Molecular/Organic ferromagnets

Quantitative bulk ferromagnetic behavior has been established for the molecular/organic solid [Fe(III)(C(5)Me(5))(2)].(+)[TCNE].(-). Above 16 K the dominant magnetic interactions are along a 1-D chain and, near T(c), 3-D bulk effects as evidenced by the value of the critical exponents dominate the susceptibility. The extended McConnell model was developed and provides the synthetic chemist with guidance for making new molecular materials to study cooperative magnetic coupling in systems. Assuming the electron-transfer excitation arises from the POMO, ferromagnetic coupling by the McConnell mechanism requires stable radicals (neutral, cations/anions, or ions with small diamagnetic counterions) with a non-half-filled POMO. The lowest excited state formed via virtual charge transfer (retro or forward) must also have the same spin multiplicity and mix with the ground state. These requirements limit the structure of a radical to D(2d) or C>/=(3) symmetry where symmetry breaking distortions do not occur. Intrinsic doubly and triply degenerate orbitals are not necessary and accidental degeneracies suffice. To achieve bulk ferromagnetism, ferromagnetic coupling must be established throughout the solid and a microscopic model has been discussed. These requirements are met by [Fe(III)(C(5)Me(5))(2)].(+)[TCNE].(-). Additionally this model suggests that the Ni(III) and Cr(III) analogs should be antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic, respectively, as preliminary data suggest. Additional studies are necessary to test and further develop the consequences of these concepts. Some molecular/organic solids comprised of linear chains of alternating metallocenium donors (D) and cyanocarbon acceptors (A) with spin state S = 1/2 (...D.(+)A.(-)D.(+)A.(-)...) exhibit cooperative magnetic phenomena, that is, ferro-, antiferro-, ferri-, and metamagnetism. For [Fe(III)(C(5)Me(5))(2)].(+)[TCNE](-). (Me = methyl; TCNE = tetracyanoethylene), bulk ferromagnetic behavior is observed below the Curie temperature of 4.8 K. A model of configuration mixing of the lowest charge-transfer excited state with the ground state was developed to understand the magnetic coupling as a function of electron configuration and direction of charge transfer. This model predicts that ferromagnetic coupling requires stable radicals with a non-half-filled degenerate valence orbital and a charge-transfer excited state with the same spin multiplicity that mixes with the ground state. Ferromagnetic coupling must dominate in all directions to achieve a bulk ferromagnet. Thus, the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures are crucial considerations for the design of molecular/organic ferromagnets.     

Interplane Tunneling Magnetoresistance in a Layered Manganite Crystal

The current-perpendicular-to-plane magnetoresistance (CPP-MR) has been investigated for the layered manganite, La2-2xSr1+2xMn2O7 (x = 0.3), which is composed of the ferromagnetic-metallic MnO2 bilayers separated by nonmagnetic insulating block layers. The CPP-MR is extremely large (10(4) percent at 50 kilo-oersted) at temperatures near above the three-dimensional ordering temperature (Tc approximately 90 kelvin) because of the field-induced coherent motion between planes of the spin-polarized electrons. Below Tc, the interplane magnetic domain boundary on the insulating block layer serves as the charge-transport barrier, but it can be removed by a low saturation field, which gives rise to the low-field tunneling MR as large as 240 percent.     

Diffusion of water in zeolites

The self-diffusion coefficient D of water occluded in samples of near-faujasite has been determined by pulsed field-gradient spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance. The value of D in square centimeters per second x 10(5) at 30 degrees C is 1.34, 1.65, and 1.88 in the following zeolites, respectively: Na X, Ca X, and Ca Y (X and Y being an indication of ratio of silicon to aluminum in the zeolites). By comparison, the value of D in pure water at 30 degrees C is 2.5 x 10(-5) cm(2)/sec. Arrhenius activation energies for D are 6.9, 6.8, and 5.6 kilocalories per mole, respectively, for the three faujasites and 5.0 kcal/mole for pure water. Thus, there appears to be little difference in diffusion behavior between free water and water occluded in faujasite.     

