Land use/cover change and landscape fragmentation analysis in the Bindura District,Zimbabwe

Rapid land use/cover change and landscape fragmentation is occurring in many countries in central and southern Africa, as a result of colonial imbalances in land distribution, demographic pressure, agricultural expansion, government policies and environmental factors such as drought. This study analysed the dynamics of land use/cover and land degradation as revealed in landscape fragmentation in the Bindura District of Zimbabwe based on Landsat data for 1973 and 2000. A hybrid supervised/unsupervised classification approach coupled with GIS analyses was employed to generate land use/cover maps from which various class level landscape metrics were calculated using FRAGSTATS®, in order to analyse landscape fragmentation. The results show that agriculture, mixed rangeland, settlements, bareland and water increased, while woodland areas decreased. Consequently, the landscape became more highly fragmented as indicated by an increase in the patch number and a decrease in the mean patch size (MPS) of the woodland and mixed rangeland classes. This suggests that anthropogenic activities driven by agricultural expansion were the main causes of landscape fragmentation, leading to landscape degradation in the study area. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重庆市都市区土地利用/覆盖变化的生态响应研究

土地利用/覆盖变化直接或间接地改变着生态系统的结构和功能,进而影响地表各种景观过程。地表景观过程的改变,必然对人类赖以生存的生态环境产生程度不同的影响。以快速发展的西南山地城市重庆市都市区为例,利用1997年、2006年的土地利用/覆盖类型图,以GIS技术为支撑,计算土地利用转移概率矩阵、景观格局指数,以期从景观格局的角度定量刻画区域景观过程对土地利用/覆盖变化的响应。结果表明,景观呈破碎化趋势,景观多样性有所提高,斑块类型趋于离散,生境质量下降导致内部生境损失,使内部生境更容易遭受外部的侵袭干扰;边缘效应显著,使灌草地从内向外产生生态环境梯度,生物多样性降低;景观内部均质化发展,降低了景观抗干扰的能力,是土地利用/覆盖变化的生态过程响应。要实现区域土地资源的可持续发展和景观生态功能的良性发挥,须注重土地利用格局优化,维护景观生态过程与格局的连续性。     

近25 a来渭-库绿洲土地利用/覆被变化及其影响因素

[目的]对渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲土地利用/覆被变化特征及其驱动因素进行研究,为维护绿洲生态系统健康、稳定提供依据。[方法]利用研究区1989,2001,2013年Landsat TM/ETM+的影像数据,采用动态度模型及转移矩阵等方法,深入分析该绿州土地利用/覆被变化特征,并结合气候因子、人口与经济要素分析其变化原因。[结果](1)近25a来该绿洲土地利用/覆被类型没有发生变化,但各类型的面积及所占比例都发生了较大变化。(2)研究期内,各地类面积呈二增四减趋势:耕地面积净增114.52%,主要是由草地及其他地类转化而来;盐碱地面积增加66.11%,林地、草地、水体与其他地类的面积均有所减少。[结论]近25a来,该绿洲土地利用/覆被变化明显,其中,林地、草地、水体及盐碱地受自然因素主导,而耕地与其他地类则受人口和经济因素影响。     

Evaluating land use/land cover changes and fragmentation in the Camili forest planning unit of northeastern Turkey from 1972 to 2005

