河蟹工厂化育苗期间水及蟹体中异养细菌的研究

研究了中华绒螯蟹（Erocheir sinensis),工厂化育苗期间沉淀池水,培育池水和蟹苗体内的异养菌暨弧菌（Vibrio)数量的变化与优势菌株属的组成,以及细菌数量的变化与消毒剂,COD,总氨氮,pH值等环境因子的关系,结果表明,育苗水中细菌繁殖速度快,细菌属的组成较简单,弧菌属为优势属,其出现频次占45％,异养细菌的数量与COD和总氨氮含量呈正相关,与pH值呈负相关。     

Regulation of oceanic silicon and carbon preservation by temperature control on bacteria

We demonstrated in laboratory experiments that temperature control of marine bacteria action on diatoms strongly influences the coupling of biogenic silica and organic carbon preservation. Low temperature intensified the selective regeneration of organic matter by marine bacteria as the silicon:carbon preservation ratio gradually increased from approximately 1 at 33 degrees C to approximately 6 at -1.8 degrees C. Temperature control of bacteria-mediated selective preservation of silicon versus carbon should help to interpret and model the variable coupling of silicon and carbon sinking fluxes and the spatial patterns of opal accumulation in oceanic systems with different temperature regimes.     

瘤胃细菌、原虫和真菌降解植物细胞壁的相对贡献及其互作

采用体外产气量法 ,以球磨与未球磨玉米秸细胞壁为底物 ,对瘤胃微生物不同区系降解植物细胞壁的相对贡献和发酵特征进行了研究。用化学试剂和抗生素来分离瘤胃细菌、原虫和真菌 ,并设计下列微生物区系 :全瘤胃液 (WRF)、细菌 (B)、原虫 (P)、真菌 (F)、细菌 +原虫 (B +P)、细菌 +真菌 (B +F)、原虫 +真菌 (P +F)和负对照(CON)。结果表明 ,细胞壁经球磨后可以显著提高瘤胃微生物的产气量和降解率 (P <0 .0 1) ,但不改变发酵类型 ;不同微生物区系的产气量和降解率具有极显著的差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,WRF的产气量和降解率最高 ,其次是混合培养(B +P、P +F、B +F) ,而单培养 (B、P、F)的最低 (P <0 .0 1)。结果说明植物细胞壁在瘤胃内的降解是在细菌、原虫和真菌的协同作用下完成的 ,对植物细胞壁的降解程度可能不是某一种或二种微生物所能及第的。B +P的产气量和降解率仅次于WRF ,表明瘤胃细菌和原虫在降解植物细胞壁过程中存在协同效应 ,对细胞壁降解的贡献率较大。另外 ,随着产气量和降解率的提高 ,发酵液的pH值降低、总VFA、氨态氮和甲烷气体的含量升高 ,进一步证明植物细胞壁的发酵程度提高了。     

异养硝化在水产养殖中的应用

比较了异养硝化作用与传统自养硝化作用,结果表明:异养硝化作用不仅客观存在,而且某些特殊的异养细菌能同步进行异养硝化和好氧反硝化,在养殖水体水质改善方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

Soil macroaggregates and organic-matter content regulate microbial communities and enzymatic activity in a Chinese Mollisol

The formation and turnover of macroaggregates are critical processes influencing the dynamics and stabilization of soil organic carbon (SOC). Soil aggregate size distribution is directly related to the makeup and activity of microbial communities. We incubated soils managed for >30 years as restored grassland (GL), farmland (FL) and bare fallow (BF) for 60 days using both intact and reduced aggregate size distributions (intact aggregate distribution (IAD)<6 mm; reduced aggregate distribution (RAD)<1 mm), in treatments with added glucose, alanine or inorganic N, to reveal activity and microbial community structure as a function of aggregate size and makeup. Over a 60-day incubation period, the highest phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) abundance was on day 7 for bacteria and fungi, on day 15 for actinomycete. The majority of the variation in enzymatic activities was likely related to PLFA abundance. GL had higher microbial abundance and enzyme activity. Mechanically reducing macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) by 34.7% in GL soil with no substrate additions increased the abundance of PLFAs (average increase of 15.7%) and activities of β-glucosidase (increase of 17.4%) and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (increase of 7.6%). The addition of C substrates increased PLFA abundance in FL and BF by averages of 18.8 and 33.4%, respectively, but not in GL soil. The results show that the effect of habitat destruction on microorganisms depends on the soil aggregates, due to a release of bioavailable C, and the addition of substrates for soils with limited nutrient availability. The protection of SOC is promoted by larger size soil aggregate structures that are important to different aggregate size classes in affecting soil C stabilization and microbial community structure and activity.     

