长白山阔叶红松林碳收支特征

植被-大气间CO2交换研究对准确评价陆地生态系统碳收支有重要意义．该研究采用开路式涡动相关系统对长白山阔叶红松林的C O2交换特征进行了整年连续监测．结果表明,该森林生态系统的碳交换季节变化明显,2003年森林净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)变化范围在-6.37～2.13 g/(m2·d)之间,5—9月均表现为碳汇,其余月份为碳源,其中净碳吸收量与释放量最大的月份分别为6和10月;全年森林净吸收的碳量为-191.3 g/m2,整体表现为一定强度的碳汇．影响NEE的环境因子主要是光合有效辐射(PAR)和土壤温度等,白天NEE对PAR 的响应符合直角双曲线方程,夜间的NEE与5 cm深土壤温度有较好的指数关系．生态系统呼吸释放对温度响应的敏感性(Ｑ10)为3.17．      

Climate change. Managing forests after Kyoto

The Kyoto protocol aims to reduce carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Part of the strategy is the active management of terrestrial carbon sinks, principally through afforestation and reforestation. In their Perspective, Schulze et al. argue that the preservation of old-growth forests may have a larger positive effect on the carbon cycle than promotion of regrowth.     

杉木纯林与常绿阔叶林土壤活性有机碳库的比较

森林土壤有机碳库占全球土壤有机碳库的70%,其贮量的微小变化, 都可显著地引起大气CO2浓度的改变.为了解森林类型转换对土壤活性有机碳库的影响,作者于2005年5月在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站采样分析了杉木纯林和常绿阔叶林0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层内土壤活性有机碳含量.结果表明,杉木纯林土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳、自由态和闭锁态轻组有机碳含量均显著低于阔叶林土壤(P0.05).但各活性有机碳组分占土壤有机碳的比率没有规律;两种林分土壤的自由态、闭锁态轻组有机碳和重组有机碳含量与土壤有机碳总量均呈极显著的正相关(P0.01),而土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳仅在常绿阔叶林下与土壤有机碳总量呈显著正相关;杉木纯林土壤各有机碳组分与土壤养分的相关性低于常绿阔叶林,且与全磷的相关性低于有效磷,这说明磷的有效性影响杉木纯林的土壤肥力.      

Old-growth forests can accumulate carbon in soils

Old-growth forests have traditionally been considered negligible as carbon sinks because carbon uptake has been thought to be balanced by respiration. We show that the top 20-centimeter soil layer in preserved old-growth forests in southern China accumulated atmospheric carbon at an unexpectedly high average rate of 0.61 megagrams of carbon hectare-1 year-1 from 1979 to 2003. This study suggests that the carbon cycle processes in the belowground system of these forests are changing in response to the changing environment. The result directly challenges the prevailing belief in ecosystem ecology regarding carbon budget in old-growth forests and supports the establishment of a new, nonequilibrium conceptual framework to study soil carbon dynamics.     

Global deforestation: contribution to atmospheric carbon dioxide

A study of effects of terrestrial biota on the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere suggests that the global net release of carbon due to forest clearing between 1860 and 1980 was between 135 x 10(15) and 228 x 10(15) grams. Between 1.8 x 10(15) and 4.7 x 10(15) grams of carbon were released in 1980, of which nearly 80 percent was due to deforestation, principally in the tropics. The annual release of carbon from the biota and soils exceeded the release from fossil fuels until about 1960. Because the biotic release has been and remains much larger than is commonly assumed, the airborne fraction, usually considered to be about 50 percent of the release from fossil fuels, was probably between 22 and 43 percent of the total carbon released in 1980. The increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is thought by some to be increasing the storage of carbon in the earth's remaining forests sufficiently to offset the release from deforestation. The interpretation of the evidence presented here suggests no such effect; deforestation appears to be the dominant biotic effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide. If deforestation increases in proportion to population, the biotic release of carbon will reach 9 x 10(15) grams per year before forests are exhausted early in the next century. The possibilities for limiting the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through reduction in use of fossil fuels and through management of forests may be greater than is commonly assumed.     

