Shuttleworth-Wallace模型模拟陕北枣林蒸散适用性分析

在生态脆弱的陕北黄土丘陵区,林地耗水是生态学者长期关注的热点问题,准确测算植物耗水量是环境水分研究的关键。根据陕北山地枣林的立地条件和蒸散过程特点,结合2012年的实测资料,确定了相关模型参数,实现了Shuttleworth-Wallace(SW)和Penman-Monteith(PM)模型对枣林蒸散量的模拟,并利用2013年茎流计监测的蒸腾量和水量平衡原理推求的蒸散量,对这2个模型进行了比较和检验。结果表明:就整个枣树生育期10 d尺度蒸散量而言,SW模型模拟精度优于PM模型。此外,2模型精度随枣树生育期变化而变化,且萌芽展叶期精度均最低。SW模型日蒸腾量模拟精度满足要求,但易受到天气状况影响,晴天模型精度优于雨天。SW模型精度在陕北山地枣林里得到验证,是半干旱区山地枣林耗水规律研究的有效工具。     

温室膜下滴灌甜瓜需水量与水分生产函数研究

对日光温室膜下滴灌条件下甜瓜耗水规律、产量以及水分生产函数进行了研究。结果表明:甜瓜水分消耗呈现开花前期与开花—坐果期小、膨大期大、成熟期小的规律,耗水高峰出现在膨大期。甜瓜产量与总耗水量之间呈二次抛物线关系,最佳灌水量为112.39 mm。同时,应用Jensen模型拟合了甜瓜水分生产函数,水分生产函数的敏感指数按膨大期→开花-坐果期→成熟期→开花前期的顺序依次降低。     

豫东平原冬小麦Jensen模型中敏感指数的年际变化

作物阶段蒸发蒸腾量与产量函数模型是缺水条件下进行非充分灌溉决策和灌溉管理的理论基础。作物不同生育期缺水对产量的影响可用作阶段水分敏感指数λi来表示。敏感指数λi大，缺水对产量的影响较大，反之亦然。利用豫东平原冬小麦6年的灌溉试验资料，以冬小麦生育期ET0资料为基础，分析研究了Jensen模型中λi的年际变化，建立了ET0和λi的函数关系。     

吉林省水稻水分生产函数模型的适应性研究

吉林省各水稻种植区现行的灌溉方式与水稻的需水规律并不完全符合,在一定程度上影响了水稻的产量。根据水稻的需水特性,对分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、抽穗开花期和乳熟期分别做受旱处理,通过测坑试验获得了各处理方式下2011年和2012年的水稻蒸发蒸腾量和产量;选定5种常用的水分生产函数模型(Jensen、Blank、Minhas、Stewart和Singh模型)作为研究对象,根据获得的数据和模型公式分别求取水分敏感指数。通过分析,选定Jensen模型为最适合该地区水稻生长的水分生产函数模型,并据此建立了水分敏感指数与水稻插秧后天数之间的关系模型。     

寒地黑土区水稻水分生产函数试验研究

通过测坑试验研究,应用水稻6个生育阶段不同灌水处理下的蒸发蒸腾量和产量的试验资料,用Jensen模型、Blank模型、Singh模型和Stewart模型分别对寒地黑土区水稻的水分生产函数进行了拟合,并对得出的模型求解结果进行了比较分析与检验。结果表明,Jensen模型适合寒地黑土区水稻的水分生产函数模型计算,得出了敏感指数在生育期内的变化规律。为黑龙江省稻灌区调亏灌溉条件下的灌溉制度优化提供基础依据。     