Metabolic deficiencies in protozoa induced by thalidomide

Thalidomide inhibits growth of some protozoa. This inhibition was counteracted by nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and vitamin K(1). The mechanism of toxicity may be an interference of cellular oxidation. A protozoan test system is useful for studying the potential "side actions" of drugs in higher animals and man.     

Interspecific morphogens regulating prey-predator relationships in protozoa

The ciliate Euplotes octocarinatus and some close relatives of it are triggered by predator-released substances to undergo morphogenetic changes that inhibit their engulfment. The changes occur within a few hours and do not require cell division. They are perpetuated during reproduction so long as the concentration of the morphogen is maintained. The ability of Euplotes to respond to predator-produced signals by a defensive change in cell architecture probably provides an effective mechanism for damping population oscillations ofboth prey and predators andfosters coexistence. The signal-induced cell transformation merits study for its own sake because of its developmental implications.     

Organic matter fractions within macroaggregates in response to long-term fertilization in calcareous soil after reclamation

Soil organic carbon(SOC) plays a key role in improving soil quality and optimizing crop yield. Yet little is known about the fate of macroaggregates(0.25 mm) under long-term fertilization and their relative importance in SOC sequestration in reclaimed calcareous soil. Therefore, the effects of mineral fertilizers and organic manure on the mechanisms of organic carbon(OC) stabilization in macroaggregates were investigated in this study. Four treatments were used: unfertilized control(CK), mineral fertilizer(NPK), compost chicken manure alone(M), and mineral fertilizers plus manure(MNPK). Samples from the 0–20 cm layer of soil receiving 11-year-long fertilization were separated into four fractions based on the macroaggregates present(unprotected coarse and fine particulate organic matter, cPOM and fPOM; physically protected intra-microaggregate POM, i POM; and biochemically protected mineral associated OM, MOM) by the physical fractionation method. Compared with the control, the long-term application of NPK had little effect on SOC content, total nitrogen(TN) content, and OC and TN contents of macroaggregate fractions. In contrast, incorporation of organic manure(MNPK) significantly increased SOC(45.7%) and TN(24.3%) contents. Application of MNPK increased OC contents within macroaggregate-extracted fractions of cPOM(292.2%), fPOM(136.0%) and iPOM(124.0%), and TN contents within cPOM(607.1%), fPOM(242.5%) and iPOM(127.6%), but not the mineral associated organic carbon(MOM-C) and nitrogen(MOM-N) contents. Unprotected C fractions were more strongly and positively correlated with SOC increase than protected C fractions, especially for cPOM-C, indicating that SOC sequestration mainly occurred via cPOM-C in the studied calcareous soil. In conclusion, MNPK increased the quantity and stability of SOC by increasing the contents of cPOM-C and cPOM-N, suggesting that this management practice(MNPK) is an effective strategy to develop sustainable agriculture.     

一株异养硝化细菌的分离鉴定和脱氮特性研究

筛选对高浓度NH3-N养殖废水具有高效硝化能力的菌株,研究其硝化性能。通过比较几种已报道的筛选方法和不同生境中异养硝化细菌筛选效果,确定了以乙酰胺为唯一碳源和氮源,从高氨氮生境中可以筛选到高效的异养硝化细菌;进一步通过富集培养分离,从沼气池出水口水中分离到一株异养硝化细菌,并根据部分长度的16S rDNA序列进行了系统发育分析。该菌株具有高效异养硝化功能,在初始氨氮浓度为104 mg·L-1的异养氨化培养基中培养12 h后,氨氮和总氮去除率分别达81.7%和53.7%,最终氨氮和总氮去除率可达90.1%和61.3%,且培养液中无明显的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮累积。16S rDNA的序列分析鉴定,该菌株与Paracoccus denitrificans具有99%相似性,结合生理生化分析认定该菌株是一株脱氮副球菌,命名为Paracoccus denitrificans FJAT-14899。筛选出的菌株Paracoccus denitrificans FJAT-14899对氨氮具有高效的去除率,显示了良好的应用前景。     