气候变化对水稻三化螟物候及多度的影响(英文)

以云南省建水县稻区1986～1997年连续24年间黑光灯下监测诱集的水稻三化螟种群数量及越冬代虫口基数为依据,结合当地1986～1997年最高温度、最低温度、平均温度及相对湿度等主要气象资料,采用多元回归法分析了三化螟物候和多度与气象条件间的相互关系。结果表明,三化螟成虫种群数量在年际间变化明显,从1986～1997年连续24年间,灯下三化螟成虫的始见期与1～2月的平均温度显著相关,当年11月到次年2月,灯下未诱集到三化螟成虫,从7月到9月,灯下虫量迅速增加,于9月灯下虫量达高峰。灯下三化螟成虫种群与最高温度、最低温度和平均温度间具有显著相关性,随着温度的升高,灯下虫量逐渐增加,但随着相对湿度的增加而降低,降雨量对灯下虫量无明显影响。灯下虫量与气象因素间的多元回归分析及逐步回归分析后获得逐步回归方程Y=-546.67+10.52X2-0.52X4+6.25X5,相关系数R=0.38(F=12.95,P<0.01)。灯下虫量与气象因素间的总体多元回归方程为Y=-723.17-3.81X1+26.00X2-10.82X3-0.48X4+7.67X5(F=12.39,P<0.01),其中X1为最高温度;X2为平均温度;X3为最低温度;X4为降雨量;X5为相对湿度。越冬代幼虫的虫口密度与次年3月和4月灯下成虫数量具有显著的相关性,且越冬代幼虫的虫口密度是影响灯下虫量的关键因子。     

不同冬小麦品种灌浆特性研究

研究结果表明 ,中麦 9号和 951- 2 0品种在植株性状、产量性状上明显优于东丰 170 1,是适合山西中部麦区高肥及中肥条件下种植的两个优良品种。 3个品种的生物产量及经济系数增长均与S型生长规律相拟合 ,可用Logistic方程Y =K/(1+ae-bx)来表达 ;其子粒重量的增加与茎、叶、鞘干重的变化有一定的消长关系 ,可用直线方程Y =a +bx或抛物线方程Y =a +bx +cx2 模拟。开花后天气条件的变化对麦田的物质积累、运转和分配有显著的影响 ,即使在良好的栽培管理和群体结构比较合理的情况下也可导致粒重在年际间的差异 ,而灌浆盛期的持续高温是高产麦田产量不稳的主要影响因素     

Nuclear Resonance Properties of YBa2Cu3O6+x Superconductors

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) results for copper-63, oxygen-17, and yttrium-89 nuclei in the superconducting composition range of YBa(2)Cu(3)O(6+x) (0.4 相似文献   

电导法测定杏叶片细胞质膜相对透性的研究

采用电导法测定了杏叶片质膜的相对透性。结果表明：最佳取样量和重蒸水体积分别为0．3～0．5g和40mL,煮前电导率的最佳测定时间为叶片浸泡10～15h;沸水浴前叶片的最佳浸泡时间为30～40h;叶片煮后电导率的最佳测定时间为沸水浴后4h;电导率值与介质温度呈直线性相关,回归方程为Y=0．0262（x／5—1）＋0．2005（R^2=0．987）。     

系统分析与模拟方法在汞污染盆栽试验中的应用

对1983年冬栽、1984年春栽冬小麦盆栽汞污染试验的部份结果,进行系统分析与模拟,充分估算土壤—作物系统与环境间污染汞的交换量,计算出实际参与系统内部运动的污染汞量,输入计算机同时计算配合十个函数方程,通过标准差、相关系数与显著性测验值的比较,迅速、准确地选出污染汞在系统内运动的数学模型,提高了模拟精度。用关联度分析方法可克服回归分析中的某些困难,较容易地判断出污染汞,籽粒产量,土壤性质与受污染部位的汞量之间的主次关系。     