兼顾碳贮量和木材生产目标的森林经营规划研究

以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场为对象,基于小班调查数据,以木材生产和碳增量净现值最大为规划目标,考虑采伐量不大于生长量、均衡采伐、生长模型等约束,建立了多目标规划模型。通过LINGO软件求解,得到了50a规划期的最优经营方案,并进行了灵敏度分析。结果表明:各个森林类型在不同分期间伐强度在1%～15%之间,择伐强度在1%～35%之间。规划期木材总采伐量为182.33万m3,规划期末地上碳贮增量为47.92万t;规划期总收益为95 434.40万元,其中木材净现值91 895.10万元,碳贮增量净现值3 539.30万元。多目标经营方案可以同时满足对木材生产和碳贮增量的需求,是一个折衷的方案。与木材生产经营方案相比,多目标经营方案和碳贮增量经营方案在规划期内的木材净现值分别减少2.67%、45.43%,但地上碳贮增量净现值分别增加29.88%、50.42%。因此增加碳贮增量要以减少木材采伐量为代价。分析了低、中、高3种碳价格对多目标经营方案的影响,表明整个规划期内木材采伐量随着碳价格的增加而减少,而碳贮增量随着碳价格的增加而增加。     

黄河上游退耕地人工林的碳储量研究

黄河上游地区10～27 a的退耕地人工林,其植物体、枯落物层和土壤层的碳密度平均为111.3、5.1和164.9 t/hm2,分别占同一地区天然次生林的28.6%、13.8%和61.0%.植物体、枯落物层和土壤层3个层次所占总碳密度的比例,对于退耕地人工林来说为39.6∶1.8∶58.6,而天然林为57.4∶2.7∶39.9.退耕地人工林的植物体和枯落物层碳密度均随林龄的增加而呈幂函数增长趋势.这2部分在总碳密度中所占比例随林龄而逐步提高.退耕地人工林目前的总碳密度平均为281.2 t/hm2,相当于同一地区天然次生林总碳密度677.4 t/hm2的41.5%,但年均碳密度却高达15.2t/(hm2·a),较天然次生林的13.6 t/(hm2·a)提高了11.7%;与全国20世纪90年代中期(1994—1998年)人工林的年均碳密度1.95 t/（hm2·a）相比,提高了6.8倍.黄河上游退耕地人工林较天然次生林及荒山人工林具有更强的生长及碳储量优势.总之,科学有序的退耕还林工作,对于形成碳汇、减轻温室效应具有非常重要的意义.      

Carbon in Amazon forests: unexpected seasonal fluxes and disturbance-induced losses

The net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide was measured by eddy covariance methods for 3 years in two old-growth forest sites near Santarém, Brazil. Carbon was lost in the wet season and gained in the dry season, which was opposite to the seasonal cycles of both tree growth and model predictions. The 3-year average carbon loss was 1.3 (confidence interval: 0.0 to 2.0) megagrams of carbon per hectare per year. Biometric observations confirmed the net loss but imply that it is a transient effect of recent disturbance superimposed on long-term balance. Given that episodic disturbances are characteristic of old-growth forests, it is likely that carbon sequestration is lower than has been inferred from recent eddy covariance studies at undisturbed sites.     

沙县水南国有林场森林碳储量特征

利用福建省沙县水南国有林场森林资源清查资料,依据生物量转换因子连续函数模型,探讨了沙县水南国有林场森林碳储量分布。结果表明,森林碳储量主要集中于杉木、马尾松林,因林场大力发展阔叶林,木荷与其他阔叶类林分的碳储量也相对较高。各林分的碳储量主要分布在成熟林龄级、中大径材经营方式及肥沃级与较肥沃级立地条件。     

北长山岛森林乔木层碳储量及其影响因子

人工林是庙岛群岛典型的陆地生态系统的组成部分,对维护海岛地区生态环境具有重要作用。采用现有生物量相对生长方程和样地调查数据相结合的方法,以庙岛群岛中北长山岛为研究区,对海岛黑松纯林与黑松×刺槐混交林两种林型的碳储量进行了估算,并分析了土壤质地及其理化性质对海岛乔木层碳储量的影响。结果表明:黑松乔木层平均碳储量为84.00 t/hm²,接近于世界平均水平(86.00 t/hm²);黑松×刺槐混交林乔木层平均碳储量为29.60 t/hm²,高于山东省乔木层的平均碳储量(27.62 t/hm²)。应用因子分析法研究影响乔木层碳储量的主要因子,结果表明:土壤质地、pH值、含水量及含盐量是影响海岛乔木碳储量重要的影响因子。北长山岛土壤全氮、总磷、土壤有机质、碳氮比等其他理化性质对乔木层碳储量影响不是非常明显。     

Carbon dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes

Data on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) in the surface waters from a large number of lakes (1835) with a worldwide distribution show that only a small proportion of the 4665 samples analyzed (less than 10 percent) were within +/-20 percent of equilibrium with the atmosphere and that most samples (87 percent) were supersaturated. The mean partial pressure of CO(2) averaged 1036 microatmospheres, about three times the value in the overlying atmosphere, indicating that lakes are sources rather than sinks of atmospheric CO(2). On a global scale, the potential efflux of CO(2) from lakes (about 0.14 x 10(15) grams of carbon per year) is about half as large as riverine transport of organic plus inorganic carbon to the ocean. Lakes are a small but potentially important conduit for carbon from terrestrial sources to the atmospheric sink.     