Parasitic protozoa and helminths: biological and immunological challenges

Parasitic protozoans and helminths pose considerable medical as well as scientific challenges. Investigations of the complex and very different life cycles of these organisms, their adaptation to the obligate parasitic mode of life, and their ability to face the hostile host environment have resulted in many exciting discoveries. Invasion of host erythrocytes by plasmodial sporozoites and intact skin by schistosomal cercariae are outlined as examples of the elaborate mechanisms of parasitism. Isolation and characterization of single protective antigens or subunit vaccines from these two organisms are examined as models for vaccine development. Finally, developments in exploring gene regulation in protozoans and free and parasitic nematodes are briefly outlined.     

养殖废水中异养硝化细菌的分离 筛选和鉴定

为了获得脱氮功能强的异养硝化菌株用于养殖废水的脱氮处理,通过富集、分离和纯化等步骤,并结合格利斯试剂检验菌株硝化能力的方法,从某养猪场污水处理池污泥中分离筛选了4株具异养硝化功能的菌株,分别标号为79、84、L116、L117,通过16S rDNA序列分析和美国全自动微生物分析仪Biolog鉴定,4株菌均为粪产碱杆菌(Alcdigelies faecalis),并验证了这4株菌的硝化能力.结果表明,当液体培养基初始氨氮浓度为90 mg·L-1左右时,在振荡培养48 h内,菌株79、84、L116、L117培养基中氨氮和总氮均快速下降,氨氮去除率分别达到44.4%、47.9%、61.3%和56.4%,总氮(除菌)去除率达到39.9%、38.5%、43.4%和40.7%.     

Genome streamlining in a cosmopolitan oceanic bacterium

The SAR11 clade consists of very small, heterotrophic marine alpha-proteobacteria that are found throughout the oceans, where they account for about 25% of all microbial cells. Pelagibacter ubique, the first cultured member of this clade, has the smallest genome and encodes the smallest number of predicted open reading frames known for a free-living microorganism. In contrast to parasitic bacteria and archaea with small genomes, P. ubique has complete biosynthetic pathways for all 20 amino acids and all but a few cofactors. P. ubique has no pseudogenes, introns, transposons, extrachromosomal elements, or inteins; few paralogs; and the shortest intergenic spacers yet observed for any cell.     

温州海洋与渔业网的建设

本文详细介绍了温州市海洋与渔业局的官方网站“温州海洋与渔业网”建设的方案设计、网站系统建设流程、网站技术特点。     

高效异养硝化细菌的分离筛选及多样性分析

采用生长曲线指导的富集培养法,从生活污水排放渠中分离筛选出高效异养硝化细菌,并对其多样性进行了分析。结果显示,从分离得到的27株异养硝化细菌中筛选出6株高效菌株Ni1-2、Ni1-8、Ni2-5、Ni2-7、Ni3-1和Ni3-4,其48 h氨氮去除率分别为88.9%、76.6%、87.7%、93.1%、99.2%和91.4%;结合菌落形态、革兰氏染色反应、扫描电镜观察和16S r DNA序列分析,发现菌株的种类较为丰富,初步确定Ni1-2和Ni1-8为节杆菌属(Arthrobacter),Ni2-5和Ni3-1为产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes),Ni2-7为无色杆菌属(Achromobacter),Ni3-4为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)。该结果可为高效异养硝化菌的分离筛选及其多样性分析提供参考。     

Arctic oceanic climate in late cenozoic time

Faunal and lithologic evidence is used to reconstruct paleoceanographic events over the last 4.5 million years. The inception of perennial sea-ice cover is dated at about 0.7 million years.     