Changes in land use/land cover have important consequences on the management of natural resources including soil and water quality, global climatic systems and biodiversity. This study analysed the spatial and temporal pattern of land use/land cover change in the Camili forest planning unit that includes the Camili Biosphere Reserve Area within the Caucasian hotspot, in the northeast corner of Turkey. To assess the patterns during a 33‐year period, the necessary data were obtained from forest stand maps and evaluated with Geographic Information Systems and FRAGSTATS. Results showed that the total forested areas increased from 19 946·5 ha (78·6% of the study area) in 1972 to 20 797·3 ha (81·9 per cent) in 2005 with a slight net increase of 851 ha. Softwood cover types (411·8 ha) completely transitioned to other cover types over 33‐year period. In terms of spatial configuration, the total number of forest fragments increased from 172 to 608, and mean size of forest patch (MPS) decreased from 147·7 ha to 41·8 ha during the period. Nearly 84 per cent of the patches in 1972 and 93 per cent of them in 2005 generally seem to concentrate into 0–100 ha patch size class, indicating more fragmented landscape over time that might create a risk for the maintenance of biodiversity of the area. There were apparent trends in the temporal structure of forest landscape, some of which may issue from mismanagement of the area, social conflict, and illegal utilization of forest resources due to ineffective forest protection measurements. The study revealed that it is important to understand both spatial and temporal changes of land use/land cover and their effects on landscape pattern to disclose the implications for land use planning and management. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

渝西方山丘陵区小流域景观格局演变分析

以渝西方山丘陵区张家沟小流域为空间范围,基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,运用多样性指数、优势度、破碎度和分离度等景观生态学定量化指标,分析了该流域1957,1976,1982,1992和1998年土地利用与景观格局的演变规律。运用分形理论计算得到了各种景观的分维数,以此为依据探讨了各种景观形态的复杂性。研究结果表明,随着时间的推移和经济的发展,张家沟小流域各种景观的多样性指数、破碎度和优势度以及景观的分离度发生了较为复杂的不均匀变化,变化的节律性与区域农业经济政策、人口的增长和经济的发展具有很好的对应性;各种景观形态的复杂性程度排序为:居民地>林地>水田>旱地>园地>水域;应用RS和GIS技术,借助景观生态学的研究方法,探讨小流域景观格局的演变,是区域土地利用与土地覆盖变化过程、格局和机理研究的有效方法。     

近40a凯拉库姆库区土地利用/覆盖变化及景观格局分析

为研究近40 a凯拉库姆库区土地利用/覆盖和景观格局时空变化状况,该文以凯拉库姆库区1975年Landsat MSS、1990年Landsat TM、2000年Landsat ETM+和2011年Landsat TM遥感影像为数据源,利用ENVI软件得到各时期的土地利用/覆盖类型转移矩阵,建立土地利用面积变化量、单一土地利用类型动态度以及区域土地利用综合动态度模型;同时,在景观格局分析中采用景观格局数量分析方法,在类型水平和景观水平分别选取不同的指数,系统分析凯拉库姆库区土地利用/覆盖和景观格局变化的时空特征。研究结果显示:近40 a凯拉库姆库区的土地利用/覆盖发生了剧烈变化,建设用地面积呈现出持续增加的态势,低覆盖度草地和未利用地的面积随时间序列呈"V"型变化,而水体、耕地、中覆盖度草地的面积随时间序列呈倒"V"型变化;建设用地和耕地大面积急剧扩张,并伴随着低覆盖度草地、中覆盖度草地和未利用地面积的减少,大量的中覆盖度草地、未利用地转化为耕地,同时部分耕地又转化为建设用地,使得建设用地和耕地面积显著增加,研究区区域土地利用综合动态度呈"V"字型变化,并有逐渐加快的趋势,活跃土地利用/覆盖类型由早期和中期的水体转化为近期低覆盖度草地,稳定土地利用/覆盖类型由早期的耕地和中覆盖度草地,过度到中期未利用地,进而转化为近期的耕地;景观格局分析表明,中覆盖度草地和耕地对整个景观发挥主导作用,与水体相邻的景观要素多,建设用地斑块数目多且相对分散,但有集中分布的趋势,在人类活动的影响下,整体斑块尺度趋于均匀,景观趋于丰富和复杂化,斑块聚集程度减少,破碎度增加。该研究结果为凯拉库姆库区水土地资源可持续开发和利用、生态环境保护提供科学依据。     

Impacts of historical land use changes on erosion and agricultural soil properties in the Kali Basin at Lake Balaton, Hungary

