APRI和FPRI的灌水量为CI的2/3)下对加工番茄株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、光合、荧光、产量、灌溉水利用效率的影响,并得出最佳灌水组合模式。结果表明:9个处理间加工番茄各生育期株高变化规律均为CW1AW1CW2AW2FW1CW3AW3FW2FW3(平均值);茎粗变化规律均为AW1 AW2CW1CW2 AW3FW1CW3FW2FW3(平均值);叶面积指数变化规律为AW1CW1CW2AW2FW1CW3AW3FW2FW3(平均值);株高、茎粗和叶面积指数的最大生长速率均表现为AW1CW1CW2AW2FW1FW2CW3AW3FW3;灌溉方式和灌水量交互作用对各生育期Pn和Tr均具有极显著影响(P0.01),在同一灌溉方式下,Pn和Tr均随着灌水量的增加而增加,在AW1处达到最大值。W1水平下,Pn和Tr变化为APRICIFPRI(平均值)。W2和W3水平下,Pn和Tr变化为CIAPRIFPRI(平均值);灌溉方式对加工番茄各生育期功能叶Fv/Fm、Fv/F0的影响显著(P0.01),对qp的影响显著(P0.05);灌水量对加工番茄各生育期功能叶Fv/Fm、Fv/F0的影响不显著(P0.05),对花果期及膨大期qp及NPQ的影响极显著(P0.01);灌溉方式和灌水量交互作用均对加工番茄各生育期荧光参数的影响达到极显著水平(P0.01)。其中,产量(Y)最大值出现在AW1处理,为3.41kg/盆;最小值出现在FW3处理,为1.31kg/盆,相对增加1.60倍。研究认为分根区交替灌溉充分灌水条件可作为适宜本地区的灌水组合模式,本研究可为新疆干旱区滴灌加工番茄高效节水生产提供科学依据。     

Nitrogen transfer from green manure to organic cherry tomato in a greenhouse intercropping system

Abstract

This work aimed to evaluate the nitrogen transfer, the yield and the nutrient contents of organic cherry tomatoes intercropped with legumes in two successive years. The randomized block experimental design was used with eight treatments and five replicates, as follows: two controls with single cherry tomato crop (with and without corn straw cover); cherry tomato intercropped with jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis DC); white lupine (Lupinus albus L.); sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.); velvet bean-dwarf [(Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merrill)]; mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp). The number of total fruits, the weight of total fruit and an average weight of the total fruit in the first year was 25%, 33% and 13% higher than the second-year, respectively. The lower N-content of cherry tomato leaves in the treatment with mung bean can be reflected of lower %N transfer of cherry tomato leaves in the same treatment compared to treatment with cowpea bean. The N-content and %N transfer of cherry tomato leaves was 50 and 42% higher in year 1 than in year 2, successively. Nevertheless, in general, the legumes used in this study contributed equally in the N transfer to the cherry tomato plants. The P, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn content in the leaf and shoot were no difference between the treatments. However, the Mg, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn content of the leaf were higher in year 2 than year 1.     

Changes in Tomato Fruit Quality and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities under Deficit Irrigation and Fertilizer Application in a Solar Greenhouse in Northwest China

The interaction between water availability in the soil and fertilizer application rates often strongly affects crop growth. In the current study, the quality of fresh fruit and antioxidant enzymes of tomato crops (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) were investigated under different irrigation (low water content [W_l]: 50 ~ 60% field moisture capacity (FMC); moderate [W_m]: 70 ~ 80% FMC; and high [W_h]: 90 ~ 100% FMC) and fertilizer conditions (deficit fertilizer [F_l]: 195 kg ha^?1 nitrogen (N) + 47 kg ha^?1 phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) and moderate [F_m]: 278 kg ha^?1 N + 67 kg ha^?1 P₂O₅) in a solar greenhouse. The results showed that the quality of fresh fruits and the antioxidant enzyme activities in the leaves and fruits were related to the water content in the soil. Deficit irrigation improved the fruit quality and 50 ~ 60% FMC combined with fertilizer application rates of 195 kg ha^?1 N + 47 kg ha^?1 P₂O₅ is recommended for tomato crop cultivation under greenhouse conditions.     