Electrical Resistivity and Stoichiometry of CaxC60 and SrxC60 Films

The temperature- and concentration-dependent resistivities of annealed CaxC(60) and SrxC(60) films were measured near room temperature. Resistivity minima were observed at x = 2 and 5. The resistivities of these films were rho(min) approximately 1 ohm-centimeter for x = 2 and rho(min) approximately 10(-2) ohm-centimeter for x = 5. This latter value is comparable to the resistivities found in similar experiments on K(3)C(60) films. There is a maximum in the resistivity between x = 2 and 3, and another at x approximately 7. The conductivity is activated over the whole range of compositions, and the activation energy scales with the logarithm of the resistivity. The results suggest that the conductivity and superconductivity observed in Ca(5)C(60) are associated with the population of bands derived from the t(1g) level of C(6O).     

Spins in the vortices of a high-temperature superconductor

Neutron scattering is used to characterize the magnetism of the vortices for the optimally doped high-temperature superconductor La(2-x)Sr(x)CuO4 (x = 0.163) in an applied magnetic field. As temperature is reduced, low-frequency spin fluctuations first disappear with the loss of vortex mobility, but then reappear. We find that the vortex state can be regarded as an inhomogeneous mixture of a superconducting spin fluid and a material containing a nearly ordered antiferromagnet. These experiments show that as for many other properties of cuprate superconductors, the important underlying microscopic forces are magnetic.     

福建将乐林场杉木人工林多功能评价初探

运用主成分分析法,选取小班面积(x1)、树种组成(x2)、郁闭度(x3)、年龄(x4)、平均胸径(x5)、平均树高(x6)、小班蓄积(x7)、坡度(x8)共8个指标构建福建将乐林场杉木人工林结构与风景游憩(Y1)、木材生产(Y2)、涵水保土(Y3)功能的模型:Y1=0.001x1-0.174x2+0.221x3+0.216x4+0.238x5+0.237x6+0.137x7-0.024 x8;Y2=0.584 x1+0.044x2-0.045x3-0.126x4-0.043x5-0.053x6+0.485x7-0.021x8;Y3=0.022x1-0.044x2+0.099x3-0.113x4+0.047x5+0.027x6+0.007x7+0.980x8,并对436个小班进行多功能的等级划分与评价.结果表明:多功能等级为优、良、中等、差、极差的小班比重分别为1.1%、13.8%、60.6%、15.4%、9.2%.评价结果为中等的小班最多,良和优的小班比重小,杉木人工林的整体多功能水平偏低.     

稻叶瘟病斑类型、日龄及温湿度对产孢影响的定量研究

文中报道了关于稻叶瘟病斑田间产孢若干问题的初步定量研究结果。研究表明:扩展型、中间型、停滞型病斑的产孢潜能比值约为100:30～40:5;病斑日龄(x)与病斑产孢潜能(y)的关系可用下式表达:y=1.04-|ln(0.5x+1.8)-1.57|,气温(t)与病斑相对产孢量(y)的关系可用下式表达:令x=4×(t-10),则y=sin(0.317857x+0.008125x~2+0.000067x~3);空气相对湿度(x)与病斑相对产孢量(y)的关系可表达为y=-1004+11.04x(x≥91％);依据保温保温时间(x)来推算叶温病斑相对产孢量(y)的计算式为:y=-12.96+4.42x(24>x>4)。上述研究结果为组建以田间病斑产孢为重要子模型的稻叶瘟流行模拟模型提供了基础资料。     

Diffuse Extreme-Ultraviolet Emission from the Coma Cluster: Evidence for Rapidly Cooling Gases at Submegakelvin Temperatures

