Hydrated electron dynamics: from clusters to bulk

The electronic relaxation dynamics of size-selected (H2O)n-/(D2O)n[25 eaq-(s(dagger)) internal conversion lifetime.     

R factors mediate resistance to mercury, nickel, and cobalt

Fifty-five clinical isolates and laboratory stocks of Escherichia coli and Salmonella were studied for resistance to each of ten metals. Eleven clinical isolates carrying R factors were resistant to mercury, and, in each case, the resistance was mediated by a previously undefined R-factor gene. The gene was phenotypically expressed within 2 to 4 minutes after entry into sensitive bacteria, but the basis for the resistance remains undefined. Fourteen strains, 12 infected with R factors, were resistant to cobalt and nickel, but these resistances were mediated by R-factor genes in only two strains; separate R-factor genes mediated the resistances to nickel and cobalt. These and other results indicate that the genetic composition of R factors is greater than that originally defined.     

Large clusters of metal ions: the transition from molecular to bulk magnets

Clusters of metal ions are a class of compounds actively investigated for their magnetic properties, which should gradually change from those of simple paramagnets to those of bulk magnets. However, their interest lies in a number of different disciplines: chemistry, which seeks new synthetic strategies to make larger and larger clusters in a controlled manner; physics, which can test the validity of quantum mechanical approaches at the nanometer scale; and biology, which can use them as models of biomineralization of magnetic particles.     

High-performance electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction derived from polyaniline, iron, and cobalt

The prohibitive cost of platinum for catalyzing the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has hampered the widespread use of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. We describe a family of non-precious metal catalysts that approach the performance of platinum-based systems at a cost sustainable for high-power fuel cell applications, possibly including automotive power. The approach uses polyaniline as a precursor to a carbon-nitrogen template for high-temperature synthesis of catalysts incorporating iron and cobalt. The most active materials in the group catalyze the ORR at potentials within ~60 millivolts of that delivered by state-of-the-art carbon-supported platinum, combining their high activity with remarkable performance stability for non-precious metal catalysts (700 hours at a fuel cell voltage of 0.4 volts) as well as excellent four-electron selectivity (hydrogen peroxide yield <1.0%).     

Heterogeneous nucleation experiments bridging the scale from molecular ion clusters to nanoparticles

Generation, investigation, and manipulation of nanostructured materials are of fundamental and practical importance for several disciplines, including materials science and medicine. Recently, atmospheric new particle formation in the nanometer-size range has been found to be a global phenomenon. Still, its detailed mechanisms are mostly unknown, largely depending on the incapability to generate and measure nanoparticles in a controlled way. In our experiments, an organic vapor (n-propanol) condenses on molecular ions, as well as on charged and uncharged inorganic nanoparticles, via initial activation by heterogeneous nucleation. We found a smooth transition in activation behavior as a function of size and activation to occur well before the onset of homogeneous nucleation. Furthermore, nucleation enhancement for charged particles and a substantial negative sign preference were quantitatively detected.     

Chromium and nickel in the fig tree shale from South Africa

Exceptionally high contents of chromium and nickel in shales from the early Precambrian Fig Tree series of South Africa ( 3.1 x 10(9) years old) suggest that the ancient crustal rocks from which these sediments were derived were ultramafic in composition.     

Controlling the dynamics of a single atom in lateral atom manipulation

We studied the dynamics of a single cobalt (Co) atom during lateral manipulation on a copper (111) surface in a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. The Co binding site locations were revealed in a detailed image that resulted from lateral Co atom motion within the trapping potential of the scanning tip. Random telegraph noise, corresponding to the Co atom switching between hexagonal close-packed (hcp) and face-centered cubic (fcc) sites, was seen when the tip was used to try to position the Co atom over the higher energy hcp site. Varying the probe tip height modified the normal copper (111) potential landscape and allowed the residence time of the Co atom in these sites to be varied. At low tunneling voltages (less than approximately 5 millielectron volts), the transfer rate between sites was independent of tunneling voltage, current, and temperature. At higher voltages, the transfer rate exhibited a strong dependence on tunneling voltage, indicative of vibrational heating by inelastic electron scattering.     