调亏灌溉下酿酒葡萄耗水特性及水分生产函数研究

为了确定酿酒葡萄的水分生产函数,以酿酒葡萄"梅鹿辄"为供试品种,采用滴灌的方式,以不同生育期土壤水分水平为试验因素,对酿酒葡萄不同生育期进行亏水处理,测定不同生育期土壤含水率、耗水量、产量及水分利用效率,研究了不同生育期、不同土壤水分状况对酿酒葡萄耗水量和产量的影响。结果表明,土壤水分对酿酒葡萄产量的影响规律为浆果膨大期最大,其次是开花期、着色成熟期、抽蔓期,萌芽期最小;通过对Jensen模型与Blank模型进行计算比较,发现在该试验中Jensen模型更为合理,且得出不同生育期水分生产函数的敏感指数为:浆果膨大期开花期着色成熟期抽蔓期萌芽期,与酿酒葡萄耗水规律一致;在萌芽期、抽蔓期及着色成熟期的土壤水分保持在田间持水率的60%~65%左右不会造成酿酒葡萄减产,而在浆果膨大期进行充分供水,既可获得高产,也使水分利用效率达到较高水平。     

黑龙江省西部半干旱区大豆水分生产函数试验研究

通过盆栽实验,应用大豆不同灌水处理下的耗水量和产量的试验资料,用Jensen模型、Minhas模型、Blank模型、Singh模型、Stewart模型分别对黑龙江省西部半干旱区大豆的水分生产函数进行了拟合,对模型求解结果进行了比较分析与检验。用生长曲线来拟合水分敏感指数累积函数,计算了不同生育阶段的水分敏感指数。结果表明:加法模型Stewart、乘法模型Jensen优于其它分段计算模型;水分敏感指数累积函数拟合的效果较好。     

日光温室基质栽培樱桃西红柿滴灌试验研究

为给制定日光温室基质栽培灌溉制度提供参考,以樱桃西红柿为试验对象进行滴灌试验研究,共设5个灌水处理,每个处理3次重复.试验测定樱桃西红柿株高、产量、灌溉水分利用效率以及耗水量.结果表明,日光温室滴灌条件下基质栽培樱桃西红柿,随着灌水量的增加,株高呈增加趋势,整个生育期耗水量及耗水强度也随灌水量的增加而增大;处理T1产量最低,处理T3产量最高,且水分利用效率也达到最大;产量、灌溉水利用效率及水分利用效率均表现为中间大两头小的变化规律.得出了冬春茬樱桃西红柿整个生育期的最适宜供水量为305.66 mm,也表明产量与耗水量之间的关系可作为樱桃西红柿全生育期的水分生产函数.该研究分析了日光温室基质栽培樱桃西红柿产量与耗水量之间的关系,为合理地指导温室基质栽培作物灌溉提供理论依据.     

日光温室青花菜耗水规律及水分利用效率的研究

在膜下滴灌条件下,研究了温室秋茬青花菜不同生育阶段控制水分对耗水规律、水分利用效率以及产量的影响。结果表明,青花菜全生育期内耗水量、耗水强度均表现为苗期﹥莲座期结球期的规律;水分生产函数的敏感指数为结球期﹥苗期﹥莲座期,因此青花菜节水宜在莲座期进行,结球期应保证水分供应充足,避免减产;苗期和莲座期分别控制灌水量为常规灌水量65%的处理,产量高、水分利用效率较高,是青花菜适宜的灌溉量。     

寒地黑土区玉米调亏灌溉耗水规律的试验研究

通过盆栽试验,于2013年研究了寒地黑土区玉米调亏灌溉条件下不同水分处理的耗水规律,结果表明：玉米不同生育阶段的总耗水量大小顺序为：拔节期＞抽雄期＞灌浆期＞苗期,其中抽雄期的敏感指数(0.6727)最高。当水分亏缺处理低于60%田间持水量时,将会影响玉米产量,产量和总耗水量之间呈二次抛物线关系,当灌水量为46.93kg/盆时,产量最高。利用玉米在不同亏水处理条件下的各生育阶段耗水量和产量数据,用Jensen模型进行拟合,得到适合该地区玉米的水分生产函数,为玉米在调亏灌溉条件下制定合理灌溉制度提供参考依据。     

Effect of different drip irrigation regimes on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield, quality and water use efficiency in Middle Anatolian, Turkey

