Provide suffictent water to piglets around weaning

除了饲料之外,饮水是动物最重要的营养之一.仔猪在哺乳期以及断奶后应该随时能够获得饮水.例如,荷兰规定年龄大于2周龄的仔猪每天24 h都应能够获得充足、新鲜的饮水是必要的.不同的试验表明,当仔猪能够自由饮水时,它们将会吃的更多.     

给断奶前后仔猪提供充足的水

在断奶前后,哺乳仔猪和断奶仔猪对新鲜、清洁的饮水均有一个很高的需求。饮水的可利用性因其可带来较好的日增重和采食量而受到重视。     

Small intestinal morphology in weaned piglets fed a diet containing spray-dried porcine plasma

The hypothesis tested in this study was that the reported beneficial effects of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) on piglet post-weaning performance and health are associated with a trophic effect on small intestinal mucosa. At 24 days of age, the piglets of seven sows were assigned to one of three treatment groups. One group continued to be suckled. The other two groups were weaned and offered a diet containing either 15 per cent SDPP or casein. From each treatment group, one piglet was anaesthetised and samples were taken from the small intestinal wall at 26, 28 and 31 days of age. There were no significant effects of SDPP versus casein on villus length. On average, there was less mitotic activity in the SDPP -fed piglets than in those fed casein on days 4 and 7 after weaning. As less mitotic activity leads to less immature enterocytes, this may provide a mechanism for the reported beneficial effects of SDPP on performance and health.     

Small intestinal morphology and disaccharidase activities in early-weaned piglets fed a diet containing spray-dried porcine plasma

The purpose of this study was to test whether dietary spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) in early-weaned piglets prevents small intestinal villus atrophy by trophic or protective activity. Fifty-four weaned, 18-day-old piglets were used to determine the effect of dietary SDPP on small intestinal villus length, crypt depth, enterocyt mitotic activity and brush border enzyme activities during the first week after weaning. The piglets were offered a diet containing either 8% SDPP or 8% casein. At 2 and 7 days after weaning, piglets were anaesthetized to provide samples of the small intestinal wall and killed immediately afterwards. There were no differences in daily gain and daily feed intake between the two dietary treatments. At day 2 after weaning, all piglets showed a marked reduction in villus height when compared with baseline values. In all piglets, small intestinal enterocyte mitotic activity had decreased by day 2 and was increased again on day 7. There were no significant effects of dietary SDPP on small intestinal villus length, crypt depth and enterocyt mitotic activity. This indicates that SDPP has no trophic effect on the small intestinal mucosa and that it does not protect against the damaging effect on the small intestinal villi that is associated with the process of weaning. There was no effect of SDPP on lactase-, sucrase- or maltase-specific activities that are a measure of the digestive function of the small intestine. It can be concluded that SDPP versus casein has no effect on small intestinal morphology and disaccharidase activities in early weaned piglets kept under low infection pressure.     

发酵豆粕对断奶仔猪肠道形态及消化酶活性的影响

为研究枯草芽孢杆菌发酵豆粕(FSBM)对仔猪肠道形态及消化酶活性的影响,试验选择初始体重为(7.5±0.5)kg的纯种大白断奶仔猪60头,随机分为两组,对照组饲喂含豆粕(SBM)饲料,试验组饲喂含发酵豆粕(FSBM)的饲料,试验期30d。试验结束时,每组随机选择6头仔猪,收集小肠内三个不同部位的组织样本观察肠道形态,同时采集肠道内容物样品,测定消化酶活性。结果表明:与SBM组相比,FSBM组仔猪小肠三个不同部位的绒毛高度均显著提高(P<0.05),十二指肠隐窝深度显著降低(P<0.05),十二指肠和空肠总蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶的活性显著提高(P<0.05),仔猪胰腺胰蛋白酶活性显著下降(P<0.05)。综上,FSBM能改善断奶仔猪肠道形态和消化酶活性。     