Historical land use changes may have significant impact on erosion and agricultural soil properties, including soil degradation by acidification, nutrient leaching and organic matter depletion. The Kali Basin study area, a small catchment of high landscape value located in a national park at Lake Balaton, Hungary, with its historical agricultural records, together with the available unique historical land use data for the last 200 years, provides an opportunity to study and model impacts of historical land use changes on erosion and agricultural soil properties. Comparison of long-term land uses with present soil degradation indicator parameters showed that permanent arable land use has led to degradation of both the physical and chemical properties of soils in the Kali Basin. Application of the SEDEM/WATEM distributed erosion and sediment transport model showed that, despite the low overall sediment export from the catchment, land use changes introduced by property ownership and agricultural changes have decreased average soil erosion in the catchment but increased relative sediment export to Lake Balaton. This is due to changes in the land cover pattern that allow more sediment transported to the river system. The overall conclusion of this study is that besides the size and area proportion of land use types, land use pattern seems to be equally important in soil erosion and degradation processes, thus land use pattern is a key factor for landscape planning and development in the Kali Basin. A relationship between the sociological and agro-ecological reasons for the recorded land use changes is also shown in this study.     

艾比湖流域气溶胶光学厚度与土地覆被景观格局关联分析

土地覆被-景观格局直接或间接影响大气环境,了解大气环境对土地覆被-景观格局的响应,对维护和改善生态环境具有重要的意义。该研究基于环境一号卫星HJ-1B CCD数据,研究艾比湖流域土地覆被-景观格局与气溶胶光学厚度(aerosol optical depth,AOD)的关联关系,首先通过CCD数据反演AOD,然后利用分维数分析和贡献分析方法,定量分析土地覆被-景观格局对AOD的影响。结果表明:1)研究区AOD主要集中于绿洲及人口集聚区,从绿洲的中心到绿洲边缘气溶胶光学厚度逐渐降低,且在南部山区集聚呈带状;2)流域平均AOD与景观指数PD、ED、LSI和AI之间均存在着高度相关性,且景观的组成和空间结构都影响着流域AOD的空间分布;3)通过分维数分析,可知耕地和盐渍地的AOD密度从高值中心到外边界下降,但在其他的土地覆被类型上变化相反,盐渍地和耕地是流域主要空气污染的贡献者;4)应用贡献分析法进一步阐明了耕地和盐渍地可以增加空气污染,而林草地的效果相反。土地覆被变化和人类活动是影响艾比湖流域AOD空间分布主要原因,对AOD与土地覆被-景观格局变化的定量研究可以使研究者更好地了解AOD与土地覆被-景观格局的关系,进一步为土地政策的制定和土地利用规划提供参考。     

比利时中部黄土区Ganspoel流域土地利用变化研究

通过航空像片解译,在地理信息系统的支撑下,分析了比利时中部黄土区Ｇａｎｓｐｏｅｌ流域的土地利用变化,土地利用面积的变化和转移概率矩阵模型被用来研究土地利用的时空变化,土地利用变化图彼输出。研究结果显示,从４０年代到８０年代,研究区域草地增加,农田面积减少,森林面积从１９４７年到１９６９年增加,从１９６９年到１９８６年减少。从１９４７年到１９６９年,研究区域４９％的面积土地利用发生了变化;从１９６９年到１９８６年,３６％的面积发生了变化。在研究时段内,景观更趋破碎化,土地利用的变化已引起了侵蚀和生态过程的变化。     

