甘肃地区几种鲑鳟鱼肌肉营养成分比较与评价

为了解甘肃地区养殖鲑鳟鱼的营养价值与鲜美程度,采用常规营养测试方法测定虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)、金鳟(golden Oncorhynchus mykiss)、亚东鲑(Salmo trutta fario)及七彩鲑(Salvelinus fontinalis)四种商品鱼(体质量835.72～989.12 g)的肌肉营养成分。结果显示:鱼肌肉(鲜样)中水分的质量分数为70.80%～75.00%、粗蛋白18.40%～19.20%、粗脂肪4.00%～10.10%和粗灰分1.20%,除粗灰分含量外各组间差异显著,金鳟是典型高蛋白高脂肪品种。共检测出18种氨基酸,其中人体必需的8种氨基酸总量为7.69%～8.43%(干样,下同);4种鲑鳟鱼肌肉中必需氨基酸组成均与FAO/WHO要求一致,必需氨基酸指数为84.40～86.56;限制性氨基酸一致为色氨酸,4种鲜味氨基酸总质量分数为38.52%～39.25%,各组间差异显著,从各种氨基酸分析得出亚东鲑是相对组成最理想的品种。肌肉中脂肪酸含量丰富(21～23种),多不饱和脂肪酸含量达1.80%～4.83%,其中DHA+EPA含量为0...     

美洲红点鲑溃烂病的病原菌研究

对从患病美洲红点鲑(Salvelinus fontinalis)体表患病部位和肾脏分离到菌株进行了鉴定及药物筛选。结果显示:人工感染试验证实为病原菌,该菌革兰氏染色阴性,菌体呈短杆状。综合该菌形态、生理生化分析结果初步鉴定两株菌均为杀鲑气单胞菌(American salvelinus)杀鲑亚种。用引物AP1和AP2对纯化后的细菌进行PCR扩增,结果扩增出长度为550 bp的DNA片段,对扩增片段进行测序,用NCBI BLAST在GenBank中搜寻相似序列,结果与杀鲑气单胞菌各株A层蛋白部分编码基因有99%以上的序列同源性。进一步证明了鉴定结果。该菌对强力霉素、左氟沙星、氟罗沙星、庆大霉素等13种药物均敏感。     

黄姑鱼雌核发育诱导及鉴定

为建立黄姑鱼雌核发育诱导方法,实验利用紫外线照射使黄姑鱼精子遗传失活,与卵子授精后再通过冷休克抑制极体排放进行倍性恢复,成功诱导出黄姑鱼雌核发育二倍体。精子经强度为3 800μW/(cm²·s)的紫外线照射10～100 s,受精卵孵化率呈现明显的Hertwig效应;当照射时长达到60 s以上,各实验组全部孵出仔鱼均呈现单倍体综合症。精子的紫外线照射时间、受精卵冷休克起始和持续时间等三因素三水平正交实验结果表明,精子经紫外线照射60 s,受精2 min后卵子在3～4 ℃海水中持续冷休克10 min为最佳诱导条件组合,可以获得最高的孵化率(16%)。最佳组合仔鱼形态和细胞相对DNA含量与正常二倍体一致,经微卫星标记检验证明全部不含有父本基因,为雌核发育二倍体。实验报道了成功诱导黄姑鱼雌核发育二倍体的条件,为进一步开展黄姑鱼良种选育和性别控制工作奠定了基础。     

七彩鲑胚胎发育的观察和研究

七彩鲑鱼（Salvelinus Fontinalis）,学名美洲红点鲑,属于鲑形目、鲑科、红点鲑属,与北极鲑、雷克鲑、多丽鲑、公牛鲑并称五大名鲑。主要分布于加拿大东部的拉布拉多地区,因其体表像珠宝一样光彩夺目,故而在加拿大七彩鲑又被誉为冰水皇后。     

草海鲫DNA含量与倍性

为研究草海鲫的倍性及核DNA含量特性,以鸡(Gallus sp.)红细胞DNA含量(2.5 pg/N)为标准、鲫(Car-assius auratus auratus)和普安鲫(C.auratus gibelio(Bloch))子一代为参照,采用流式细胞术测定了25尾草海鲫的红细胞核DNA含量。结果显示:25尾草海鲫的核DNA检测直方图明显分为两种类型,其核DNA绝对含量分为3.92 pg/N和5.44 pg/N两种值,DNA指数(DI)分别为0.99和1.37,其核DNA含量与鲫和普安鲫子一代接近,符合二倍体和三倍体特征。综合分析表明草海鲫是由多种倍体组成、具有核DNA含量特性的混合群体,是贵州省已知除普安鲫和正安鲫外的又一种独特的鲫鱼类型,加强其繁殖方式和资源增殖保护研究具有重要意义。     

