Ruminal metabolism and methemoglobin-forming effect of dinobuton in sheep

Many aromatic nitro compounds are reduced to the corresponding amines in the rumen by the activity of the rumen flora, and this may influence the effect of such compounds when given orally to ruminants. The dinitrophenol herbicide DNBP (2-(1-methyl-n-propyl)-4,6-dinitrophenol, dinoseb) is a good example of a compound with this property, as DNBP has a methemoglobin-forming effect in ruminants (Frøslie & Karlog 1970). These authors connected this phenomenon with the ruminai metabolism of DNBP, because it is reduced to 6-ANBP (2-(1-methyl-n-propyl)-4-nitro-6-aminophenol), and 6-ANBP successively is reduced to DABP (2-(1-methyl-n-propyl)-4,6-diaminophenol) in the rumen.     

Ruminal microbiota–host interaction and its effect on nutrient metabolism

Rumen microbiota has a close and intensive interaction with the ruminants. Microbiota residing in the rumen digests and ferments plant organic matters into nutrients that are subsequently utilized by the host, making ruminants a unique group of animals that can convert plant materials indigestible by humans into high-quality animal protein as meat and milk. Many studies using meta-omics technologies have demonstrated the relationships between rumen microbiome and animal phenotypes associated with nutrient metabolism. Recently, the causality and physiological mechanisms underpinning the host–microbiota interactions have attracted tremendous research interest among researchers. This review discusses the host–microbiota interactions and the factors affecting these interactions in ruminants and provides a summary of the advances in research on animal husbandry. Understanding the microbiota composition, the functions of key bacteria, and the host–microbiota interaction is crucial for the development of knowledge-based strategies to enhance animal productivity and host health.     

Ruminal metabolism in nonlactating cows fed whole cottonseed or extruded soybeans

Five nonlactating Holstein cows (average weight 574 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and duodenum were fed five total mixed diets at 2.14% (DM) of BW for seven 2-wk periods to estimate the ruminal degradation of protein and fatty acids in whole cottonseed (WCS) and extruded soybeans (ESB). Lanthanum was used as an indigestible marker. Ruminal propionic acid (molar proportion) was larger and butyric acid was smaller for WCS diets than for control or ESB diets. Total VFA (mM) and acetic acid (molar proportion) were similar for all diets. Duodenal flow of nonammonia nitrogen (N) was 13% higher for ESB diets than for WCS diets, but was similar for the control and diets with WCS. The percentage of intake protein that was undegraded was 19% higher for ESB diets than for WCS diets. Ruminal and total apparent digestibilities of ADF were not reduced by the addition of oil seed. In conclusion, the protein from ESB was less degraded in the rumen of cows than protein from WCS. The addition of ESB at 12.7% (DM) or WCS at 25.3% of the diet did not reduce the apparent digestibility of fiber. The unsaturated fatty acids in WCS were not protected from ruminal biohydrogenation, presumably due to mastication of the seed coat.     

可降解蛋白及非蛋白氮对模拟瘤胃体外发酵、营养物质降解率的影响

以11.85%和8.38%两个水平的可降解蛋白(RDP)及非蛋白氮(NRN)作为试验因子,进行2×2试验设计。应用体外短期发酵技术,研究了RDP及RDP与非蛋白氮组合对模拟瘤胃发酵及营养物质降解率的影响。结果表明:添加NPN处理组的pH、NH3-N浓度显著(P<0.05)高于未添加NPN处理组。高RDP水平pH值、NH3-N浓度、细菌N与低RDP水平的相比,高RDP处理组显著(P<0.05)高于低RDP处理组,说明日粮中RDP水平显著提高瘤胃内pH值、NH3-N浓度和细菌N的产量。同时发现,RDP与NPN互作对瘤胃发酵影响不显著。对瘤胃发酵营养物质降解率的研究发现,反刍动物日粮中添加适量的NPN,有利于优化瘤胃内环境,提高物质成分在瘤胃中的降解率。RDP水平对模拟瘤胃发酵时干物质(DM)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)降解没有显著影响,但显著提高了中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的降解率。     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒奶山羊瘤胃上皮形态结构和通透性的变化