Agricultural production has forced researchers to focus on increasing water use efficiency by improving either new drought-tolerant plant varieties or water management for arid and semi-arid areas under water shortage conditions. A field study was conducted to determine effects of seasonal deficit irrigation on plant root yield, quality and water use efficiency (WUE) of sugar beet for a 2-year period in the semi-arid region. Irrigations were applied when approximately 50–55% of the usable soil moisture was consumed in the effective rooting depth at the full irrigation (FI) treatment. In deficit irrigation treatments, irrigations were applied at the rates of 75, 50 and 25% of full irrigation treatment on the same day. Irrigation water was applied by a drip irrigation system. Increasing water deficits resulted in a relatively lower root and white sugar yields. The linear relationship between evapotranspiration and root yield was obtained. Similarly, WUE was the highest in DI25 irrigation conditions and the lowest in full irrigation conditions. According to the averaged values of 2 years, yield response factor (k _y ) was 0.93 for sugar beet. Sugar beet root quality parameters were influenced by drip irrigation levels in both years. The results revealed that irrigation of sugar beet with drip irrigation method at 75% level (DI25) had significant benefits in terms of saved irrigation water and large WUE, indicating a definitive advantage of deficit irrigation under limited water supply conditions. In an economic viewpoint, 25% saving of irrigation water (DI25) caused 6.1% reduction in the net income.     

不同膜下滴灌定额对土壤水热效应及甜菜产质量的影响

【目的】探究内蒙古半干旱区膜下滴灌甜菜土壤水热高效利用与甜菜提质增效的协同效应,为内蒙古半干旱区甜菜高产高效栽培提供理论依据。【方法】设置8个不同滴灌定额和滴灌频次(A处理滴灌定额450 m~3/hm~2、滴灌1次;B处理滴灌定额900 m~3/hm~2、滴灌2次;C处理滴灌定额1 350 m~3/hm~2、滴灌3次;D处理滴灌定额1 800 m~3/hm~2、滴灌4次;E处理滴灌定额2 250 m~3/hm~2、滴灌5次;F处理滴灌定额2 700 m~3/hm~2、滴灌6次;G处理滴灌定额3 150 m~3/hm~2、滴灌7次;H处理滴灌定额3 600 m~3/hm~2、滴灌8次),动态监测甜菜全生育时期土壤水分和温度,分析行上、行间土壤水热变化,结合甜菜产质量研究膜下不同滴灌定额的水热效应。【结果】各处理出苗稳定后72 h内土壤温度从17:00—次日11:00表现为行上>行间;从12:00—18:00表现为行间>行上,行上和行间最大土壤温差点分别在06:00—07:00和14:00—15:00;3 a内土壤有效积温变化规律与日平均土壤含水率变化规律相反,即随土壤积温增加,含水率逐渐降低。以2016年甜菜块根及糖分增长期为例,B、C、D、E、F、G、H处理行上土壤有效积温分别较A处理提高了5.61、29.11、-23.10、42.68、-10.85、-4.46、-22.79℃,B、C、D、E、F、G、H处理行上日平均土壤含水率分别较A处理提高6.96%、11.73%、-1.01%、11.76%、5.19%、22.14%、13.62%;随滴灌定额的增加,甜菜产量增加,含糖率降低,产糖量呈先增后降的趋势,以2016年为例,B、C、D、E、F、G、H处理分别较A处理产量提高4.73%、13.82%、26.38%、29.33%、31.48%、27.43%、25.78%,产糖量提高5.90%、10.61%、18.07%、20.01%、15.73%、9.78%、4.14%。【结论】在甜菜生长关键期进行适宜的滴灌可有效地提高土壤水热效应,最佳滴灌定额为1 800～2 250 m~3/hm~2,滴灌次数为4～5次,促进滴灌条件下甜菜产质量水平提升。     

