Chronology of guitarrero cave, peru

Dating by accelerator mass spectrometry of wooden artifacts, cord, and charcoal samples from Guitarrero Cave, Peru, supports the antiquity of South America's earliest textiles and other perishable remains. The new dates are consistent with those obtained from disintegration counters and leave little doubt about the integrity of the lower Preceramic layers and their early cultivars. Re-evaluation of the mode of deposition suggests that most of the remains resulted from short-term use of the cave in the eighth millennium B.C., with a possible brief human visit as early as 12,560 years ago.     

Cotton remains from archeological sites in central coastal peru

Cotton remains from four archeological sites in central coastal Peru, representing a time sequence from about 2500 to 1000 B.C., were compared with similar materials obtained from living wild and cultivated forms of Gossypium barbadense L. The comparison revealed that the archeological cotton samples were primitive forms of Gossypium barbadense, differing little from present-day wild forms of the same species. Although not the earliest cottons recorded for the New World, they appear to represent the earliest stages of cotton domestication yet recorded.     

Early central andean metalworking from mina perdida, peru

Copper and gold artifacts in contexts dated to approximately 3120 to 3020 carbon-14 years before the present ( approximately 1410 to 1090 calendar years B.C.) recovered in excavations at Mina Perdida, Lurin Valley, Peru, show that artisans hammered native metals into thin foils, in some cases with intermediate anneals. They gilded copper artifacts by attaching gold foil. The artifacts show that fundamental elements of the Andean metallurgical tradition were developed before the Chavin horizon, and that on the Peruvian coast the working of native copper preceded the production of smelted copper objects.     

Early maritime economy and El Nino events at quebrada tacahuay, peru

The archaeological site of Quebrada Tacahuay, Peru, dates to 12,700 to 12,500 calibrated years before the present (10,770 to 10,530 carbon-14 years before the present). It contains some of the oldest evidence of maritime-based economic activity in the New World. Recovered materials include a hearth, lithic cutting tools and flakes, and abundant processed marine fauna, primarily seabirds and fish. Sediments below and above the occupation layer were probably generated by El Nino events, indicating that El Nino was active during the Pleistocene as well as during the early and middle Holocene.     

Bismuth bronze from machu picchu, peru

The decorative bronze handle of a tumi excavated at the Inca city of Machu Picchu, Peru, contains 18 percent bismuth and appears to be the first known example of the use of bismuth with tin to make bronze. The alloy is not embrittled by the bismuth because the bismuth-rich constituent does not penetrate the grain boundaries of the matrix phase. The use of bismuth facilitates the duplex casting process by which the tumi was made and forms an alloy of unusual color.     

Late glacial stage and holocene tropical ice core records from huascaran, peru

Two ice cores from the col of Huascarán in the north-central Andes of Peru contain a paleoclimatic history extending well into the Wisconsinan (Würm) Glacial Stage and include evidence of the Younger Dryas cool phase. Glacial stage conditions at high elevations in the tropics appear to have been as much as 8 degrees to 12 degrees C cooler than today, the atmosphere contained about 200 times as much dust, and the Amazon Basin forest cover may have been much less extensive. Differences in both the oxygen isotope ratio zeta(18)O (8 per mil) and the deuterium excess (4.5 per mil) from the Late Glacial Stage to the Holocene are comparable with polar ice core records. These data imply that the tropical Atlantic was possibly 5 degrees to 6 degrees C cooler during the Late Glacial Stage, that the climate was warmest from 8400 to 5200 years before present, and that it cooled gradually, culminating with the Little Ice Age (200 to 500 years before present). A strong warming has dominated the last two centuries.     

Olmec cave paintings: discovery from guerrero, Mexico

A cave in Guerrero, Mexico, investigated in 1968, contained previously unreported Olmec paintings. These paintings, some of the oldest known in Mesoamerica, are stylistically similar to Olmec art from the site of LaVenta, on Mexico's Gulf Coast, but contain several important glyphic motifs never previously known to have existed at this time level. The iconography of the paintings confirms several important hypotheses concerning basic concepts of Olmec religion; the cave itself was probably a shrine to water and fertility. Several pre-Hispanic textile fragments found in the cave are probably from a later culture period.     

