Late triassic turtles from South america

The discovery of Triassic (Norian) turtles from the northwest part of Argentina extends the South American record of turtles by 60 million years. Two skeletons, one almost complete, represent a new genus and species of a basal turtle, Palaeochersis talampayensis. This turtle is a member of the family Australochelidae that was recently erected for Australochelys africanus from the Lower Jurassic of South Africa. Here, it is proposed that Australochelidae is the sister group of Proterochersis plus Casichelydia, that turtles were diverse by the Late Triassic, and that Casichelydia probably originated during the Jurassic.     

鳖疖疮病病原的分离与鉴定

1988年冬到1989年春,我院从某特种水产科研所引进的稚鳘发生了一种新的传染病,病鳖体表形成疖状病灶,暂名为鳖疖疮病。从病鳖的病灶和脏器内分离到两株细菌,经腹腔注射和伤口涂抹能使健康鳖表现出与自然发病相同的病症。两菌株的特性基本一致,被鉴定为点状产气单胞菌点状亚种。     

Two-hundred-million-year-old chromosomes: deceleration of the rate of karyotypic evolution in turtles

Cladistic analyses of chromosomal banding patterns from 48 species of cryptodiran turtles, combined with a fossil-based method for estimating rates of karyotypic change, show that karyotypic evolution was twice as fast and involved different types of rearrangements in Mesozoic turtles when compared to more recent forms. The deceleration in rate of karyotypic change is correlated with decelerated morphological change and is indicative of adaptive evolution. Comparisons of banded karyotypes reveal that some chromosomes have remained unchanged for at least 200 million years.     

黄河中游流域外来龟、鳖类对原有种类的生态威胁

在我国黄河中游流域自然水域中已发现了鳄龟、佛罗里达鳖,这是一个危险且值得高度警惕的信号。针对鳄龟、佛罗里达鳖、乌龟和中华鳖的有关生物学习性进行对比,指出当鳄鱼、佛罗里达鳖达到一定数量时,流域内原生的乌龟和中华鳖的生态位将会受到严重威胁,建议相关领域学者重视对两栖爬行动物等外来物种在中国的入侵状况与控制策略的研究。     

温度对广西拟水龟生长的影响

为探明温度与幼龟的生长关系,为幼龟饲养提供依据,对不同温度下幼龟的重量、增重量、背甲长、背甲宽和体厚等生产性能进行测定。结果表明:各处理幼龟的日增重量随饲养时间增加而增加,且呈不断增大趋势;40d后,在(28±0.5)℃、(30±0.5)℃和(32±0.5)℃下,平均体重增加6.48g/只、7.68g/只和6.69g/只,与对照(5.02g/只)相比有显著差异;背甲长、背甲宽和体厚增加分别为11.78 mm、10.26mm、3.25mm,16.34 mm、13.58 mm、4.77 mm,11.24 mm、9.89 mm、3.12 mm,明显优于对照(8.26mm、7.07mm、1.45mm)。当水温为(30±0.5)℃时,广西拟水龟幼龟体重、背甲长、背甲宽、体厚增加最快,为饲养广西拟水龟的最佳温度。     

The origin of the turtle body plan: bridging a famous morphological gap

A restudy of pareiasaurs reveals that these primitive reptiles are the nearest relatives of turtles. The two groups share numerous derived characters, such as a reduced presacral count, an acromion process, and a trochanter major, which are absent in other basal amniotes. Many traits long thought specific to chelonians also occur in pareiasaurs and must have evolved before the distinctive turtle shell appeared. Evidence uniting captorhinid or procolophonoids with turtles is shown to be weak. The phylogeny proposed here also suggests that certain features of the earliest turtle (Proganochelys) that have been interpreted as specializations, such as the large supratemporal and robust metacarpals, are primitive for turtles. In pareiasaurs, the osteoderms represent the precursors of the chelonian shell and the morphology of the anterior region is consistent with the idea that the shoulder girdle in turtles has migrated posteriorly into the rib cage.     