泗顶矿区植物根际和非根际土壤反硝化细菌群落特征

为了探讨植物种类和土壤性质如何影响重金属污染严重矿区的土壤反硝化过程,本研究以广西柳州泗顶铅锌矿区上游、尾矿和下游3个区域优势植物——蜈蚣草、芦苇和五节芒的根际和非根际土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术和荧光定量PCR技术,分析了3种优势植物根际和非根际土壤中nirK型和nirS型反硝化细菌的群落结构、丰度和多样性特征。结果表明：罗河杆菌属(nirS型)和慢生根瘤菌属(nirK型)为根际和非根际土壤中的优势菌属,所占比例分别为2.6%～67.8%和4.1%～38.1%。尾矿区根际及非根际土壤中nirS和nirK基因的丰度范围分别为1.45×10⁶～7.78×10⁶基因拷贝数·g^-1(以干土计)和1.10×10⁶～5.70×10⁶基因拷贝数·g^-1,显著低于上游区和下游区(P<0.05)。3种优势植物根际土壤的Shannon指数和ACE指数均大于非根际土壤。多元线性回归分析和Mantel检验表明,土壤含水率、总碳、总氮和总磷含量是影响泗顶矿区3种优势植...     

The roaming atom: straying from the reaction path in formaldehyde decomposition

We present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of formaldehyde (H2CO) dissociation to H2 and CO at energies just above the threshold for competing H elimination. High-resolution state-resolved imaging measurements of the CO velocity distributions reveal two dissociation pathways. The first proceeds through a well-established transition state to produce rotationally excited CO and vibrationally cold H2. The second dissociation pathway yields rotationally cold CO in conjunction with highly vibrationally excited H2. Quasi-classical trajectory calculations performed on a global potential energy surface for H2CO suggest that this second channel represents an intramolecular hydrogen abstraction mechanism: One hydrogen atom explores large regions of the potential energy surface before bonding with the second H atom, bypassing the saddle point entirely.     

Porous semiconducting gels and aerogels from chalcogenide clusters

Inorganic porous materials are being developed for use as molecular sieves, ion exchangers, and catalysts, but most are oxides. We show that various sulfide and selenide clusters, when bound to metal ions, yield gels having porous frameworks. These gels are transformed to aerogels after supercritical drying with carbon dioxide. The aerogels have high internal surface area (up to 327 square meters per gram) and broad pore size distribution, depending on the precursors used. The pores of these sulfide and selenide materials preferentially absorb heavy metals. These materials have narrow energy gaps (between 0.2 and 2.0 electron volts) and low densities, and they may be useful in optoelectronics, as photocatalysts, or in the removal of heavy metals from water.     

Deep-sea iron deposit from the South pacific

Along with specimens of manganese oxides and basalt, rocks containing more than 30 percent iron by weight and consisting mainly of poorly crystallized goethite have been dredged from the flanks of a seamount located on the East Pacific Rise. The Fe-Mn ratio varies widely among the various oxide rocks deposited at this locality and at another seamount in the same area. The deposit was probably formed by fractional precipitation of iron and manganese which had been introduced locally into the bottom water by hydrothermal solutions of volcanic origin, and by leaching from deep-sea basaltic lavas.     

Magnetism on the angrite parent body and the early differentiation of planetesimals

Angrites are among the oldest known pristine basaltic meteorites and record the earliest stages of planet formation and differentiation. Our paleomagnetic analysis of three angrites found that they record a past magnetic field of approximately 10 microteslas on the angrite parent body extending from 4564 to at least 4558 million years ago. Because the angrite paleomagnetic record extends beyond the expected lifetime of the early circumstellar disk, these paleofields were probably generated internally on the angrite parent body, possibly by an early dynamo in a rapidly formed metallic core.     