河北省海水养殖贝类与藻类碳汇能力评估

【目的】探讨浅海贝类与藻类养殖在海洋碳循环中的作用,为提高海域碳汇潜力、完成减排目标和实现可持续发展提供参考依据。【方法】通过查阅文献资料和调研获取研究所需的相关数据,采用系统综合法对河北省海水养殖贝类与藻类的碳汇能力进行评估。【结果】2010年河北省海水养殖总产量3.29×105t,其中滤食性贝类占绝大部分,产量为2.91×105t。通过收获海水养殖贝类与藻类可实现碳汇作用约2.75×104t,其中贝类软体组织中9259.35t、贝壳中18152.57t、大型藻类藻体中33.76t,相当于减排CO21.01×105t,折合人民币6038万元。此外,通过生物沉积作用可实现碳汇作用2.74×104~6.91×104t。【结论】通过收获海水养殖贝类与藻类可以实现显著的碳汇作用,结合目前河北省适宜进行养殖的浅海滩涂利用率尚不足10%的现状,今后应着力发展基于贝类与藻类养殖的碳汇渔业。     

Tropical forests and the global carbon cycle

New data on the three major determinants of the carbon release from tropical forest clearing are used in a computer model that simulates land use change and its effects on the carbon content of vegetation and soil in order to calculate the net flux of carbon dioxide between tropical ecosystems and the atmosphere. The model also permits testing the sensitivity of the calculated flux to uncertainties in these data. The tropics were a net source of at least 0.4 x 10(15) grams but not more than 1.6 x 10(15) grams of carbon in 1980, considerably less than previous estimates. Decreases in soil organic matter were responsible for 0.1 x 10(15) to 0.3 x 10(15) grams of the release, while the burning and decay of cleared vegetation accounted for 0.3 x 10(15) to 1.3 x 10(15) grams. These estimates are lower than many previous ones because lower biomass estimates and slightly lower land clearing rates were used and because ecosystem recovery processes were included. These new estimates of the biotic release allow for the possibility of a balanced global budget given the large remaining uncertainties in the marine, terrestrial, and fossil fuel components of the carbon cycle.     

采伐对长白山阔叶红松林生态系统碳密度的影响

采伐对森林生态系统碳密度和固碳能力有重要的影响,且影响的程度因采伐强度和方式不同而有巨大差异.以长白山地区原始阔叶红松林在不同采伐方式、采伐强度干扰后形成的次生林为研究对象,通过对2007至2009年建立的11块1 hm2永久样地中植被层、凋落物层和土壤层碳密度在采伐前后变化特征的分析,研究了采伐强度与恢复时间对阔叶红松林生态系统碳密度的影响.结果表明:在短期内,采伐导致了植被层和土壤表层(0-20cm)碳密度值的减少,其中植被碳密度与采伐强度有显著的线性负相关关系(y=-0.9x+91.17,R2=0.626,P＜0.01),而后,随着植被的恢复,生态系统碳密度增加,其中植被、土壤层碳密度呈显著线性正相关关系.根据植被碳密度与恢复时间之间的相关关系,确定以生态系统恢复、木材生产与固碳三者兼顾的合适采伐强度为30％,轮伐期为45a.     

Biomass of tropical forests: a new estimate based on forest volumes

Recent assessments of areas of different tropical forest types and their corresponding stand volumes were used to calculate the biomass densities and total biomass of tropical forests. Total biomass was estimated at 205 x 10(9) tons, and weighted biomass densities for undisturbed closed and open broadleaf forests were 176 and 61 tons per hectare, respectively. These values are considerably lower than those previously reported and raise questions about the role of the terrestrial biota in the global carbon budget.     