7500 years of prehistoric footwear from arnold research cave, missouri

Accelerator mass spectrometer dating of an assemblage of fibrous and leather footwear from Arnold Research Cave in central Missouri documents a long sequence of shoe construction by prehistoric Midwestern peoples, beginning perhaps as early as 8300 calendar years before the present (cal years B.P.). An earlier fibrous sandal form dates from 8325 to 7675 cal years B.P., and later fibrous or leather slip-ons span the period from 5575 to 1070 cal years B.P. The assemblage adds to a growing picture of the highly varied nature of prehistoric footwear production in the United States throughout the Holocene.     

A test of climate, sun, and culture relationships from an 1810-year Chinese cave record

A record from Wanxiang Cave, China, characterizes Asian Monsoon (AM) history over the past 1810 years. The summer monsoon correlates with solar variability, Northern Hemisphere and Chinese temperature, Alpine glacial retreat, and Chinese cultural changes. It was generally strong during Europe's Medieval Warm Period and weak during Europe's Little Ice Age, as well as during the final decades of the Tang, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties, all times that were characterized by popular unrest. It was strong during the first several decades of the Northern Song Dynasty, a period of increased rice cultivation and dramatic population increase. The sign of the correlation between the AM and temperature switches around 1960, suggesting that anthropogenic forcing superseded natural forcing as the major driver of AM changes in the late 20th century.     

Early tertiary age of pitchstone in the northern black hills, South dakota

A block of pitchstone in the northern Black Hills, South Dakota, is Paleocene in age, according to potassium-argon dating of biotite and fission-track dating of zircon in the sample. These data invalidate published suggestions that the age is much younger. The pitchstone is not extrusive in its present position but instead is in a volcanic pipe with other fragments that came downward from as much as 1100 meters above the modern surface.     

江苏高淳县蓰薛城遗址的植物蛋白石分析

薛城遗址地处江苏省西南与安徽省接壤的高淳县境内的石臼湖南岸。该遗址是 1 997年 8月初高淳县薛城乡卫生院在新建办公楼挖墙沟时发现的。当年 9月至 1 2月 ,江苏南京市文物局与高淳县文化局共同对薛城遗址进行了抢救性发掘。结果发现该遗址为一处新石器时代的文化遗址( 1) 。     

Earliest Pleistocene hominid cranial remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: taxonomy, geological setting, and age

Archaeological excavations at the site of Dmanisi in the Republic of Georgia have uncovered two partial early Pleistocene hominid crania. The new fossils consist of a relatively complete cranium and a second relatively complete calvaria from the same site and stratigraphic unit that yielded a hominid mandible in 1991. In contrast with the uncertain taxonomic affinity of the mandible, the new fossils are comparable in size and morphology with Homo ergaster from Koobi Fora, Kenya. Paleontological, archaeological, geochronological, and paleomagnetic data from Dmanisi all indicate an earliest Pleistocene age of about 1.7 million years ago, supporting correlation of the new specimens with the Koobi Fora fossils. The Dmanisi fossils, in contrast with Pleistocene hominids from Western Europe and Eastern Asia, show clear African affinity and may represent the species that first migrated out of Africa.     

Early Neolithic Horsebean from Yiftah'el, Israel

Charred seeds of horsebean (Vicia faba L.) from the seventh millennium B.C. that were found at Yiftah'el, Israel, push back the known use of this vetch by about 2000 years. Horsebean should be included in the ensemble of legumes grown by some early Neolithic people. The site, situated near the southwest outlet of Biq'at Bet Netofa, lies in a valley with heavy soil suitable for growing contemporary cultivars of horsebean. The still unknown wild ancestor of the horsebean may have originated in similar habitats in the Levant.     

Early hominid humerus from East Rudolf, Kenya

A fossil hominid humerus discovered in 1970 by the expedition to East Rudolf, Kenya, led by R. E. F. Leakey is examined in comparison with a large series of extant hominoids. This comparison as well as a multiple discriminant analysis shows the uniqueness of the fossil among the hominoids.     