艾比湖流域近40年来土地利用与覆被动态变化研究

土地利用与覆被变化(LUCC)是全球环境变化的研究焦点,定量评估土地利用变化对区域土地资源可持续利用具有重要意义。选择干旱区典型代表区域———新疆自治区艾比湖流域为研究区,基于1970年和2009年2期的LUCC数据,利用数学模型和ArcGIS分析了艾比湖流域1970—2009年近40 a来土地利用与覆被的变化过程。结果表明,在整个研究时段内耕地和城乡建设用地面积在不断增加,其中耕地面积的年平均变化率为5.21%,城乡建设用地为5.62%,其它土地利用类型的面积均减少;耕地和草地、未利用地与草地之间的转化比较明显;城乡建设用地的动态变化最大,水域的动态变化最小;转入贡献率中占优势的主要是未利用地、草地和耕地,转出贡献率占优势的主要是未利用地和草地。     

盐池县土地利用/覆被变化的人文因素分析

以位于我国西部风沙区的盐池县为研究区域,利用土地利用现状变更调查和社会经济统计数据,建立土地利用/覆被变化的人文因素指标体系.用多元线性回归分析与灰色关联分析法,分析了盐池县土地利用/覆被变化的人口、贫富状况、社会经济、技术、政策、文化观念因素,以及土地利用/覆被变化的人文主导指标.结果表明:1)盐池县土地利用以耕地、...     

1962-2010年玛纳斯流域耕地景观的时空变化分析

为分析近几十年来玛纳斯流域水资源开发密集开发条件下耕地景观的时空变化,采用1962年、1977年、1989年、2000年和2010年5期遥感影像进行土地利用制图,并针对耕地信息,分别从时间变化过程、类型转化关系、空间格局等方面分析了近50 a来面积变化的时空特征,从气候变化与灌区建设的角度探讨了水资源空间配置与耕地扩张的关系。结果表明:1)近50 a来耕地和建设用地面积持续增加,未利用地、湿地和冰川雪地持续减少,草地在前20年增加、后30年减少;土地利用的变化程度总体上由剧烈逐渐趋于缓和;2)整体上耕地的变化由双向转化期逐渐过渡到单向转入期,草地和未利用地为各期主要转入类型,建设用地和草地为主要转出类型,各期的转入面积远大于转出面积,耕地总面积持续、快速增长。3)耕地扩张的重心由城市周边转向荒漠地区、由上游地区逐渐转移到下游,先后在昌吉、呼图壁、沙湾县、主要河流两岸及北部荒漠地区扩张,耕地景观也由杂乱破碎转的斑块转为成片连续的耕地带,耕地在景观中的优势进一步加强。4)耕地面积的扩张与降水和河川径流量的增加有关,耕地的扩张速度与方向与水库的空间分布及建成时间有明显的相关性,水库及灌渠建成的后一个时段往往会伴随一轮耕地的快速扩张。流域内水资源开发的潜力不足,已不能满足耕地的大规模扩张。适当控制耕地规模、优化用水结构、提高水资源利用效率,是集约化农业发展、生态环境保护的关键。     

渭-库绿洲多尺度景观格局与盐度关系

中国盐渍化土壤面积大,分布广,对区域农业发展构成了严重的威胁。探索土壤景观格局与盐度的关系将有助于盐渍化监测和评估。该研究选择渭-库绿洲GF-1影像为数据源,结合研究区同期38个样点不同剖面土壤盐度数据,对样点缓冲区景观格局与土壤盐度做Pearson相关分析和逐步回归分析,揭示土壤盐度空间分布格局,探讨景观格局与盐度的定量关系。结果表明:1)水平方向上,土壤盐分高值区主要集中分布在绿洲东部荒漠地带和绿洲西部农牧交错区;垂直方向上,渭-库绿洲表层土壤盐渍化现象最为严重,其他各层土壤盐渍化情况相对较轻,盐渍化程度随着深度下降呈降低趋势;2)绿洲区域易受人类活动影响,景观破碎化程度高,而同一区域不同梯度下,随着缓冲距离的增加,区域景观类型增多、均质性降低、多样性增强;3)耕地利用数量指标能较好指示土壤盐度状况,而水体面积、盐渍地面积、其他用地面积、最大斑块指数(largest patch index,LPI)、蔓延度(contagion index,CONTAG)和分维数(perimeter-area fractal dimension,PAFRAC)对盐度影响相对较弱;4)除0~10 cm层外,自10~20 cm至80~100 cm层逐步回归方程的自变量中,耕地面积、水体面积和最大斑块指数LPI为负效应,而盐渍地面积、其他用地面积、CONTAG和PAFRAC为正效应,最优回归方程决定系数为0.537。该研究确定了渭-库绿洲土壤盐度的分异规律,以及不同盐度对绿洲景观格局的影响程度。研究结果可为西北干旱区绿洲土壤盐度预警提供理论依据,同时为干旱区景观格局研究提供一定的参考价值。     

