土壤质量评价指标体系与评价方法研究进展与展望

在过去的10年里,土壤质量评价成为国际研究的热点。综述了土壤质量评价指标体系和土壤质量评价方法。在总结、分析国内外土壤质量评价指标体系与评价方法的最新进展和研究不足的基础上,提出未来我国土壤质量研究工作的建议。     

土壤质量的酶学指标研究

土壤质量日益衰退,寻找能够准确标示其变化的敏感指标非常重要。土壤酶几乎参与了土壤中全部的生物化学反应,与土壤中多种生态过程密切相关。土壤酶的敏感性、专一性和综合性等特点使其可以作为一个反映土壤质量的生物学指标。本文在概述了土壤酶作为土壤质量指标可行性的基础上,综述了土壤肥力质量、环境质量等的土壤酶活性和酶动力学指标的研究,并对今后相关研究提出了几点建议。     

Using Static and Dynamic Indicators to Evaluate Soil Physical Quality in a Sicilian Area

Both capacitive indicators derived from the water retention curve and dynamic measurements of the flow‐weighted mean pore radius, R₀, were used to assess the soil physical quality of two agricultural areas (cropland and olive orchard) and two natural areas (grassland and managed woodlot plantation) potentially subject to soil degradation. The overall idea of the study was to investigate whether a dynamic indicator quantitatively derived from hydraulic conductivity measurements could be used to supplement the traditionally applied capacitive indicators retrieved from water retention measurements. According to the available criteria, only the surface layer of the cropland site showed optimal soil physical quality. In the grassland and woodlot sites, the physical quality was deteriorated also as a consequence of compaction because of grazing. Overall, the physical quality was better in tilled than nontilled soils. The optimal soil in terms of capacitive indicators had hydraulic conductivity close to saturation that was intermediate among the different land uses, and it remained 1·3–1·9 times higher than that observed in the natural sites even when the largest pores emptied. A depth effect on R₀ was observed only when larger macropores were activated. It was suggested that water transmission parameters are more affected by changes in large pore domain. The plant available water content and Dexter's S‐index showed inverse statistically significant regressions with R₀. The empirical relationships were physically convincing given that, at increasing R₀, the contribution of macropores increases, water is transmitted faster below the root zone and the soil's ability to store water is reduced. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同种植年限苜蓿对土壤理化性质、微生物群落和苜蓿品质的影响

随着种植年限的延长,苜蓿地土壤质量及牧草品质逐步退化。通过对不同种植年限苜蓿土壤理化性质、牧草品质的测定,分析比较了土壤质量及牧草质量的变化。结果表明:在苜蓿生长季内,土壤含水量随月份的递增其变化规律各异,随取土深度的增加呈先增加后降低的变化趋势;随种植年限的延长,碱解氮和速效钾含量逐渐下降,速效磷含量呈先增加后降低的变化规律;各种植年限苜蓿地土壤微生物区系以细菌为主,真菌数量最少,微生物总数以4年生苜蓿地最高,3年生最低;苜蓿品质随种植年限延长而逐渐下降,即栽培年限对苜蓿地的土壤质量及牧草品质均有不同程度的影响。     

森林可持续经营标准与指标中水土保持指标的研究

水土保持指标是森林可持续经营标准与指标中的一项重要内容。介绍了森林可持续经营标准与指标的概况,水土保持与森林可持续经营的关系,国际和中国水土保持指标的研究现状,应用中存在的问题,为森林可持续经营实践和水土保持指标的完善提供借鉴。     

土壤团聚体稳定性评价方法比较

土壤团聚体稳定性是评价土壤结构和土壤物理形状的重要指标.对土壤团聚体分形维数、土壤团聚体平均重量直径和>0.25 mm团聚体含量3种土壤团聚体结构评价的方法进行了探讨.结果表明,分形维数与>0.25 mm团聚体的含量呈负相关性,但是平均重量直径与>0.25 mm团聚体的含量有正的相关性.这三种方法都能应用来评价土壤结构,但是分形维数不仅表示土壤结构,还能说明土壤水分和土壤其它的物理性质.因此,分形维数是评价土壤结构的较好的方法.     