本试验旨在研究亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)对瘤胃上皮形态结构和通透性的影响。选用体况良好、体重相近的泌乳期萨能奶山羊9只,随机分为3组(对照组、SARA组、恢复组,n=3),对照组饲喂基础饲粮[非纤维性碳水化合物与中性洗涤纤维比(NFC/NDF)=1.40],SARA组和恢复组先后饲喂NFC/NDF为1.40、1.79、2.31、3.23的4种试验饲粮诱导SARA发生,每种饲喂15 d,恢复组奶山羊待SARA诱导成功后自由采食青干草30 d。对照组奶山羊分别在饲养30、60(与SARA组3只同时)和90 d(与恢复组3只同时)各屠宰1只。采集瘤胃腹囊部上皮组织用于石蜡切片、透射电子显微镜观察及尤斯灌流系统(Ussing chamber)研究。结果表明:1)组织切片结果显示,瘤胃上皮角质层厚度SARA组显著高于对照组和恢复组(P0.05),恢复组显著低于对照组(P0.05);颗粒层厚度对照组显著高于SARA组和恢复组(P0.05),但SARA组和恢复组之间无显著差异(P0.05);棘突层厚度3组之间无显著差异(P0.05);上皮总厚度恢复组显著低于对照组和SARA组(P0.05),但对照组与SARA组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。透射电子显微镜结果显示,SARA组瘤胃上皮紧密连接被破坏,细胞间隙增大,棘状层细胞线粒体出现降解并出现空泡。2)与对照组相比,SARA组和恢复组瘤胃上皮短路电流(Isc)、组织导电性(Gt)和辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)流速显著升高(P0.05),跨膜电位差(PD)显著降低(P0.05)。综合得出,SARA破坏了奶山羊瘤胃上皮形态结构的完整性,使瘤胃上皮通透性增加,导致瘤胃上皮屏障功能长期受损。     

Ruminal protein metabolism and intestinal amino acid utilization as affected by dietary protein and carbohydrate sources in sheep.

Eight wether lambs fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design to study the effects of carbohydrate and protein sources on ruminal protein metabolism and carbohydrate fermentation and intestinal amino acid (AA) absorption. Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial. Carbohydrate sources were corn and barley; protein sources were soybean meal (SBM) and fish meal (FM). Diets contained 15.5% CP, of which 40% was supplied by SBM or FM. Corn or barley provided 39% of dietary DM that contained equal amounts of grass hay and wheat straw. Fish meal diets produced a lower (P less than .05) ruminal NH3 concentration and resulted in less CP degradation and bacterial protein flow to the duodenum than did SBM diets. Replacing SBM with FM increased (P less than .05) ruminal digestion of all fiber fractions. In addition, cellulose and hemicellulose digestibilities in the rumen tended to increase (P greater than .05) when barley replaced corn in the FM diets. Carbohydrate x protein interactions (P less than .05) were observed for OM digestion in the rumen and AA absorption in the small intestine (percentage of AA entering); these interactions were highest for the barley-FM diet. These results suggest that feeding FM with barley, which is high in both degradable carbohydrate and protein, might benefit ruminants more than feeding FM with corn, which is high in degradable carbohydrate but relatively low in degradable protein.     

瘤胃灌注不同来源淀粉对牦牛瘤胃发酵及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探讨瘤胃灌注不同来源淀粉对牦牛瘤胃发酵及血清生化指标的影响.选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、体况良好、体重相近[( 244±15) kg]的去势牦牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,对照组按照1.2倍维持能量水平饲喂单一燕麦草(未灌注淀粉),玉米淀粉组和抗性淀粉组分别在对照组的饲喂基础上瘤胃灌注玉米淀粉和抗性淀粉900 g/d.试验分为3期,每期试验18 d(15 d预试期和3d采样期).结果表明:与对照组相比,灌注玉米淀粉和抗性淀粉显著降低瘤胃pH(P ＜0.05),极显著降低瘤胃氨态氮含量(P＜0.01),灌注4h后显著提高瘤胃微生物蛋白质和挥发性脂肪酸含量(P＜0.05).在灌注后4和6h,玉米淀粉组和抗性淀粉组血糖含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),血清胰岛素、胰高血糖素和甘油三酯含量与对照组相比差异不显著(P＞0.05),血清尿素氮含量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结果提示,瘤胃灌注玉米淀粉和抗性淀粉,降低了牦牛瘤胃氨态氮含量,提高了微生物蛋白质和挥发性脂肪酸含量,提高了血糖含量,降低了血清尿素氮含量,说明牦牛能有效利用不同来源的淀粉.     

瘤胃代谢的神经内分泌调节

反刍动物试验证明,瘤胃液含有17β-雌二醇（E2）、孕酮（P4）和睾酮（T）。E2抑制瘤胃代谢,而P4和T则提高瘤胃代谢水平。这些甾体类激素通过与瘤胃微生物细胞的相应受体结合而直接影响瘤胃内代谢变化。瘤胃液中只发现甲状腺激素的T3,而未检出T4,T3可促进瘤胃微生物代谢活动增强。豆科牧草和大豆含有植物雌激素异黄酮,可提高瘤胃内容物的菌体蛋白、TVFA和氨氮水平。瘤胃液及唾液内发现肽类激素如胃泌素。饲料蛋白在瘤胃内降解可产生一些活性肽,如外啡肽可能起肽类激素的生理作用。半胱胺可耗竭下丘脑和肠道的生长抑素,从而提高生长激素等水平,使瘤胃内代谢及蛋白质合成显著加强。因此,初步认为,瘤胃代谢受神经内分泌的调节,但尚有若干问题有待进一步试验阐明。     