Classifying land cover conversions in coastal wetlands in the Mediterranean: Pairwise comparisons of landsat images

This study classified land cover conversions by using quantitative change detection methods in the eastern Mediterranean coastal wetlands of Turkey. Three Landsat TM scenes acquired in 1984, 1998 and 2007 were analysed using image pairs of consecutive dates. The amounts of change were calculated for the periods from 1984 to 1998 and from 1998 to 2007, using binary change masks and supervised image classifications, in which eleven a priori defined land cover classes were used. Change areas accounted for 14.81 and 15.64 per cent of the total area, in the first and second periods, respectively. Conversions from/to sand dunes, mud flats and afforestation were by far the most extensive changes. Sand dunes and mud flats decreased, while afforestation and agriculture areas increased in the 23‐year period between 1984 and 2007. Five types of qualitative change were identified on the basis of land cover transformations within and between natural and anthropogenic systems. Type I changes, which indicated conversions from (semi)natural to anthropogenic systems, took place as agricultural expansion over coastal sand dunes, while Type II changes mostly occurred within agricultural systems. Type III changes included changes in human uses, leading to conversions from one anthropogenic system to another. Conversions between semi(natural) systems such as salt marshes and mud‐flats were typical Type IV changes. Type V changes were mainly due to conversions from agriculture to wetland categories or other semi(natural) cover types. Implications of these changes were discussed for management of coastal environmental resources. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

七台河市土地利用景观格局动态变化分析

近年来土地利用驱动机制研究成为研究的热点,煤矿区是土地利用景观格局变化显著区域,该文主要研究土地利用景观格局动态变化及其调控原理。以2000—2010年遥感影像为基础,采用ERDAS软件对土地利用景观格局进行分类,研究景观格局的动态变化、转移矩阵及特征,结合七台河市煤矿区社会经济情况,确定影响景观格局因子的驱动力因素。结果表明:林草地、未利用地减少,耕地、矿业用地增加,动态变化度较大成为该时期土地利用景观格局动态变化的主要特征。第一产业总产值、人口数量是决定耕地的主要因子,林草地、矿业用地与第一、二产业产值及最终消费等经济驱动因素密切相关,同时市政府的环境保护及土地复垦、整治和恢复措施使矿业用地增长速度减慢。     

Land use change and its driving forces on the Tibetan Plateau during 1990–2000

Rapid economic development has spurred land use change in China since the Chinese government initiated its economic reform in 1978. Although many papers have analyzed the characteristics of land use change, especially cropland conversion to non-agricultural use affected by economic development in the developed regions of China, relatively less attention has been paid to studying the characteristics of land use change affected by both economic development and environmental changes in its undeveloped regions. This paper analyzes the land use change and its driving forces in Dulan County, Qinghai Province on the Tibetan Plateau during 1990–2000. The land use change was studied based on the landscape metrics change and transition matrix of land use types, while its driving forces were analyzed according to climatic changes and socioeconomic development. The study indicates that the increase of land use benefits was given great attention; however, the protection of arid environment did not attracted much attention. The study suggests that the land use should be based on the sustainable protection of arid environment on the Tibetan Plateau.     