春玉米不同品种耗水特性及水分利用效率差异研究

优选节水高产型品种是农艺及生物节水的重要措施;试验在半干旱区大田条件下,选用生产上主推的10个密植型春玉米杂交种,对丰水年型下不同品种的耗水特性、产量及水分利用效率差异进行分析研究,结果表明,品种间耗水特性及水分利用效率差异较大,全生育期耗水量以潞玉36最高,利民33最低;各品种对拔节期至抽雄期的土壤供水能力最敏感,且此阶段是造成品种间耗水量差异的主要时期;不同品种的水分利用效率与产量之间有较好的一致性,因此,大丰30、富友968、先玉335为高产、高水分利用效率、低耗水型品种,迪卡M9和利民33为低产、低水分利用效率、低耗水型品种;康地4574、郑单958、潞玉36、晋单65、京科968则产量较为接近,但均为高耗水型品种。研究为该区选择节水、高产型玉米品种提供基础,并对灌溉制度提供依据。     

牧草抗旱机理与节水灌溉技术研究

在干旱、半干旱地区，牧草因长期处于亏水环境中，形成了一定的抗性，存在一个较宽的对水分利用相对较高的生理耗水阈值。木文从这一水分生理角度出发，在充分研究牧草生理生态适旱系列变化过程的基础上，确定了几种干旱半干旱草地的经济耗水量，并制定出相应的经济灌溉制度。     

非充分灌溉对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率影响研究

通过田间试验,研究冬小麦在不同生育期缺水以及不同程度的缺水对其生长发育及产量的影响,为半干旱区冬小麦建立优化灌溉制度提供理论依据。通过试验观测:枯水年份,冬小麦各生育期耗水比例相差较大,0~80cm土层的耗水量占总耗水量的绝大部分,总耗水量随灌水量的增加而增大,非充分灌溉对冬小麦叶面积、产量和水分利用率均会产生显著影响,灌水可显著提高植株叶面积,不灌水会显著降低作物产量与耗水量;灌1水的灌溉水利用效率明显高于灌2水和灌3水的灌溉水利用效率,其中以T2处理的灌溉水利用效率最高,边际效益最大;灌冬浇水与拔节水可获得较理想的产量和水分利用效率,在半干旱区水资源不足时,可作为冬小麦最佳灌水模式。     

基于无人机可见光与激光雷达的甜菜株高定量评估

甜菜株高可用于估算根系生物量、指示水分胁迫,还可作为甜菜氮含量和产量的有效指示因子,是育种者和农田管理者评估大田甜菜生长状态的重要参数。本研究以186个不同基因型的大田甜菜为研究对象,探究无人机分别搭载可见光(RGB)相机与激光雷达(Li DAR)系统对大田作物株高估算的精度差异,并与田间测定值进行比较。结果表明,基于无人机Li DAR系统估算的株高与实测值的相关性高于无人机搭载RGB相机估测的相关性。进一步对点云进行分层分析,比较点云在冠层内分布的差异,结果表明,对于作物生长后期群体冠层封闭时,无人机Li DAR系统相较于无人机搭载RGB相机系统能重建更为完整的冠层三维结构。     

调亏灌溉对滴灌甜菜生长和产量的影响

为探讨滴灌条件下甜菜节水、高产、高效灌溉指标,于2016年在呼和浩特市开展了田间灌溉试验,研究了调亏灌溉对甜菜生长特性及产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,叶丛快速生长期中度水分亏缺处理(50%θ_f~60%θ_f)在复水后叶面积、根部干物质量、净光合速率和蒸腾速率都有补偿效应,重度水分亏缺处理(40%θ_f~50%θ_f)对植株的生长有抑制作用;块根糖分增长期的调亏灌溉对甜菜生长和生理过程影响小于叶丛快速生长期的,中度水分亏缺处理(50%θ_f~60%θ_f)在复水后根部干物质量和光合作用都有补偿效应,重度水分亏缺处理(40%θ_f~50%θ_f复水后也能恢复生长。综合考虑甜菜块根产量和水分利用效率等指标,叶丛快速生长期和块根糖分增长期的适宜灌水量为1 147.78和635.54 m~3/hm~2。     