Ruminal protein degradation and protein value of feeds

The relationship between dry matter (DM) degradation and crude protein (CP) degradation in the dairy cow's rumen was determined with a view to defining the protein value of feeds for ruminants. The nylon bag technique was applied for these studies. For all the feeds investigate (green fodder and preserves from cocks-foot, ryegrass, alfalfa/grass and meadow grass, as well as alfalfa, extracted soybean meal) a significantly positive relationship was found to exist between the levels of DM and CP degradation (r = 0.73 to 1.0). The regression coefficient b1 (CP degradation as regressor) was found to average 0.87. The positive relationship between DM degradation and CP degradation implies that microbial protein amount and unfermented feed protein at the duodenum are negatively correlated. Model calculations show that, on account of the compensation between microbial protein and feed protein at the duodenum, in feeds with a CP concentration below 200 g/kg DM, the extent of ruminal protein degradation does not exert a marked influence on duodenal protein passage. The partial calculation of the duodenal protein supply on the basis of undegraded feed protein and microbial protein, as practiced in the new models of protein evaluation, leads to systematic errors unless the relationship between DM degradation and CP degradation is considered.     

瘤胃甲烷生成过程中微生物之间的相互关系

反刍动物瘤胃含有甲烷菌,是主要的甲烷(methane,CH4)排放源,甲烷菌利用饲料发酵过程中生成的氢和CO2作为主要的电子受体和供体通过还原反应生成甲烷,在瘤胃功能性生态生境(niche)中发挥重要作用.除甲烷菌以外,其他瘤胃微生物也影响甲烷产量.瘤胃微生物总体来说可分为产氢微生物(hydrogenogens)和耗氢...     

大豆寡糖对瘤胃微生物区系的影响

本文旨在研究大豆寡糖对绵羊瘤胃细菌总数、纤维分解菌数、甲烷产生菌数和瘤胃原虫数的影响.选用9只带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的试验羊,随机分为3组,饲喂相同的基础日粮,并在此基础上分别灌注占干物质采食量(DMI)1.2%、0.6%和0.0%的大豆寡糖.细菌和纤维菌的计数采用Hungate的滚管法;甲烷菌的计数采用最大可能计数法进行;原虫计数采用血球计数室计数法.结果表明,灌注大豆寡糖提高了瘤胃纤维分解菌的数量,降低了甲烷产生菌的数量.这表明大豆寡糖对绵羊瘤胃微生物区系有着较为显著的影响,有利于中性洗涤纤维(NDF)在瘤胃内的降解和减少饲料能量的损失.     

山羊瘤胃与粪便微生物多样性

本试验旨在应用高通量测序技术比较山羊瘤胃和粪便微生物的结构与组成。选取6只10月龄波尔山羊,饲喂精粗比为3∶7的饲粮14 d后采集瘤胃液(R组)和粪便样品(F组)(每组6个重复,每个样品为1个重复)。提取总DNA后用古菌/细菌16S rRNA通用引物扩增V4~V5区,并用Illumina Mi Seq平台测序。结果表明:1)共获得有效序列227 729条,聚类后得13 601个运算分类单位(OTU)。2)所得OTU经物种注释99.337%被归类为细菌界,F组相对丰度最高优势菌门为厚壁菌门(65.400%),R组相对丰度最高优势菌门为拟杆菌门(60.188%)。3)从所有样品中共检测到129个科,F组中相对丰度最高为瘤胃球菌科(37.705%),极显著高于R组(P0.01),而R组中,相对丰度最高的为普雷沃氏菌科(29.959%),极显著高于F组(P0.01)。4)在粪便样品和瘤胃液样品种共检测到258个属,F组相对丰度最高的属为瘤胃球菌科未分类的属(26.914%),R组相对丰度最高为普雷沃菌属(28.621%)。5)所有12个样品间共发现了14个共享属,其中相对丰度最高的为厚壁菌门下的梭菌属4(Clostridium_Ⅳ,1.748%)。本试验结果表明瘤胃和粪便中微生物组成存在着较大差异,瘤胃中还有许多未被分类鉴定且相对丰度较高的微生物,需要进一步研究。     

瘤胃微生物对肽的利用

围绕瘤胃微生物对肽的利用这一主题,揭示肽在瘤胃内的积累现象及肽对瘤胃微生物的促生长作用,从瘤胃微生物肽酶的活性、肽的理化参数对肽在瘤胃内代谢的影响及合成肽的代谢研究３个方面勾画出了当前反刍动物营养学研究领域内肽的代谢研究现状,并指明了今后的研究方向。