Impact of Yersinia enterocolitica enteritis on disaccharidase activity and small intestinal morphology in colostrum-deprived newborn piglets

The effect of enteritis on the development of the small intestine was examined in newborn, colostrum-deprived piglets infected with a human isolate of Y. enterocolitica (serotype 0:3, biotype 4) soon after birth. The piglets were killed 3 days (n = 6) or 5 days (n = 8) after infection, or antibiotic therapy was commenced on day 5 and the animals killed on day 14 (n = 5). Compared with the non-infected controls, infected animals had reduced mucosal lactase and sucrase, but not maltase activity, while after antibiotic therapy, previously infected piglets had a lower lactase and a higher maltase and sucrase activity. Lactase activity was significantly reduced in the duodenum and jejunum, and mean values were lower in the ileum, but the difference did not reach significance; maltase activity was greater at all ages from the distal jejunum to the mid-ileum; sucrase activity was reduced in all segments up to day 5 but after antibiotic therapy was increased in the jejunum and appeared early in the ileum. Enzyme profiles were more mature along the crypt-villus axis in some segments of the intestine in previously infected piglets. Sodium-potassium-ATPase activity was unchanged. There was a reduced villus height:crypt depth ratio, crypt hyperplasia and increased crypt cell proliferation. Morphological maturation, indicated by loss of vacuoles and location of the nucleus at the base of the enterocyte, proceeded distally from the duodenum to ileum from 3 to 14 days of age when only the ileum remained immature. In infected piglets, there was reduced vacuolation and earlier location of the nucleus at the base of the cell in the distal intestine. Accelerated maturity of specific disaccharidases and enterocyte morphology in infected piglets appears to be due to physical damage to the mucosa resulting in faster proliferation of crypt cells and migration of enterocytes. It is suggested that this may reduce macromolecular internalisation and impair the ability to utilise dietary carbohydrate and may have long-term effects on growth and immunological responses of the gut.     

Antibiotic-free weaning of piglets

In a problem herd the losses by E. coli-infection of weaning piglets could not be reduced neither applicating an oral vaccine before 4-2 weeks to weaning nor via feed of antibiotics or sulfonamides. Therefore many feeding trials were carried out by 1247 weaning piglets which are feeded with high raw fibre rations (wheatbran coarse grained, strawmeal) beginning 2 weeks before weaning till 3 weeks afterwards. The most effective feeding additive was 25-30% wheatbran. In fact of this results the diarrhea, a problem in many herds infected with a lot of EEC (08, 045, 0138, 0139, 0141, 0147 and 0149) could be reduced effectively. Light cases of diarrhea during the trials could be stopped by two applications of TMQ (20 mg Terramycin/kg BW). Based on these results the use of the supplementing wheatbran to the normal feed during the weaning period can be recommended for such problem herds.     

The effect of PHA-lectins and diet composition on performance and intestinal development in weaning piglets

Anti-nutritional factors such as PHA-lectins (phytohaemagglutinin) in piglet diets can compromise piglet's performance and health by gut damage, which is especially important at weaning. Two trials were conducted to investigate the effect of PHA and fermentable carbohydrates on performance, gut morphology, physiology and microbiology in piglets weaned at 26 days.

We studied dietary PHA as a model to standardize gut damage and its effect on intestinal morphology and microbiology in piglets until 2 weeks post weaning. In general, significant lower values were observed on day 7 compared to day 14 post weaning (d7 vs. d14: 358 vs. 442 μm villus height; 42.1 vs. 108.7 U/g protein sucrase-isomaltase), indicating gut maturation. We observed very few changes between day of weaning to day 7 post weaning, lactobacilli counts being most affected (8.9, 6.9, 7.4 cfu/g for d0, d7, d14). Apart from these marked time effects the effect of PHA was negligible and thus a less suitable model to standardize gut damage in this setup.