甜菜联合收获机输送升运装置设计

甜菜收获季节性强,劳动强度大,作业效率低,甜菜联合收获机能减轻劳动强度、提高作业效率,是甜菜机械化生产机具的发展趋势。设计了甜菜联合收获机输送升运装置,解决了甜菜收获作业的关键技术,有效降低了甜菜含杂率和粘土率,对甜菜收获机的发展起到巨大的推动作用。      

Reduced water consumption of dormant-seeded sugar beet in a semiarid climate

Dormant seeding refers to sowing spring crop species in fall. In the spring, seedlings start growing and the crop is established before spring sowing is normally completed. A dormant-seeded crop can establish quickly in spring and may escape from early season drought. A study was conducted to compare performances of dormant seeding with early and late spring seeding of sugar beet. Field experiments were carried out in the Khorasn province (NE of Iran) in 2002 and 2003 by growing a bolting resistant variety (BR1). The experiment consisted of a randomized complete block design with four replications. Dormant seeding was subjected to six irrigation treatments in addition to an early and late spring seeding. The first irrigation was applied 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days after 60% soil moisture depletion. After harvest, root yield, sugar concentration, white sugar yield, and non-sugar components of the root samples were measured and analyzed. The results of the dormant seeding showed that root yield of sugar beet decreased with increasing delay of irrigation at the early stages of plant growth. High white sugar yield was obtained at dormant seeding without irrigation delay compared to the early seeding. No significant differences were observed for white sugar yield until three and five water withholdings in 2002 and 2003, respectively. In the second year of the experiment (2003), a relatively cold winter induced about 4.5% bolters and reduced plant population with 33% compared to the early and late spring sowing treatments. In general, white sugar yield produced in response to specific irrigation amounts for dormant-seeded treatments was higher compared to early and late seeding. However, dormant seeding cannot yet be recommended as a comprehensive agricultural practice for sugar beet and, therefore, further investigations are required to improve the quality of the beet by both agronomic techniques and new improved varieties.     

Evaluation of the influence of irrigation methods and water quality on sugar beet yield and water use efficiency

Rapid urbanization and industrialization have increased the pressure on limited existing fresh water to meet the growing needs for food production. Two immediate responses to this challenge are the efficient use of irrigation technology and the use of alternative sources of water. Drip irrigation methods may play an important role in efficient use of water but there is still limited information on their use on sugar beet crops in arid countries such as Iran. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of irrigation method and water quality on sugar beet yield, percentage of sugar content and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). The irrigation methods investigated were subsurface drip, surface drip and furrow irrigation. The two waters used were treated municipal effluent (EC = 1.52 dS m⁻¹) and fresh water (EC = 0.509 dS m⁻¹). The experiments used a split plot design and were undertaken over two consecutive growing seasons in Southern Iran. Statistical testing indicated that the irrigation method and water quality had a significant effect (at the 1% level) on sugar beet root yield, sugar yield, and IWUE. The highest root yield (79.7 Mg ha⁻¹) was obtained using surface drip irrigation and effluent and the lowest root yield (41.4 Mg ha⁻¹) was obtained using furrow irrigation and fresh water. The highest IWUE in root yield production (9 kg m⁻³) was obtained using surface drip irrigation with effluent and the lowest value (3.8 kg m⁻³) was obtained using furrow irrigation with fresh water. The highest IWUE of 1.26 kg m⁻³ for sugar was obtained using surface drip irrigation. The corresponding efficiency using effluent was 1.14 kg m⁻³. Irrigation with effluent led to an increase in the net sugar yield due to an increase in the sugar beet root yield. However, there was a slight reduction in the percentage sugar content in the plants. This study also showed that soil water and root depth monitoring can be used in irrigation scheduling to avoid water stress. Such monitoring techniques can also save considerable volumes of irrigation water and can increase yield.