野生鳖与养殖鳖肌肉营养、保健价值的比较研究

分析了中华鳖（Ｔｔｒｏｎｙｘ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）肌肉中蛋白质及氨基酸、脂肪及脂肪酸等营养成分的含量,并与野生鳖肌肉营养成分作对照。结果表明：养殖鳖肌肉中蛋白质及赖氨酸、谷氨酸和丙氨酸的含量明显降低,而缬氨酸、甘氨酸和丝氨酸的含量显著提高;脂肪及二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸的含量显著增加,但亚麻酸和花生四烯酸的含量明显降低;胆固醇的含量显著增高,此外发现,缬氨酸为鳖肉食用营养的第一限制性氨基酸,在此     

中国龟类动物遗传多样性的研究进展

龟类动物是中国水产养殖业的重要组成部分.对中国龟类动物的种类进行了概述,结合目前的研究成果,从遗传多样性的个体、细胞、分子水平上进行了全面介绍.     

黄喉拟水龟一龄龟生长的研究

对黄喉拟水龟（Mauremys mutica Cantor)一龄龟长生的研究表明，在自然温度，人工饲以鱼肉的条件下，黄喉拟水龟生长418d，体重由9．8g增加到100.1g,平均日增重0.22g,成活率为93．4％，体重，背甲长，背甲完与日龄呈正相关，背甲长与宽正相关，背甲长，背甲宽与体重同样呈正相关，黄喉拟水龟一龄龟在50g 以下时生长缓慢，50g以上时生长速度明显加快，在相同环境条件下，个体间的生长速度差异较大，一龄龟最大个体可为同龄最小个体的4倍。     

黄沙鳖良种选育研究

【目的】探讨黄沙鳖良种选育技术,为建立黄沙鳖良种场奠定基础。【方法】2004年,从广西横县、灵山、桂平及南宁明阳农场等黄沙鳖养殖产区挑选黄沙鳖表型特征明显、体重1.0kg以上的亲鳖200只,雌雄比3∶1,不同地方的雌雄鳖分别配对（A♀×B♂或B♀×A♂）,人工繁殖,根据表型特征、遗传性状和生长性状等进行选育,挑选色斑清晰对称、体型圆、体色黄、裙边宽、生长快的个体进行养殖。【结果】经稚鳖、幼鳖、成鳖、后备亲鳖等生长阶段的筛选,其选留率和成活率分别为35.3%、69.6%、80.7%、91.3%和82.1%、81.6%、95.7%、97.2%,最终选育获得黄沙鳖纯系亲鳖450只,且经繁殖验证,选育亲鳖繁殖的鳖苗具有明显亲体遗传性状,合格率达90.2%。【结论】采取群体选育的方法,从不同群体挑选亲鳖进行繁殖,通过对其后代各生长阶段不断地筛选,可选育出种质优良的黄沙鳖纯系群体。     

南丰县气候变化对甲鱼养殖的影响与建议

选用南丰国家气象观测一级站1957—2016 年大气探测资料,南丰县太和镇2011—2016 年甲鱼养殖观察资料,使用线性气候倾向率、相关分析等方法,分析了与甲鱼养殖气象条件相关的气候要素变化趋势。结果表明,南丰县稳定通过15、20、25℃初终日期间隔天数和积温及6 月平均最低气温、10 月极端最低气温线性增加,甲鱼生长、产卵期延长,生长速度增快,有利提高甲鱼养殖效益。相关气候因子21世纪的年代均值均明显大于20 世纪的年代均值,更说明南丰气候变化对甲鱼养殖有利,南丰甲鱼养殖可持续发展。南丰甲鱼宜4 月开始喂养,6—9 月销售种蛋、孵化种苗,11 月上旬之后出售种鳖。由于南丰县地形复杂,光、温、水资源时空分布不均,为确保南丰甲鱼养殖效益,建议选择南丰县中部海拔200 m以下低丘陵热量资源丰富的区域养殖。     

Terrestrial soft-bodied protists and other microorganisms in triassic amber

Protozoa, cyanobacteria, sheathed algae, sheathed fungi, germinating pollen or spores, and fungal spores have been found in amber 220 to 230 million years old. Many of these microorganisms can be assigned to present-day groups. This discovery of terrestrial, soft-bodied protists that can be referred to modern groups indicates that morphological evolution is very gradual in many protists and that both structural and probably functional stasis extend back at least to the Upper Triassic period.     