The central region of the Coma cluster of galaxies was observed in the energy band from 0.065 to 0.245 kiloelectron volts by the Deep Survey telescope aboard the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer. A diffuse emission halo of angular diameter approximately 30 arc minutes was detected. The extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) emission level exceeds that expected from the x-ray temperature gas in Coma. This halo suggests the presence of two more phases in the emitting gas, one at a temperature of approximately 2 x 10(6) kelvin and the other at approximately 8 x 10(5) kelvin. The latter phase cools rapidly and, in steady state, would have produced cold matter with a mass of approximately 10(14) solar masses within the EUV halo. Although a similar EUV enhancement was discovered in the Virgo cluster, this detection in Coma applies to a noncooling flow system.     

Ultraviolet spectrometer observations of uranus

Data from solar and stellar occultations of Uranus indicate a temperature of about 750 kelvins in the upper levels of the atmosphere (composed mostly of atomic and molecular hydrogen) and define the distributions of methane and acetylene in the lower levels. The ultraviolet spectrum of the sunlit hemisphere is dominated by emissions from atomic and molecular hydrogen, which are kmown as electroglow emissions. The energy source for these emissions is unknown, but the spectrum implies excitation by low-energy electrons (modeled with a 3-electron-volt Maxwellian energy distribution). The major energy sink for the electrons is dissociation of molecular hydrogen, producing hydrogen atoms at a rate of 10(29) per second. Approximately half the atoms have energies higher than the escape energy. The high temperature of the atmosphere, the small size of Uranus, and the number density of hydrogen atoms in the thermosphere imply an extensive thermal hydrogen corona that reduces the orbital lifetime of ring particles and biases the size distribution toward larger particles. This corona is augmented by the nonthermal hydrogen atoms associated with the electroglow. An aurora near the magnetic pole in the dark hemisphere arises from excitation of molecular hydrogen at the level where its vertical column abundance is about 10(20) per square centimeter with input power comparable to that of the sunlit electroglow (approximately 2x10(11) watts). An initial estimate of the acetylene volume mixing ratio, as judged from measurements of the far ultraviolet albedo, is about 2 x 10(-7) at a vertical column abundance of molecular hydrogen of 10(23) per square centimeter (pressure, approximately 0.3 millibar). Carbon emissions from the Uranian atmosphere were also detected.     

Global distribution of crustal magnetization discovered by the mars global surveyor MAG/ER experiment

Vector magnetic field observations of the martian crust were acquired by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) magnetic field experiment/electron reflectometer (MAG/ER) during the aerobraking and science phasing orbits, at altitudes between approximately 100 and 200 kilometers. Magnetic field sources of multiple scales, strength, and geometry were observed. There is a correlation between the location of the sources and the ancient cratered terrain of the martian highlands. The absence of crustal magnetism near large impact basins such as Hellas and Argyre implies cessation of internal dynamo action during the early Naochian epoch ( approximately 4 billion years ago). Sources with equivalent magnetic moments as large as 1.3 x 10(17) ampere-meter2 in the Terra Sirenum region contribute to the development of an asymmetrical, time-variable obstacle to solar wind flow around Mars.     

关中黑猪活体及胴体性状与瘦肉量的相关分析

选择活重 90 kg左右的关中黑猪 30头 ,应用宰前活重、体长、屠宰后的胴体重、胴体长、眼肌面积、腿臀重、背膘厚与胴体瘦肉量资料 ,计算了相关系数 ,采用通径分析法计算了以此 7个性状为自变量对胴体瘦肉量作依变量的通径系数 ( PYxi) ,决定系数 ( d Yxi)及相关指数 ( R2 )。分析结果表明 ,7个自变量对胴体瘦肉量的相关系数均呈现极显著或显著 ;宰前活重和背膘厚对瘦肉量的直接影响 (通径系数 )和决定程度大 ,是胴体瘦肉量的最主要的影响因素 ;选择的 7个性状与瘦肉量的相关分析中相关指数 ( R2 =0 .9398)大 ,通径分析结果能够反映性状间的真实关系     