北极红点鲑工厂化循环水养殖试验

北极红点鲑(Salvelinus alpinus)在循环水养殖模式下,体重增长趋势呈指数增长,体长增长趋势呈线性增长,增重率在15.58%～96.76%之间,其中12月最高,8月最低;特定生长率在0.47%～2.26%之间,其中12月最高,8月最低;饲料系数在1.02～1.51之间,其中6月最高,12月最低之间;肥满度在0.92%～1.71%之间,其中10月最高,4月最低。综上所述,循环水模式养殖北极红点鲑生长较快、饲料利用率较高,在天津地区冷水资源不足的情况下发展北极红点鲑循环水养殖模式是一种可行模式。     

龙池鲫DNA含量、倍性分析及其形态学特征研究

以鸡(Gallus sp.)红细胞DNA含量(2.5 pg/N)为标准对照,利用流式细胞术测定了龙池鲫(Carassius auratus in Long Lake)的红细胞核DNA含量,采用T型标技术标记了2倍体与3倍体龙池鲫并研究了2倍体与3倍体龙池鲫的形态特征,为阐明龙池鲫的遗传背景及资源增殖保护提供科学依据。结果显示,实验检测的265尾龙池鲫中,42尾龙池鲫样品红细胞核的相对DNA含量接近76,占15.85%,223尾样品接近110,占群体数的84.15%;二倍体龙池鲫的DNA含量为3.83 pg/N,三倍体龙池鲫的DNA含量为5.38 pg/N。龙池鲫是由二倍体和三倍体两种类型的鱼组成的混合群体;侧线鳞数量可作为二倍体龙池鲫与三倍体龙池鲫的辨别参考指标。T型标暂养1周后龙池鲫的成活率达到100%,脱牌率为1.13%。     

丁(鱼岁)雌核发育鱼的异源精子诱导及其与亲本的RAPD比较分析

鱼类人工雌核发育的研究始于20世纪50年代,在随后的50年里发展迅速.雌核发育可以为纯系建立、性别控制、基因定位等研究提供一种有效途径,乃鱼类遗传育种研究工作活跃领域之一[1-3].     

基于微卫星标记的洞庭青鲫倍性鉴定

洞庭青鲫产于湖南省澧县北民湖,因个体大且背部青灰而得名,其快速生长的特性和异于普通鲫的体型令作者怀疑前人报道的"二倍体群体"结果。为此,从银鲫微卫星文库中筛选9个位点构建微卫星鲫倍性鉴定体系,同时采用流式细胞术和染色体核型分析完成了洞庭青鲫倍性鉴定。结果显示,建立的微卫星鲫倍性鉴定体系能够100%区分二倍体、三倍体和四倍体鲫,微卫星基因分型结果显示136尾洞庭青鲫均为三倍体,各位点的等位基因数为1～3,样本基因型包括AAA、AAB/ABB、ABC 3种类型;洞庭青鲫血细胞DNA平均含量为159.42±5.64,与二倍体红鲫的血细胞DNA平均含量(102.43±3.54)比值(DI)为1.56∶1;流式细胞术与微卫星体系判定结果匹配度100%;染色体核型分析显示洞庭青鲫染色体数为3n=156±,核型公式为3n=39m+36sm+81sta,NF=231。建立了适用于鲫倍性鉴定的微卫星标记体系,且系统地证实了洞庭青鲫为三倍体鲫品种。     

美洲红点鲑血液生理生化指标和流变学性质的研究

首次测定美洲红点鲑血液生理、生化指标,同时测定5.75s-1,9.60s-1,11.50s-1,23s-1,46.0s-1,115.0s-1,230.0 s-1 7个切变率全血粘度和230s-1切变率测定血浆粘度。并统计分析生理和生化指标与全血粘度关系,结果表明影响全血粘度主要因子为血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞压积（Hct）、血清总蛋白（Tp）、血清白蛋白（Ap）、血清胆固醇（Cho）,而影响血浆粘度的主要因子是红细胞压积（HCT）。     