Furthermore we studied the effect of PHA in combination with rapid or slow fermentable carbohydrates (CHO) on performance and physiological parameters. We observed a dramatic effect on performance (ADG g/d: 245 no PHA + low CHO, 111 PHA + low CHO, 132 PHA + rapid CHO, 105 PHA + slow CHO), which was less clearly reflected in the physiological parameters.     

植物多糖对断奶仔猪小肠黏膜形态及肠黏膜屏障功能的影响

旨在探讨断奶仔猪饲粮中单独或联合添加黄芪多糖、牛膝多糖及白术多糖对其小肠黏膜形态及肠黏膜屏障功能的影响。选取256头35日龄的杜长大三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为8个组,每组4个重复,每个重复8头猪,采用三因素两水平(2×2×2)试验设计,饲粮中黄芪多糖、白术多糖和牛膝多糖的添加水平均为0,800mg/kg,试验共进行28d。结果显示:植物多糖能显著提高断奶仔猪十二指肠、空肠和回肠的黏膜绒毛高度,提高绒腺比(P0.05),3种多糖联用效果最适。与对照组相比,多糖组断奶仔猪回肠V/C比值显著提高(P0.05),各单一多糖组之间差异不显著(P0.05),3种多糖联合添加与两两添加及单一添加相比显著提高了V/C比值(P0.05)。多糖组断奶仔猪血清中二胺氧化酶(DAO)的活性、血清中内毒素(ET)含量及D-乳糖的含量均显著降低(P0.05),3种多糖联用效果最适。多糖能显著提高断奶仔猪肠道黏膜Occludin、Claudin和ZO-1的基因表达量(P0.05)。单一添加黄芪多糖、白术多糖及牛膝多糖能显著提高断奶仔猪肠道钠-葡萄糖共转运载体1(SGLT1)的mRNA相对表达量(P0.05),对葡萄糖转运载体2(GLUT2)mRNA相对表达量有提高的趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05)。多糖两两联用及3种多糖联合添加能显著提高断奶仔猪肠道SGLT1和GLUT2mRNA相对表达量(P0.05)。结果表明,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加植物多糖可显著改善断奶仔猪肠道黏膜形态结构和肠道的通透性,其机制可能与植物多糖改善断奶仔猪肠黏膜屏障功能作用有关。     

复合抗菌肽对断奶仔猪肠道菌群和pH值的影响

为了研究复合抗菌肽对断奶仔猪肠道菌群和pH值的影响,试验选用26日龄、体重相近的健康杜长大三元杂交仔猪90头随机分成5组,每组18头。在26~53日龄期间,Ⅰ组(空白组)饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ组在基础日粮中添加400 mg/kg黄芪多糖,Ⅲ~Ⅴ组在基础日粮中分别添加250 mg/kg、500 mg/kg和1 000 mg/kg的复合抗菌肽,于第32、39、46和53日龄时每组随机选取3头仔猪,进行肠道菌群和p H值的测定。结果表明:与对照组相比,复合抗菌肽和黄芪多糖均能降低肠道中大肠杆菌的数量(P0.01)和肠道p H值(P0.05或P0.01),同时提高乳酸杆菌的数量(P0.01)。研究表明,在饲料中添加复合抗菌肽可增加肠道益生菌乳酸杆菌的数量,降低肠道大肠杆菌数量,但以1000mg/kg添加量的复合抗菌肽效果最好。     