Evidence for Alfvén waves in solar x-ray jets

Coronal magnetic fields are dynamic, and field lines may misalign, reassemble, and release energy by means of magnetic reconnection. Giant releases may generate solar flares and coronal mass ejections and, on a smaller scale, produce x-ray jets. Hinode observations of polar coronal holes reveal that x-ray jets have two distinct velocities: one near the Alfvén speed ( approximately 800 kilometers per second) and another near the sound speed (200 kilometers per second). Many more jets were seen than have been reported previously; we detected an average of 10 events per hour up to these speeds, whereas previous observations documented only a handful per day with lower average speeds of 200 kilometers per second. The x-ray jets are about 2 x 10(3) to 2 x 10(4) kilometers wide and 1 x 10(5) kilometers long and last from 100 to 2500 seconds. The large number of events, coupled with the high velocities of the apparent outflows, indicates that the jets may contribute to the high-speed solar wind.     

光倒刺鲃的食性研究

为人工养殖光倒刺鲃,对其食性进行了研究。结果表明,光倒刺鲃为杂食性鱼类,仔鱼的混合营养期为1~2d,除吸收卵黄囊外,还摄食轮虫、小型枝角类和桡足类;稚鱼则由内源性营养转为外源性营养,食物组成为大型枝角类、丰年虫无节幼体、寡毛类和摇蚊幼虫,出现少量有机碎屑;全长21~28mm的稚鱼食料以有机碎屑、植物碎片和人工投喂的配合饲料为主,也有寡毛类及水生昆虫,食性与成鱼基本相同;仔鱼不可逆点为孵出后的第14d;全年的饱满指数平均为130.5,饱满指数(Y)与水温(x)呈直线相关,相关式为:Y=-1.7976 0.1441x;日粮摄食量与温度有关,冬季低温时日粮摄食量仅为体重的1.26%,适温范围内达4.30%,8月高温时仅有2.32%。     

The spin excitation spectrum in superconducting YBa(2)Cu(3)O(6.85)

A comprehensive inelastic neutron scattering study of magnetic excitations in the near optimally doped high-temperature superconductor YBa(2)Cu(3)O(6.85) is presented. The spin correlations in the normal state are commensurate with the crystal lattice, and the intensity is peaked around the wave vector characterizing the antiferromagnetic state of the insulating precursor, YBa(2)Cu(3)O(6). Profound modifications of the spin excitation spectrum appear abruptly below the superconducting transition temperature T(c), where a commensurate resonant mode and a set of weaker incommensurate peaks develop. The data are consistent with models that are based on an underlying two-dimensional Fermi surface, predicting a continuous, downward dispersion relation connecting the resonant mode and the incommensurate excitations. The magnetic incommensurability in the YBa(2)Cu(3)O(6+)(x) system is thus not simply related to that of another high-temperature superconductor, La(2-)(x)Sr(x)CuO(4), where incommensurate peaks persist well above T(c). The temperature-dependent incommensurability is difficult to reconcile with interpretations based on charge stripe formation in YBa(2)Cu(3)O(6+x) near optimum doping.     

Magnetic Field and Plasma Observations at Mars: Initial Results of the Mars Global Surveyor Mission

The magnetometer and electron reflectometer investigation (MAG/ER) on the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft has obtained magnetic field and plasma observations throughout the near-Mars environment, from beyond the influence of Mars to just above the surface (at an altitude of approximately 100 kilometers). The solar wind interaction with Mars is in many ways similar to that at Venus and at an active comet, that is, primarily an ionospheric-atmospheric interaction. No significant planetary magnetic field of global scale has been detected to date (<2 x 10(21) Gauss-cubic centimeter), but here the discovery of multiple magnetic anomalies of small spatial scale in the crust of Mars is reported.