造林措施对银杏用材林生长的影响

通过调查立地及各项生长指标,分析银杏用材林林木生长与立地条件、造林方式以及经营密度之间的关系。结果表明,高海拔与低海拔的银杏用材林生长差异显著,高海拔银杏用材林生长缓慢;嫁接苗与实生苗的高生长差异显著,嫁接苗木的径向生长较快,高生长受到抑制;在不同的年龄段,用材林适宜经营密度不同,随着年龄的增长,对生长空间的需求也增大,要适当加大用材林的经营密度。8-10年生银杏用材林以1.5 m×2.0 m、2.0 m×2.0 m 2种造林密度为宜。12-45年生银杏用材林以3.0 m×3.0 m和4.0 m×4.0 m 2种造林密度较适宜。     

基于碳和木材目标的森林空间经营规划研究

以大兴安岭地区塔河林业局盘古林场为例,以模拟退火算法为优化技术,以经济收益为基础,建立能够兼顾森林木材生产、碳储量和经营措施时空分布的多目标规划模型。规划周期由3个10年的分期组成,目标函数包括最大化木材和碳储量贴现净收益、最小化采伐成本,而约束条件则主要涉及最小收获年龄、收获次数、收获均衡以及空间邻接约束等。同时,还评估了一系列碳价格对规划结果的影响。结果表明:由于规划模型中空间和非空间约束的限制,规划期内获得的各种经济收益、木材产量以及碳储量等均随着碳价格的增加呈显著的非线性变化趋势;与碳价格为0元/t时的规划结果相比,当碳价格为我国当前现行碳交易的平均(25元/t)和最高(50元/t)价格时,规划期末的总经济收益分别增加了2.06%和3.91%,但规划期内木材产量和碳储量却无显著差异;如果仅从经济角度考虑,则能够使规划期末单位面积碳储量增加的最低碳价格为1 000元/t。同时,研究结果还表明碳价格虽然显著影响规划期内不同经营措施的采伐面积比例,但规划结果均满足均衡收获约束。      

不同经营措施对毛竹林碳储量及碳分配影响

以无经营毛竹纯林为对照(Ⅰ),以垦复(Ⅱ)、施用除草剂(Ⅲ)、劈草毛竹纯林(Ⅳ)为研究对象,研究不同经营措施对毛竹林碳储量及碳分配影响,结果表明:(1)与对照相比,垦复、施用除草剂、劈草均增加了植被层碳储量;各林分植被碳储量分别为30.98、33.04、33.19、31.21 t/hm2,地上乔木层碳储量占主体,分别为23.68、25.01、26.34、25.21 t/hm2。(2)施用除草剂增加毛竹林生态系统碳储量及土壤碳储量,垦复、劈草降低了毛竹林生态系统碳储量和土壤碳储量;毛竹林生态系统碳储量分别为113.15、98.13、131.90、112.59 t/hm2,土壤碳储量占主体,分别为86.17、65.09、98.71、80.39 t/hm2。(3)毛竹林植被碳素(CO2)年固定量分别为9.33、11.29、9.94、9.95 t/(hm2.a),相当于固定CO234.21、41.38、36.47、36.48 t/(hm2.a),地上乔木层碳固定量的增加是毛竹林植被碳素年固定量增加的主要原因。     

基于第九次森林资源清查的云南森林碳储量特征研究

系统估算云南省森林植被的碳储量和碳密度,为研究区域尺度的森林碳储量提供科学依据。以云南第9次森林资源清查数据为基础,采用生物量-蓄积量转换模型法和平均生物量法,结合不同树种的含碳率,分析乔木林中不同优势树种、林种、起源和龄组的碳储量分布特征。结果表明：1)云南不同森林类型的总碳储量为1.05×10⁹ t,平均碳密度44.96 t·hm^-2;2)乔木林中不同龄组的总碳储量大小排序为幼龄林>中龄林>近熟林>成熟林>过熟林;3)云南省天然乔木林碳储量为9.07×10⁸ t,占乔木林总碳储量的90.76%;4)天然林的平均碳密度为62.44 t·hm^-2,近人工林的3倍。云南省森林碳储量、碳密度与林龄结构和起源关系密切,表现出森林碳密度随林龄增长而增加,森林碳储量随林龄增长而减少的趋势,天然林碳密度和碳储量均远远大于人工林,该研究为区域尺度的森林碳储量提供了科学依据。     

人工用材林最优密度控制模型

以抛物线型密度效应模型为前提，针对人工用材林生长系统的特点，用最优控制方法建模，以动态规划方法求解，导出最优密度控制模型。模型具有幂次数可变、适应性较强、疏伐间隔期可变和实际应用较方便等特点。模型在贵州马尾松人工用材林中的应用结果表明，模型计算结果符合人工用材林生长规律，并与实地试验吻合，表2参11。