不同处理豆粕及嗜酸乳杆菌培养物对断奶仔猪肠道微生态系统的影响

研究旨在探讨不同处理豆粕及嗜酸乳杆菌培养物对断奶仔猪肠道微生态系统的影响。试验选用遗传背景、胎次和体重相近的21日龄断奶仔猪240头,按随机区组设计分为5个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复12头。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮。试验Ⅰ组仔猪饲喂发酵豆粕代替10%普通豆粕的试验饲粮,试验Ⅱ组仔猪饲喂用膨化大豆代替对照组饲粮中豆粕的饲粮,试验Ⅲ组饲粮是在对照组基础上用嗜酸乳杆菌培养物代替3%原有原料,试验Ⅳ组饲粮是在对照组基础上用嗜酸乳杆菌培养物代替5%原有原料。试验期21 d。结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌培养物可促进仔猪肠道厚壁菌门丰富度增加,变形菌门数量降低(P>0.05),广古菌门丰富度和乳杆菌属数量显著增加(P<0.05);发酵豆粕可使仔猪粪球菌属数量显著上升、弧形杆菌属显著降低(P<0.05);膨化大豆及3%嗜酸乳杆菌培养物组仔猪肠道菌群丰富度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中膨化大豆组仔猪盲肠内乳酸杆菌数量显著升高,3%嗜酸乳杆菌组仔猪盲肠内乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量显著升高(P<0.05)。由此可知,饲粮添加发酵豆粕、膨化大豆及嗜酸乳杆菌培养物均能在一定程度上有效增加仔猪肠道有益菌数量,促使肠道微生态系统更加稳定,且3%嗜酸乳杆菌培养物的效果最佳。     

P38 MAPK在断奶应激致仔猪肠黏膜屏障损伤中的作用

选用21日龄杜长大仔猪60头,随机分成3组,每组20头.①哺乳组:不断奶继续哺乳;②断奶组;③试验组:断奶前1h腹腔注射P38 MAPK通路抑制剂(SB203580)2 mg/kg,之后隔日同一时间同剂量注射.仔猪21日龄断奶,试验期为7d.分别于21,22,24,28日龄屠宰仔猪取样待测.结果表明,在22和24日龄时,试验组绒毛高度分别高于断奶组12.06％和13.49％,差异显著(P＜0.05);24和28日龄时,试验组隐窝深度分别低于断奶组11.21％和12.12％,差异显著(P＜0.05);22,24,28日龄时,试验组绒毛高度隐窝深度之比显著高于断奶组(P＜0.05).试验组血浆D乳酸含量和DAO活性在22,24,28日龄时均显著低于断奶组(P＜0.05).与断奶组相比,试验组显著降低了22日龄空肠、24日龄和28日龄回肠肠黏膜TNF α的含量(P＜0.05),而与哺乳组相比差异不显著(P＞0.05).试验结果提示:阻断P38MAPK通路可能通过降低肠黏膜TNF-α的产生,缓解断奶仔猪的肠道炎症,保护肠黏膜屏障;P38 MAPK信号通路在断奶应激致小肠黏膜屏障受损过程中起调控作用.     

中药饲料添加剂对断奶仔猪血清酶活性的影响

选取胎次相近（3-5胎）、日龄相同的杜-长-大吮乳仔猪16窝（每窝8-10头）,随机分为4组,分别为中药Ⅰ组、中药Ⅱ组、抗生素组、对照组,前3个处理组在相同的基础日粮中分别添加中药饲料添加剂Ⅰ（4 kg/t）、中药饲料添加剂Ⅱ（4 kg/t）、金霉素（70 g/t）和杆菌肽锌（30 g/t）,每组4窝.各处理组所有仔猪从7日龄开始诱食试验饲粮,直至断奶后28日龄.25日龄断奶时从每窝中选取体重相近的仔猪4-5头,组内合并,每组各18头,于仔猪断奶前3 d,断奶后1、4、7、14、28 d采血,对血清酶指标进行分析,研究中药饲料添加剂对断奶仔猪血清酶活性的影响.结果表明,中药饲料添加剂能通过提高断奶仔猪血清AKP活性,降低CK活性,缓解断奶应激,促进仔猪生长.     