Effect of rain shelters and drought on leaf water status and photosynthetic parameters in tomato

The present study explored the effect of rain shelter and drought on photosynthetic activity and changes in leaf water status. Tomatoes were grown in the trial plot located at Hohai University, China, in 2011 and 2012, and allotted to five treatments [80% field capacity under open field (T1, control) and rain shelter (T2), 70%, 60%, and 50% of T2 (T3, T4, and T5)]. The lowest sap flow rate and relative water content and the highest values for specific leaf area were obtained from plants in T5. T2 decreased the average net photosynthetic rate (P_N) by 5.35% compared to the control, although there was no reduction in intercellular CO₂ concentration and stomatal conductance. The average reduction of transpiration rate registered under rain shelters was only around 10.2% in both the years. The P_N, maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and activity of the water-splitting complex on the donor side of the PSII (Fv/Fo) decreased with irrigation volume. Quenching analyses showed the development of a lower photochemical quenching (qP) in plants under rain shelters, accompanied by the development of a higher nonphotochemical quenching (qN). Drought-stressed tomato exhibited a decrease in qP parallel to an increase in qN.     

Boron Foliar Application in Nutrition and Yield of Beet and Tomato

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of boron (B) by foliar spraying for the yield of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops. An experiment for each crop was done in a greenhouse at the São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal campus, in Brazil. The experiments evaluated the B concentrations of 0, 0.085, 0.170, 0.255, and 0.340 g L^?1; applied in the 20, 35, and 50 days after the transplant (DAT) of beet cv. ‘Tall Top Early Wonder’, and in the 20, 40, and 60 DAT for the tomato cv. ‘Raisa N’. The plants were cultivated in pots with washed sand with 5 dm³ for the beet crop and 10 dm³ for the tomato crop. The beet and tomato crops were harvested 58 and 154 DAT, respectively. The leaves and fruits numbers; the foliar area; the dry matter of leaves, bark and roots; the fresh and dry matter of the fruits and the tuberous root; the dry matter of the total plant and the B foliar content were evaluated. The total dry matter of beet and tomato the plant were influenced by the concentration of the foliar B spray. The highest yield of the tuberous root and the total plant dry matter of beet occurred with B foliar concentration of 0.065 g L^?1 and it was associated with the B foliar content of 26 mg kg^?1. The highest yield of fruit and total plant dry matter of tomato occurred with the B foliar spraying of 0.340 g L^?1 and it was associated with the B foliar content of 72 mg kg^?1.     

Optimization of irrigation and nutrient concentration based on economic returns,substrate salt accumulation and water use efficiency for tomato in greenhouse

To evaluate the effects of different irrigation and nutrient concentration strategy on growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), fruit quality and substrate salt accumulation, tomatoes were grown with five different levels of water (W: 50%, 75%, 100%, 125% and 150%) and nutrient concentrations (N: 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times of Hoagland strength(X)). Fruit quality index was determined by normalization of fruit quality parameters. Deficit irrigation at standard concentration of nutrients reduced yields by 17.43% and 15.52% for T₇ (W_75%-N_1.0x) and 49.54%–51.99% for T₈ (W_50%-N_1.0x) during spring-summer (SS) and fall-winter (FW) seasons, respectively. Contents of total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA) and sugar acid ratio (SAR) were all increased in water-deficit treatments. T₈ was found to be highest in TSS, TA and SAR except SAR in FW. Over-irrigation with excessive and standard Hoagland nutrient concentration caused non-significant reduction in yield except T₆ (W_125%-N_1.0x) in SS. T₂ (W_100%-N_2.0x) and T₄ (W_100%-N_1.5x) caused more substrate salt accumulation which resulted in significant decrease in yield and WUE. Through economic analysis, over-watering along with excessive nutrients caused profit reductions. Considering water saving, yield and fruit quality through economic analysis, T₇ found to be optimal strategy.     