The ecology of early man in southern Africa

It is not possible at present to demonstrate hominid occupation of southern Africa prior to the middle or late Pliocene, perhaps 3 million years ago. It may be the case that much, if not most, of the subcontinent was in fact uninhabited before that. The earliest hominid known to have lived in southern Africa is Australopithecus africanus. It was apparently replaced by Homo (?evolved into Homo) by 2 million years ago, at approximately the same time as A. robustus is first recorded locally. Homo and A. robustus then coexisted until perhaps 1 million years ago, after which Homo survived alone. There is no solid evidence that either of the southern African australopithecines made tools or accumulated bones. In fact, at the known sites, it now seems more likely that the bones, including those of the australopithecines themselves, were accumulated by carnivores. The known archeological record of southern Africa begins 2 million to 1.5 million years ago and the oldest stone tools may belong to the Oldowan Industry. Far better documentation exists for the succeeding Acheulean Industrial Complex, which was present in southern Africa almost certainly before 1 million years ago and persisted with modifications probably until sometime between 300,000 and 130,000 years ago. Although it is known that Acheulean peoples made handaxes, cleavers, and other stone tools, very little else is known about the activities of Acheuleans in southern Africa. Far more is known about their Middle and Later Stone Age successors. Southern African MSA peoples were perhaps among the earliest anywhere to take systematic advantage of aquatic resources for their subsistence, although they apparently did so far less effectively than did the LSA peoples who followed them. There are also contrasts between the ways in which MSA and LSA peoples dealt with terrestrial prey and between the contents of MSA and LSA artifact assemblages. The LSA peoples, for example, seem to have made much more extensive use of bone as a raw material, and they were the first to manufacture articles that are clearly interpretable as ornaments or art objects. From an evolutionary perspective, the LSA may represent a quantum advance over the MSA, perhaps correlated with the replacement of an archaic human physical type by the modem one. However, this must remain only a working hypothesis until much more is learned about the earliest LSA, dating to 35,000 to 40,000 years ago or more, and until there are adequate samples of well-provenienced MSA and early LSA physical remains. The later LSA, postdating 20,000 to 18,000 years ago, is reasonably well known. Later LSA peoples were probably at least partly responsible for the extinction of several large mammals in southern Africa about 10,000 years ago. By that date or shortly thereafter, at least some LSA peoples established basic hunting-gathering adaptations, which continued until the introduction and spread of agriculture and pastoralism, beginning roughly 2000 years ago. Thereafter, hunters and gatherers became progressively restricted in numbers and distribution, such that today only a very few exist, restricted to some of the most marginal environments of the subcontinent. It remains a major goal of southern African archeology to shed more light on the evolution and operation of hunting-gathering cultures during the vast time span when they covered all of southern Africa.     

A genetic test of the natal homing versus social facilitation models for green turtle migration

Female green turtles exhibit strong nest-site fidelity as adults, but whether the nesting beach is the natal site is not known. Under the natal homing hypothesis, females return to their natal beach to nest, whereas under the social facilitation model, virgin females follow experienced breeders to nesting beaches and after a "favorable" nesting experience, fix on that site for future nestings. Differences shown in mitochondrial DNA genotype frequency among green turtle colonies in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean are consistent with natal homing expectations and indicate that social facilitation to nonnatal sites is rare.     

黄沙鳖良种选育研究

【目的】探讨黄沙鳖良种选育技术,为建立黄沙鳖良种场奠定基础。【方法】2004年,从广西横县、灵山、桂平及南宁明阳农场等黄沙鳖养殖产区挑选黄沙鳖表型特征明显、体重1.0 kg以上的亲鳖200只,雌雄比3∶1,不同地方的雌雄鳖分别配对(A♀×B♂或B♀×A♂),人工繁殖,根据表型特征、遗传性状和生长性状等进行选育,挑选色斑清晰对称、体型圆、体色黄、裙边宽、生长快的个体进行养殖。【结果】经稚鳖、幼鳖、成鳖、后备亲鳖等生长阶段的筛选,其选留率和成活率分别为35.3%、69.6%、80.7%、91.3%和82.1%、81.6%、95.7%、97.2%,最终选育获得黄沙鳖纯系亲鳖450只,且经繁殖验证,选育亲鳖繁殖的鳖苗具有明显亲体遗传性状,合格率达90.2%。【结论】采取群体选育的方法,从不同群体挑选亲鳖进行繁殖,通过对其后代各生长阶段不断地筛选,可选育出种质优良的黄沙鳖纯系群体。     

Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain

We describe a partial skeleton with facial cranium of Pierolapithecus catalaunicus gen. et sp. nov., a new Middle Miocene (12.5 to 13 million years ago) ape from Barranc de Can Vila 1 (Barcelona, Spain). It is the first known individual of this age that combines well-preserved cranial, dental, and postcranial material. The thorax, lumbar region, and wrist provide evidence of modern ape-like orthograde body design, and the facial morphology includes the basic derived great ape features. The new skeleton reveals that early great apes retained primitive monkeylike characters associated with a derived body structure that permits upright postures of the trunk. Pierolapithecus, hence, does not fit the theoretical model that predicts that all characters shared by extant great apes were present in their last common ancestor, but instead points to a large amount of homoplasy in ape evolution. The overall pattern suggests that Pierolapithecus is probably close to the last common ancestor of great apes and humans.     

甲基睾丸素对中华鳖外部性征诱导作用的研究

采用甲基睾丸素处理不同发育时期的中华鳖胚胎和给孵出后３ｄ的稚鳖拌饲甲基睾丸素来观察外源性激素的诱导作用,结果表明：试验组与对照组的孵化率无显著差异。说明孵化率不受生激素处理的影响,经雄性激素处理过的所有个体外部雄性副性征明显,其尾巴长,露出背板的裙边,且好咬斗,这充分证明外源雄性激素对稚鳖的外部性征及胃较大的诱导作用。     

低聚异麦芽糖和酵母细胞壁对中华鳖肠道菌群的影响

[目的]探讨低聚异麦芽糖和酵母细胞壁对中华鳖生长及肠道菌群的影响。[方法]将试验鳖分成5组,分别连续投喂基础饲料、添加酵母细胞壁的饲料、添加低聚异麦芽糖的饲料、联合添加酵母细胞壁和低聚异麦芽糖的饲料、间隔投喂添加酵母细胞壁和低聚异麦芽糖的饲料,然后对其肠道内好氧及兼性厌氧细菌的数量和组成进行研究。[结果]饲料中添加酵母细胞壁或低聚异麦芽糖对提高中华鳖体重无显著性影响,但饲料中联合添加酵母细胞壁和低聚异麦芽糖可显著提高中华鳖的存活率,单独添加则对存活率影响不显著。中华鳖肠道中以弗氏柠檬酸杆菌及少动鞘氨醇单胞菌为主,含有少量肺炎克雷伯氏菌和嗜水气单胞菌,投喂添加酵母细胞壁或低聚异麦芽糖的饲料可显著降低肠道内细菌的含量,其主要减少弗氏柠檬酸杆菌的含量,并在一定程度上可提高少动鞘氨醇单胞菌的含量,而对肺炎克雷伯氏菌和嗜水气单胞菌含量影响不显著。[结论]该研究可为低聚异麦芽糖和酵母细胞壁在中华鳖养殖中的科学应用及开发绿色环保添加剂提供理论依据。     

Basal anthropoids from Egypt and the antiquity of Africa's higher primate radiation

Early anthropoid evolution in Afro-Arabia is poorly documented, with only a few isolated teeth known from before approximately 35 million years ago. Here we describe craniodental remains of the primitive anthropoid Biretia from approximately 37-million-year-old rocks in Egypt. Biretia is unique among early anthropoids in exhibiting evidence for nocturnality, but derived dental features shared with younger parapithecids draw this genus, and possibly >45-million-year-old Algeripithecus, into a morphologically and behaviorally diverse parapithecoid clade of great antiquity.     

黄喉拟水龟人工繁殖技术

黄喉拟水龟是经济价值较高的水栖龟类,适宜在土池、水泥池等小水体以及水缸、水盆、水箱等小容器中养殖,是当前城乡发展庭院、室内养殖的优选淡水名特优养殖品种。文章介绍了黄喉拟水龟人工繁殖的基本设施条件,对亲龟的年龄、成熟度、体重和质量要求,亲龟放养的性别比例、放养密度,亲龟培育中的投喂、水质管理、日常管理、夏冬季特别护理和病害防治,产卵场的环境条件、孵化介质要求、孵化温度、相对湿度以及孵化管理等技术。