1株高温异养硝化细菌的分离鉴定和特性研究

从高温堆肥中分离出1株高温异养硝化细菌。菌株经革兰氏染色为阴性,无荚膜,有芽孢的杆菌。根据形态、生理特征将该菌株初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus spp),经研究发现该菌株以乙酰胺为唯一碳源和氮源时,能通过氨化和硝化作用产生亚硝酸。     

一株异养硝化细菌的分离鉴定及其在垃圾渗滤液中的应用

【目的】针对垃圾渗滤液废水中存在氨氮含量高、脱氮效率低等问题,从垃圾渗滤液生化反应池的活性污泥中富集、分离出 1 株能降解氨氮的异养硝化菌。【方法】对所分离菌株进行形态学观察、生理生化鉴定、16S r DNA 基因序列比对和构建系统发育树;同时研究不同接种量、培养基初始 p H、温度、摇床转速以及碳源种类等因素对该菌株脱氮效果的影响;将该菌株接种于垃圾渗滤液中,对其异养硝化作用进行评估。【结果】所获得的异养硝化菌为不动杆菌属 (Acinetobacter sp.),命名为 XJ-1。经过单因素优化,菌株 XJ-1 能在以乙酸钠为唯一碳源的培养基中生长,并进行异养硝化,当接种量为 6%、初始 p H 为 7.5、温度为 30 ℃、摇床转速为150 r/min 时,菌株 XJ-1 的氨氮降解率最高;将菌株 XJ-1 接种到灭菌后的垃圾渗滤液中,在最佳条件下培养 96 h,氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)的初始浓度由 545.91 mg/L 降至 317.58 mg/L,降解率达 62.82%,且中间产物亚硝态氮(NO₂^-     

3种牡蛎原虫的流行情况调查及多重PCR检测方法

应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法对福建、广东和海南等地沿海的养殖牡蛎进行包拉米虫、派琴虫和单孢子虫检测.结果表明,这些地区的牡蛎均不同程度地感染这些原虫,经鉴定病原为牡蛎包拉米虫、奥尔森派琴虫和尼氏单孢子虫.根据基因库中奥尔森派琴虫和尼氏单孢子虫的基因序列设计多对特异性引物,检测包拉米虫的引物采用世界动物卫生组织推荐引物,通过对多重PCR反应条件的优化,建立可同时检测这3种原虫的多重PCR方法.运用该方法对样品中的牡蛎包拉米虫、奥尔森派琴虫和尼氏单孢子虫进行扩增,结果得到与试验设计相符的303、480和749 bp 3条特异性扩增条带,对其他贝类病原核酸的扩增均为阴性.多重PCR方法最低能检测到10 pg牡蛎包拉米虫、奥尔森派琴虫和尼氏单孢子虫DNA,表明该方法适用于这3种原虫的快速检测和鉴别诊断.     

1株异养型绿球藻的生长特性及营养价值评价

对分离到的1株异养型绿球藻(Chlorococcum sp.)的碳源、氮源及其它培养特性进行了研究,并分析了该藻种在不同氮源及其水平下的氨基酸组成和含量。试验结果表明:该绿球藻异养培养的最佳碳源和氮源分别为葡萄糖和尿素;最适pH值为7.0～8.0;最适培养温度30℃左右,最适异养培养条件下的倍增时间为5 h左右。在含1倍和2倍氮浓度的培养条件下,绿球藻的粗蛋白含量分别达30.8%和36.6%。相同氮浓度下,氮源对氨基酸组成和含量无明显影响。     

Avian extinction and mammalian introductions on oceanic islands

The arrival of humans on oceanic islands has precipitated a wave of extinctions among the islands' native birds. Nevertheless, the magnitude of this extinction event varies markedly between avifaunas. We show that the probability that a bird species has been extirpated from each of 220 oceanic islands is positively correlated with the number of exotic predatory mammal species established on those islands after European colonization and that the effect of these predators is greater on island endemic species. In contrast, the proportions of currently threatened species are independent of the numbers of exotic mammalian predator species, suggesting that the principal threat to island birds has changed through time as species susceptible to exotic predators have been driven extinct.