覆草对杏园土壤物理性状、肥力及果实产量与品质的影响

在杏园进行覆草对土壤肥力和杏产量与品质的影响研究表明：覆草能有效地稳定土壤温度，保持和提高土壤水分；降低土壤容重，增加土壤总孔隙度和通气孔度．减少无效孔度；增加土壤有机质和养分含量，改善果树营养，提高杏产量和品质。     

Effects of Conjunctive Use of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on Soil Quality Indicators and Soil Quality Index in Sole Maize,Maize + Soybean,and Sole Soybean Cropping Systems in Hot Semi-arid Tropical Vertisol

The soils in the hot semi-arid tropical (SAT) regions generally have low organic matter and nutrient reserves. Soil-management problems in these soils primarily occur because of poor physical conditions and inadequate drainage through excess runoff, finally resulting in poor crop growth. Hence, the present investigation was conducted to study the long-term impact of conjunctive nutrient use treatments on soil quality indicators and soil quality indices under three cropping systems: (i) sole soybean, (ii) soybean + maize, and (iii) sole maize cropping systems at the Indore Centre of the All-India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture (AICRPDA) using Navjot and JS-335 as cultivars of maize and soybean, respectively. In 2005, the soil quality assessment study under this experiment was undertaken after 8 years of experimentation. Soil quality assessment was done by identifying the key indicators using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear scoring technique (LST). Soil quality indices (SQI) and relative soil quality indices (RSQI) were also computed. Results revealed that most of the soil quality parameters were significantly influenced by the conjunctive nutrient management treatments. The common key indicators that emerged in all the treatments were pH, organic carbon (OC), exchangeable magnesium (Mg), available zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and boron (B). The soil quality indices across the management treatments under sole maize system varied from 1.70 to 2.40 and application of 20 kg nitrogen (N) (compost) + 20 kg N through urea as top dressing emerged as a one of the most superior treatments with SQI value of 2.40. The soil quality indices in maize + soybean system varied from 1.12 to 1.47 and application of 20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N through urea + azotobacter at 2 kg ha^?1 proved to be significant with the greatest SQI value of 1.47. In the case of the sole soybean system, the SQI varied from 1.21 to 1.61. After considering all the systems together, the average best performance SQI score (ABP-SQI score) was computed, which varied from 1.14 to 1.56. The greatest value was recorded in the treatment with 20 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (gliricidia) + 10 kg N (urea). The quantitative relationship developed in this study between mean soybean and maize yields (Y) and RSQI values (X), irrespective of the management treatments, could be quite useful to predict the yield quantitatively with respect to a given change in key indicators for these rainfed Vertisols.     

非饱和土壤物理特性数据处理软件APPIA的数理基础分析

APPIA是用于非饱和土壤物理特性数据处理的专用软件,可快速分析非饱和土壤持水曲线和导水曲线并给出相关参数.系统分析了APPIA的数理基础,并对不同方法分析的结果进行了比较.结果表明:用APPIA程序可获得较为准确的非饱和土壤物理参数,应广泛推广使用.     

非饱和土壤物理特性数据处理软件APPIA的数理基础分析

ＡＰＰＩＡ是用于非饱和土壤物理特性数据处理的专用软件,可快速分析非饱和土壤持水曲线和导水曲线并给出相关参数。系统分析了ＡＰＰＩＡ的数理基础,并对不同方法分析的结果进行了比较。结果表明：用ＡＰＰＩＡ程序可获得较为准确的非饱和土壤物理参数,应广泛推广使用。     

Comparison of Total Nitrogen Methods Applied for Histosols and Soil Horizons with High Organic Matter Content

Abstract

This study was carried out to correlate total nitrogen analyzed by two different methods: Kjeldahl (wet oxidation) and Perkin‐Elmer 2.400 Series II–CHN Mode (dry oxidation or combustion) in Histosols and soil surface horizons with high organic matter content, sampled in different regions of Brazil. A positive correlation (r=0.95**) was verified between the methods, showing that Kjeldahl, because of its simplicity, can be used to routinely determine total nitrogen content in the evaluated soils.     