Tomato yield and water use efficiency – coupling effects between growth stage specific soil water deficits

To investigate the sensitivity of tomato yield and water use efficiency (WUE) to soil water content at different growth stages, the central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed in a five-factor-five-level pot experiment under regulated deficit irrigation. Two regression models concerning the effects of stage-specific soil water content on tomato yield and WUE were established. The results showed that the lowest available soil water (ASW) content (around 28%) during vegetative growth stage (here denoted θ₁) resulted in high yield and WUE. Moderate (around 69% ASW) during blooming and fruit setting stage (θ₂), and the highest ASW (around 92%) during early fruit growth stage (θ₃), fruit development (θ₄) and fruit maturity (θ₅) contributed positively to tomato yield, whereas high WUE was achieved at lower θ₂ and θ₃ ( around 44% ASW) and higher θ₄ and θ₅ (around 76% ASW). The strongest coupling effects of ASW in two growth stages were between θ₂ and θ₅, θ₃. In both cases a moderate θ₂ was a precondition for maximum yield response to increasing θ₅ and θ₃. Sensitivity analysis revealed that yield was most sensitive to soil water content at fruit maturity (θ₅). Numerical inspection of the regression model showed that the maximum yield, 1166 g per plant, was obtained by the combination of θ₁ (c. 28% ASW), θ₂ (c. 82% ASW), θ₃ (c. 92% ASW), θ₄ (c. 92% ASW), and θ₅ (c. 92% ASW). This result may guide irrigation scheduling to achieve higher tomato yield and WUE based on specific soil water contents at different growth stages.     

采用综合评价模型优化樱桃番茄的灌溉与钙镁肥组合

  【目的】  钙、镁肥效果既互相影响又受灌溉量影响。尝试用综合评价模型优化包括钙、镁和水等多因子的配施方案,为樱桃番茄高效生产提供指导。  【方法】  水、氮、钾、钙、镁五元二次正交旋转组合设计(1/2实施)微区试验在陕西杨凌大棚内进行,供试樱桃番茄品种为‘粉妹1号’,共36个处理。测定樱桃番茄生长、产量、品质、水肥利用率等共21个指标。采用Pearson相关性分析、组合评价方法对指标进行分级、综合评价,构建樱桃番茄综合评分对5个因子水平的响应模型。  【结果】  构建了包含14个指标的樱桃番茄综合评价体系;组合赋权确定了各指标最终权重,其中产量权重(0.2324)最大,净光合速率权重(0.0183)最小,这表明产量是对试验因子变化最敏感的指标。通过整体差异综合评价,发现樱桃番茄的综合评分随灌水量和氮肥水平的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,灌水量0水平与–2和+2水平处理之间的差异显著大于氮肥水平之间的差异,随钙肥水平的增加略呈先增加后降低的趋势,而随钾和镁肥水平的增加几乎无显著变化。采用降维分析,当水、氮和钾处于0水平(适当水平)时,樱桃番茄的综合评分以钙和镁为0水平附近时最高;考虑5个因子的交互作用,基于整体差异组合的综合评分最优区间为:灌水量56.26～59.03 L/株、N 6.05～7.03 g/株、K₂O 5.97～6.50 g/株、CaO 2.92～3.30 g/株、MgO 0.58～0.64 g/株。  【结论】  采用综合评价模型可以兼顾生长、产量、品质和资源利用率,提出最优的水肥组合方案。本试验提出的樱桃番茄适宜施肥区间验证了该方法的可行性。     

Effects of Foliar Application of FeSO4 and NaCl Salinity on Vegetative Growth,Antioxidant Enzymes Activity,and Malondialdehyde Content of Tanacetum balsamita L.