加温饲养和定时饲喂对断奶仔猪肠黏膜形态和肠道发育的影响

试验旨在探索对仔猪床进行加温处理以及采用定时饲喂的方式的对早期断奶仔猪不同肠段黏膜形态和肠道发育的影响,从而为确定断奶仔猪适宜的饲养温度和科学的饲喂方式提供理论依据。试验采用2×2因子设计。选用21日龄杜长大断奶仔猪240头,随机分到4个处理组:1):28~30℃的仔猪床加温处理组;2)23~25℃的低温对照组(炉火暖气管道舍内加热);加温处理组和低温对照组中又根据不同的饲喂模式分为每天6次定时饲喂组和自由采食组。每个处理6个重复,每个重复10头猪。经过14 d的试验之后,在每圈仔猪中随机抽取1头,屠宰后取样检测小肠黏膜的绒毛高度、隐窝深度和肠壁厚度。结果表明:加温饲养组(28~30℃)的仔猪空肠中段的绒毛高度显著高于低温对照组(23~25℃)(P<0.05)。加温饲养组十二指肠的隐窝深度和空肠中段的肠壁厚度显著低于低温对照组(P<0.05)。定时饲喂饲养的仔猪空肠后段的绒毛高度显著高于自由采食饲养的仔猪(P<0.05)。定时饲喂组仔猪空肠中段的肠壁厚度和十二指肠隐窝深度显著低于自由采食组(P<0.05)。2因子的互作效应表明:加温定时饲喂组饲养的仔猪空肠后段的绒毛高度显著高于其他处理组。低温自由采食组饲养的仔猪空肠后段的绒毛高度极显著低于其他处理组(P<0.01)。加温定时饲喂组的仔猪空肠中段的肠壁厚度极显著低于其他处理组(P<0.01)。由结果可知,28~30℃的加温饲养组以及定时饲喂的饲喂模式有利于仔猪的肠道黏膜形态的改善,有益于肠道的发育和健康。     

酸化剂对早期断奶仔猪胃肠道pH和肠黏膜形态结构的影响

通过在饲粮中添加不同的酸化剂探讨其对早期断奶仔猪肠道结构功能的影响。选用54头(35±1)d断奶、体重10.04kg左右的杜长大三元杂种仔猪,随机分为3个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复6头(阉公、母各半)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组和2组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加康体酸8g/kg和乳味酸8g/kg的试验饲粮。预试期2d,正试期28d,于试验最后一天早晨从各处理中随机选取1头阉公猪屠宰,并测定胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠和结肠内容物的pH及十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏膜上皮的绒毛高度和隐窝深度。结果显示,试验组胃及各肠段内容物的pH比对照组均有所降低,尤其是胃和十二指肠,差异极显著;试验组各肠段的绒毛高度均高于对照组,试验1组、2组和对照组十二指肠的绒毛高度分别为525.91、484.53、374.39μm,空肠分别为339.46、319.65、307.17μm,回肠分别为327.62、332.04、299.48μm,试验组隐窝深度低于对照组,试验1组、2组和对照组十二指肠的隐窝深度分别为336.92、322.15、344.13μm,空肠分别为241.18、235.36、257.23μm,回肠分别为212.02、206.17、221.37μm,试验组绒毛高度与隐窝深度之比高于对照组。表明,在早期断奶仔猪饲粮中添加适量的酸化剂,能降低其胃肠道内容物的pH,改善肠黏膜的形态结构。     

The developmental changes in intestinal epithelial cell proliferation,differentiation, and shedding in weaning piglets

Intestinal epithelial homeostasis plays an important role in intestinal morphology and function. However, the developmental changes in intestinal epithelial cell turnover in piglets during early weaning are unknown so far. Thus, the aim of this work was to detect changes in piglet gut development from weaning to post-weaning d 14. Accordingly, 40 piglets were used in the present study, and 8 piglets were randomly selected for sampling at d 0, 1, 3, 7 and 14 post-weaning, respectively. The result...     

饲喂酵母硒对母猪头胎断奶仔猪肠道微生物的影响

正常情况下,猪肠道中的微生物之间,微生物和宿主之间是一个相对的生态平衡体系,一旦菌群失调仔猪的健康就要受到影响。哺乳期仔猪肠道中的微生物是变化最快的,乳酸杆菌随着日