美洲红点鲑血液生理生化指标和流变学性质的研究

首次测定美洲红点鲑血液生理、生化指标,同时测定5.75s-1,9.60s-1,11.50s-1,23s-1,46.0s-1,115.0s-1,230.0 s-1 7个切变率全血粘度和230s-1切变率测定血浆粘度。并统计分析生理和生化指标与全血粘度关系,结果表明影响全血粘度主要因子为血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)、血清总蛋白(Tp)、血清白蛋白(Ap)、血清胆固醇(Cho),而影响血浆粘度的主要因子是红细胞压积(HCT)。     

MS-222对细鳞鲑和美洲红点鲑的麻醉效果研究

通过测定不同质量浓度MS-222对细鳞鲑和美洲红点鲑的麻醉效果,检测麻醉时鱼的呼吸频率以及空气暴露时长对鱼体复苏的影响,探究两种鱼类在渔业生产和科研实验中的最适麻醉剂浓度。结果显示：当MS-222质量浓度为80、100 mg/L时,细鳞鲑麻醉所需的时间显著少于40、60 mg/L浓度组,而显著多于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为100 mg/L时,细鳞鲑的复苏时长最短(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为80 mg/L时,美洲红点鲑麻醉所需的时间显著少于40、60 mg/L浓度组,而显著多于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为100 mg/L时,美洲红点鲑的复苏时长显著大于40、60和80 mg/L浓度组,而显著小于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。比较MS-222对两种鱼的麻醉效果,美洲红点鲑对MS-222更为敏感。两种鱼的呼吸频率总体上都随着麻醉程度的加深而下降,当空气暴露时长少于5 min时,细鳞鲑的复苏时长先减少后增加,美洲红点鲑的复苏时长则呈逐渐减少趋势。     

Movement of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in four small subalpine streams in northern Colorado

We studied the movement of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in four small streams in northern Colorado using mark-recapture methods and weirs. The recapture rates of marked adult trout were low for all streams, and large numbers of unmarked adult trout, apparently immigrants, were found each year. Significantly more trout, immigrated into sections that were experimentally modified by installing low log dams, which increased depth, pool volume and the amount of overhead cover. The number of immigrant and resident trout was significantly related to the amount of cover in the sections. Resident trout were larger than immigrants in all streams in the last year of sampling. Most mobile brook trout moved upstream during summer on the two streams where weirs were operated, and upstream migrants were significantly larger than downstream migrants on both streams. We suggest that a high degree of movement may be an adaptive response by brook trout to the heterogeneous nature of small mountain streams.     

Seasonal habitat use by brook trout,Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), in a second-order stream

Abstract Seasonal habitat use by over-yearling and under-yearling brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), was examined in a second-order stream in north-central Pennsylvania, USA. The habitat occupied by brook trout and available habitat were determined in a 0.5-km stream reach during the spring, summer and autumn of 1989 and the spring and summer of 1990. Cover, depth, substrate and velocity were quantified from over 2000 observations of individual brook trout. Habitat used by under-yearling brook trout was more uniform between seasons and years than that used by over-yearling brook trout. Over-yearling brook trout occupied areas with more cover and greater depth than did under-yearling brook trout, suggesting ontogenetic shifts in these variables. Differences for velocity and substrate were not as great as those for cover and depth. The selection of areas with low water velocities governed trout habitat use in spring, whereas cover and depth were the most important habitat variables in summer and autumn. Principal component analysis showed that available habitat and trout habitat centroids diverged most in spring, indicating that habitat selection by brook trout may be greatest at this time.     

牙鲆减数分裂与有丝分裂雌核发育的遗传差异

利用同一尾牙鲆亲鱼的同一批卵子诱导减数分裂雌核发育二倍体和有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体,同时用牙鲆精子做人工授精制备普通二倍体,作为对照组。利用10对微卫星引物对普通二倍体和两种雌核发育二倍体进行遗传分析。结果表明,母本基因型在8个位点为杂合,2个位点为纯合。普通二倍体有6种基因型,等位基因均来自父母本的随机结合,类型丰富;母本与子代、子代个体之间的遗传相似系数分别为0.452 8和0.560 3,接近随机交配群体的遗传相似度。减数分裂雌核发育二倍体有3种基因型,除在1个位点出现异于母本的纯合基因型外,其他所有位点的基因型与母本完全一致;母本与子代、子代个体之间遗传相似系数分别为0.976 6和0.959 5,接近近交系的遗传相似度。有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体有2种基因型,且全部为纯合型;母本与子代、子代个体之间遗传相似系数分别为0.806 2和0.742 5,有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体全部为纯合个体。减数分裂雌核发育二倍体具有高度的遗传相似性,适于固定母本性状;有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体纯合度高,适于作为制备克隆的亲本;两者具有明显不同的遗传特性,均可作为特征不同的育种材料。     