鲶源维氏气单胞菌的分离鉴定及药敏特性

为探明发病怀头鲶Silurus soldatovi的病原及其生物学特征,从发病怀头鲶体内分离出1株革兰氏阴性细菌SG-1,通过细菌形态学观察、理化特性、16S r DNA测序和构建系统发育进化树分析对其进行了鉴定。结果表明:分离菌SG-1菌株葡萄糖产气、氧化酶、硝酸盐还原为阳性,鸟氨酸脱羧酶、硫化氢为阴性;进一步采用PCR方法扩增其16S r DNA序列,测序获得片段大小为1409 bp,与维氏气单胞菌Aeromonas veronii模式菌株ATCC35624序列相似性达99.86%;构建系统发育树分析显示,分离菌与维氏气单胞菌自然聚为一支,最终判定SG-1菌株为维氏气单胞菌;人工感染斑马鱼Danio rerio、鲶S.soldatovi,其死亡率均达100%,病鱼呈现体表出血、肛门红肿、腹水等症状;药敏试验结果显示,该菌对头孢克肟、头孢哌酮、头孢噻肟、诺氟沙星、左氟沙星、恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考等药物敏感,对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、磺胺异恶唑、甲氧嘧啶、复方新诺明等耐药。本研究结果为了解维氏气单胞菌感染鲶的致病机理及其该病的预防治疗提供了科学参考。     

文化遗产廊道中的风景林营造策略探索——以大同市古长城文化遗产廊道风景林专项规划为例

【目的】生态廊道是文化遗产廊道中的重要组成部分,而植被修复又是生态廊道构建的核心工作。在文化遗产廊道中进行植被修复,既要满足生态修复的要求,又要满足传承历史风貌、呈现特色景观等更高的需求。风景林是在生态稳定前提下,具有观赏、游憩及旅游功能的人工或自然群落,具有较高的生态、美学、游览价值,能够实现文化遗产廊道中自然生态与文化景观的平衡发展。因此,文化遗产廊道中的风景林营造策略与方法的研究十分重要且迫切。【方法】本研究以"大同市古长城文化遗产廊道风景林专项规划"为例,探索遗产廊道中的风景林营造策略。具体方法:(1)依据法律法规确定遗产保护的缓冲区,在缓冲区范围外,通过数字信息的收集和分析,科学甄选造林范围,再依据具体立地条件划分为造林细班;(2)依据廊道具体情况制定植被景观风貌控制和造林强度控制;(3)以当地原生植物群落为蓝本,进行品种选择、植被群落构建和建植方式设计。【结果】本研究利用GIS技术建立了研究区基础数据平台,通过林地适宜性评价、视域分析等方法实现了宜林地范围选取及细班划分,同时结合传统造林与风景园林植物规划设计在空间规划与植物造景方面的方法,依据研究区林木生长立地条件,从植被景观风貌控制、造林强度控制、树种选择、群落构建及细班方案设计五方面打造了符合生态规律与景观美学的大同古长城文化遗产廊道风景林,使研究区整体形成近自然、地域性、生态性、多样性的植被风貌,同时各分区凸显地域品种和群落的差异。【结论】该研究指导了大同市古长城沿线长度约250 km、面域近186 km2的文化遗产廊道风景林营造,充分证明了上述风景林营造策略在遗产廊道中的有效性。     

Late Pleistocene human skull from Hofmeyr, South Africa, and modern human origins

The lack of Late Pleistocene human fossils from sub-Saharan Africa has limited paleontological testing of competing models of recent human evolution. We have dated a skull from Hofmeyr, South Africa, to 36.2 +/- 3.3 thousand years ago through a combination of optically stimulated luminescence and uranium-series dating methods. The skull is morphologically modern overall but displays some archaic features. Its strongest morphometric affinities are with Upper Paleolithic (UP) Eurasians rather than recent, geographically proximate people. The Hofmeyr cranium is consistent with the hypothesis that UP Eurasians descended from a population that emigrated from sub-Saharan Africa in the Late Pleistocene.