Salinity is one of the major environmental stressors which has deleterious effects on the growth, development, and yield of crops. Because of the gradual increase in soil and water salinity in the East Azarbaijan, Iran, Tanacetum balsamita L. cultivation in this region has always been associated with many problems. To study the effect of foliar spray of iron sulfate (FeSO₄) (0, 750, and 1500 mg L^?1) under sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity (0, 50, and 100 mM) on some physiological characteristics of Tanacetum balsamita L. plants, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on complete randomized block design with three replications. Total soluble solids (TSS) and essential oil contents were significantly affected by the interaction effects of FeSO₄ foliar application and salinity levels. The highest TSS and essential oil content were found in the plants under NaCl₀ × FeSO₄ 1500 mg L^?1 treatment combination. Leaf length, leaf fresh and dry weights were influenced by both Fe foliar application and salinity levels. Foliar application of iron (Fe) positively affected leaf length, leaves fresh and dry weights, root fresh and dry weights and peroxidase (POD) content, especially at ₁₅₀₀ mg L^?1. Other traits such as leaf length, leaf fresh and dry weights, malondialdehyde (MDA), POD and catalase (CAT) contents were influenced by salinity levels. For POD, MDA, and CAT contents, the highest values were recorded with NaCl 50 and 100. The highest values of leaf length, leaf fresh and dry weights were found in the control plants.     

Saline water and MSW compost: Effects on yield of maize crop and soil responses

A field experiment was carried out in Southern Italy from 2007 to 2010 adopting a two-year rotation of tomato and maize. In this paper, the results of maize cultivation were reported, with the aim to investigate the effects of different water qualities and fertilizers on yield and soil properties. The following treatments were compared: mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer and irrigation with fresh water (FWF); mineral N fertilizer and irrigation with saline water (SWF); Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) compost and irrigation with fresh water (FWC); MSW compost and irrigation with saline water (SWC). These treatments were compared with an unfertilized control and irrigation with fresh-water (FW0) and an unfertilized control and irrigation with saline water (SW0). At harvest, yield, grain moisture content, dry matter, grain protein, starch, fat content and soil characteristics were determined. The treatments with compost increased the average grain yield of the 11% compared to mineral fertilizer treatments. Furthermore, the grain yield in SWC increased of the 19% respect to average of SWF and SW0, indicating that MSW compost applied as amendment mitigated the adversely effects of saline water. Compost application significantly increased the Total Organic Carbon (TOC). In particular, the FWC and SWC treatments showed an average increase of the 25% compared to the mean TOC value of FWF and SWF. Moreover, at the end of the experiment, electrical conductivity decreased in SWC treatment respect to the SWF (?21%).     

Production of Pearl Millet Irrigated with Different Levels of Brackish Water and Organic Matter

ABSTRACT

The objective is to determine the growth, yield and chemical characteristics of pearl millet irrigated with different levels of brackish water and organic matter in two cultivation cycles. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement, composed of 4 levels of brackish irrigation (25, 50, 75 and 100% evapotranspiration), 4 levels of organic matter (0, 15, 30 and 45 t ha^?1) with 3 repetitions. Along two cultivation cycles, pearl millet crop was analyzed for: plant growth variables, fresh and dry mass production, water-use efficiency, and chemical composition. There was significant interaction between applied water levels and organic matter for lignin in the 2nd cut (P < .05). The number of leaves, number of dead leaves and fresh mass production were influenced by the isolated effect of brackish water levels in cut 1 (P < .05). In turn, fresh mass production, dry mass production, plant height, leaves length, panicle length, fresh mass production, crude protein and ether extract were influenced by the isolated effect of saline water levels in the 2nd cut (P < .05). Growth, biomass production and chemical composition variables in second cut are positively influenced by different brackish irrigation levels under low rainfall conditions.