内蒙古河套灌区土地利用与景观格局变化研究

利用1985年和2000年的土地利用数据，对内蒙古河套灌区的土地利用变化及景观格局变化进行了研究。借助GIS软件ArcInfo和ArcView及景观格局分析软件包FRAGSTATS等软件，分别对灌区的土地利用变化总体特征、速度、变化过程以及景观级别的动态特征进行了分析，同时，比较了灌区土地利用变化以及景观变化的区域差异。结果表明：灌区中的耕地与草地占绝对优势，表明灌区以农牧为主的社会经济结构；土地退化现象十分明显，26.9％的高覆盖度草地转化为中覆盖度草地，部分低覆盖度草地转化为荒漠地，耕地退化主要表现为     

LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGE ANALYSIS AND ITS IMPACT ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN THE NORTHERN PART OF GADARIF REGION,SUDAN

Several decades of intensive dry land farming in the Gadarif region, located in the Eastern part of Sudan, has led to rapid land use/land cover (LULC) changes mainly due to agricultural expansion, government policies and environmental calamities such as drought. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse and monitor the LULC changes using multi‐temporal Landsat data for the years 1979, 1989 and 1999 and ASTER data for the year 2009. In addition, efforts were made to discuss the impact of LULC changes on the selected soil properties. For this, a post‐classification comparison technique was used to detect LULC changes from satellite images. Primarily, three main LULC types were selected to investigate the properties of soil, namely, cultivated land, fallow land and woodland. Moreover, soil samples were also collected at two depths of surface soil from ten sample plots for each of the LULC type. For these soil samples, various soil properties such as texture, bulk density, organic matter, soil pH, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, phosphorous and potassium were analysed. The results showed that a significant and extensive change of LULC patterns has occurred in the last three decades in the study area. Further, laboratory tests revealed that soil properties were significantly affected by these LULC changes. The change of the physical and chemical properties of the soil may have attributed to the changes in the LULC resulting in land degradation, which in turn has led to a decline in soil productivity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于RS和GIS的西昌市土地利用及景观格局变化

为了解西昌市土地利用及景观格局时空变化特征,以3期遥感影像（1989年TM、1998年ETM和2008年ASTER）为数据源像,利用RS、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,对研究区1989－2008年土地利用和景观格局时空变化特征进行分析研究。结果表明,研究区景观要素类型以林地、草地和耕地为主,其中林地面积最大,占50%以上。近20年来,耕地、草地、未利用地和水域面积持续减少,其中耕地减少幅度最大,减少了20.01%;建设用地和林地显著增加,分别增加4?861.31和7?609.46 hm2,其中建设用地增加了64.55%。景观要素明显变化的区域主要集中在地势低平,工、农业集中,人地矛盾异常突出的中部安宁河谷和东部邛海盆地。由于人类活动的干预,研究区景观要素类型相互转化较为频繁,主要表现为耕地转为建设用地和林地,草地转为林地和耕地,未利用地转为耕地和草地,水域转为耕地和建设用地。1989－2008年研究区多样性指数和均匀度指数分别从1.323和0.738下降到1.256和0.701,优势度从0.469上升到0.536,表明景观异质性程度有所降低。     

华北平原城郊类型区土地利用及景观格局变化研究——以衡水市桃城区为例

基于Landsat TM影像数据,应用ArcGIS软件和景观生态学方法,分析了城郊类型的桃城区1996~2000年间的土地利用空间格局变化。结果表明,该区土地利用类型以耕地、建筑用地为主,1996年二者总面积占全区面积的93.45%,2000年略降为85.8%。园地、农村居民点面积增加迅速,分别增长了7.65%和4.72%,小麦、棉花面积下降较快,各下降了7.37%和8.58%。土地变化主要表现为小麦向农村居民点、小麦向园地、棉花向小麦、农村居民点向城镇的转移。采用斑块平均面积、分维数、优势度指数和破碎度指数等景观指数分析了桃城区的景观动态变化特征,发现桃城区正处于乡村向城镇化发展的过渡状态。