Potassium-feldspar phenocrysts in the surface of colomera, and iron meteorite

Silicate aggregates, including large single crystals of potassium feldspar as long as 11 centimeters and sodium feldspar, are embeded in the surface of the medium octahedrite Colomera. Silicate nodules in the interior appear to be much smaller (about 0.3 centimeter). Glass nodules are abundant both on the external surface and in the interior. These observations are evidence that some iron meteorites formed as segregations within a silicate matrix and did not originate in a metallic core.     

日粮碘铁水平与蛋鸡血浆、肝及蛋碘铁含量的相关性研究

将 30羽 2 78日龄罗曼蛋鸡随机分成 3组 ,以日粮含 I0 .5 mg/ kg,含 Fe2 5 mg/ kg(对照组 ) ,含 I5 0mg/ kg,含 Fe5 2 5 m g/ kg(试验 组 ) ,含 I10 0 m g/ kg,含 Fe10 2 5 m g/ kg(试验 组 )饲喂 8周 ,观察日粮中碘铁在产蛋母鸡体内的转运及日粮碘铁水平与产蛋母鸡血浆、肝及蛋碘铁含量的关系。结果表明 ,与对照组比较 ,试验 组和 组血浆碘含量增加了 15 3%和 2 0 1% ,蛋黄碘含量提高了 1395 %和 176 2 % ,蛋白碘含量提高了 12 1%和187% ;血浆铁含量增加了 115 %和 142 % ,蛋黄铁含量提高了 77%和 12 4% ,肝铁含量提高了 10 5 %和 149% ,蛋白铁含量和肝碘含量未发现明显变化。相关性检验表明 ,日粮碘与血浆碘、蛋黄碘及蛋白碘 ,血浆碘与蛋黄碘及蛋白碘 ,日粮铁与血浆铁、肝铁及蛋黄铁 ,血浆铁与肝铁、蛋黄铁 ,均呈强正相关 (P<0 .0 1)。这些结果提示 ,通过高碘高铁日粮可以大幅度提高蛋中碘铁含量 ,产蛋母鸡是日粮中碘铁向蛋中转运的良好载体     

分光光度法测定蔬菜中铁的含量

用邻菲罗啉分光光度法测定蔬菜样品巾铁的含量,考察了pH值、测定波长、显色剂用量、显色时间等对测定结果的影响.结果表明,pH值在4～6范围内,显色15 min,能够得到较准确的结果.通过蔬菜精密度试验和同收率试验可知,用邻菲罗啉分光光度法直接测定铁的含量,简便、快速、准确且重复性好,为指导人们合理食用蔬菜进行补铁和进一步开发蔬菜产品提供了可靠的理论参考.     

Deterministic generation of single photons from one atom trapped in a cavity

A single cesium atom trapped within the mode of an optical cavity is used to generate single photons on demand. The photon wave packets are emitted as a Gaussian beam with temporal profile and repetition rate controlled by external driving fields. Each generation attempt is inferred to succeed with a probability near unity, whereas the efficiency for creating an unpolarized photon in the total cavity output is 0.69 +/- 0.10, as limited by passive cavity losses. An average of 1.4 x 10(4) photons are produced by each trapped atom. These results constitute an important step in quantum information science, for example, toward the realization of distributed quantum networking.     

化学镀镍老化液的处理及资源回收利用

参考了 2 7篇国内外有关化学镀镍老化液处理及资源回收利用的有关资料 ,综述了近年来国内外化学镀镍废液的净化处理及资源回收利用的主要技术及最新进展     

根际和非根际土中铅、镉行为及交互作用的研究

用根际箱及根际袋试验研究了红壤、黄棕壤植麦和植稻后根际中铅、镉的提取情况,并比较了单元素存在与复合处理存在的差异。结果表明,土壤中可提取态铅、镉的状况在根际微生态系统中明显不同于本土,而两类土壤又有差异。不论小麦还是水稻,红壤根际可提取性铅大于非根际;镉则有些不同,红壤小麦根际现象不显著,水稻根际与非根际差异很大,但基本上都是根际小于非根际。