Preliminary investigations of the physiological adjustments associated with compensatory growth in juvenile brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis)

Various physiological factors suspected to govern or be influenced by growth or feed intake of brook charr (80–120 g) were examined under long and short fasting periods during the year. A control (fed to satiation) was included. During winter, fasting (14 and 28 days) followed by refeeding led to a complete compensation. In summer, longer fasting (39 and 61 days) was applied to exacerbate the physiological response. Compensatory growth was observed in the restricted groups, and overall, adjustments/variations in growth and physiological indicators (feed conversion ratio, organosomatic index, enzymatic activities [CS, TRY, CHY]) were more pronounced. Degree of compensation reached was positively related to the deprivation duration. The summer experiment clearly suggests that compensatory growth takes place in two stages after a long starvation period (61 days): (1) restoration of the digestive system (PSI) followed by enzyme activities (trypsin and chymotrypsin) and (2) rebuilding of somatic tissues.     

基于转录组数据的溪红点鲑微卫星标记筛选及引进群体遗传结构

为了深入了解引进溪红点鲑种质遗传结构状况,本研究利用溪红点鲑转录组数据设计四核苷酸重复微卫星引物1 081对,选择其中200对进行引物合成,经过筛选鉴定共获得111个特异性好且扩增效率高的微卫星标记,用其中27个多态性标记比较分析了溪红点鲑引进群体和养殖群体的遗传多样性。结果显示,27个微卫星位点在2个群体中共检测到171个等位基因,多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.426 0～0.877 4,平均为0.673 1,其中23个位点高度多态(PIC≥0.5)。引进群体和养殖群体的平均等位基因数(Na)分别为5.555 6和4.444 4;平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为3.914 5和3.108 2;平均观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.356 2和0.265 0;平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.700 2和0.621 0;平均PIC分别为0.640 9和0.555 5。引进群体和养殖群体的遗传参数t检验结果显示,养殖群体的5项遗传多样性参数均显著或极显著低于引进群体,表明尽管溪红点鲑养殖群体的PIC仍处于高度多态水平(PIC≥0.5),但是经过多代群体自繁,已经出现等位基因严重富集的现象。经Bo...     

Patterns of growth and nutrient deposition in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and their hybrid, F1 splake (Salvelinus namaycush × Salvelinus fontinalis) as a function of water temperature

Several fish species of the genus Salvelinus are used for stocking freshwaters in North and South America and much of Europe but there is little information about their growth and carcass composition. Lake trout (S. namaycush), brook trout (S. fontinalis) and their hybrid F₁ splake (S. namaycush × S. fontinalis) (initial body weight ca. 2–4 g) were raised at 6.4, 10.6 and 14.9 °C to examine growth and nutrient deposition as a function of water temperature. In all species, weight gain and feed intake increased significantly with water temperature and feed efficiency was significantly lower at 6.4 than at 10.6 and 14.9 °C. In brook trout, Thermal‐unit Growth Coefficient (TGC) growth rate was significantly lower at 6.4 than at 10.6 and 14.9 °C, while in F₁ splake TGC was only lower at 6.4 than 10.6 °C. Expressed in terms of relative composition a significant effect of temperature was observed. In all species, moisture content decreased while crude protein, lipid, ash and energy contents increased with increased temperature. Expressed in absolute terms, however, a significant effect of temperature was not observed. In all species carcass contents increased significantly with increased live body weight and were best described by simple linear equations. Gross energy concentration was significantly affected by both water temperature and body weight. These data indicate that the growth of these species is a function of water temperature and, in absolute terms, carcass composition is mainly a function of body weight and not water temperature. Also, such simple linear equations bode well for modification of existing feed requirement and waste outputs models; improving their applicability to these species.