Effect of Predominant Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on Soil Quality Indicators and Soil Quality Indices under Post Monsoon (Rabi) Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) in Rainfed Black Soils (Vertisols) of Western India

A long-term study was conducted to study the impact of integrated nutrient management on soil quality in post-monsoon sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) at Solapur in Maharashtra State in Western India under All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture. The experiment was laid out with ten Integrated Nutrient Management Treatments in a randomized block design with three replications. The results of the study indicated that among all the integrated nutrient management treatments practiced, the application of 25 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1 through crop residue (CR) + 25 kg N ha^?1 (urea) showed the highest soil quality index of 2.36, which was at par with other treatments receiving farmyard manure (FYM) and crop residues along with urea. The relative order of performance of the integrated nutrient management treatments in influencing soil quality was: T₆: 25 kg N ha^?1 (CR) + 25 kg N ha^?1 (urea) (2.36) >T₅: 25 kg N ha^?1 (FYM) (2.31) > T₇: 25 kg N ha^?1 (FYM) +25 kg N ha^?1 (urea) (2.30) = T₈: 25 kg N ha^?1 (CR) +25 kg N ha^?1 (Leucaena loppings) (2.30) > T₁₀: 25 kg N ha^?1 (Leucaena loppings) +25 kg N ha^?1 (urea) (2.17) > T₄: 25 kg N ha^?1 (CR:crop residues) (2.16) > T₉: 25 kg N ha^?1 (Leucaena loppings) (2.15) > T₃: 50 kg N ha^?1 (urea) (2.10) > T₂: 25 kg N ha^?1 (urea) (1.99) > T_1: 0 kg N ha^?1 (control) (1.77). The results of the study also indicated that average percent contribution of each soil key indicator towards soil quality indices was: pH (3.97%), EC (1.94%), organic carbon (18.6%), available P (2.80%), available K (6.57%), exchangeable Ca (7.02%), available S (3.45%), Available Zn (17.9%), dehydrogenase (DHA) (16.2%), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) (18.5%) and mean weight diameter (MWD) (3.14%). Thus, the results of the present study will be highly useful to the land managers in planning effective management of soil quality.     

冻融循环对黑土团聚体稳定性与微结构特征的影响

冻融循环作用下的土壤结构变化被认为是融雪期黑土坡面土壤侵蚀加剧的主要原因之一,土壤团聚体稳定性与团聚体微结构是影响土壤可蚀性的关键因子.基于控制条件土壤冻融模拟试验,采用湿筛法、扫描电子显微技术(SEM)和Image-Pro Plus(IPP)图像分析处理相结合的方法,分析了冻融循环过程中黑土团聚体微结构的动态变化特征...     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Glomalin‐Related Soil Protein as Potential Indicators of Soil Quality in a Recuperation Gradient of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil

This study aimed at surveying arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species and glomalin‐related soil protein (GRSP) to understand their role as presumable biological indicators of soil quality in an undisturbed forest site (NT) and three sites with different management histories, soil textures, and different ages of recovery after reforestation for 20 (R20), 10 (R10) and 5 years (R05). Our objective was to determine how physical, chemical and microbiological soil attributes influence AMF species distribution, total‐GRSP (T‐GRSP) and easily extractable‐GRSP (EE‐GRSP). Glomus and Acaulospora were related to impacted sites, Gigaspora rosea to sites R10 and R20 that have different management histories and soil textures and Glomus geosporum to sites NT and R10, suggesting some influence of texture on its distribution. Scutellospora pellucida and other species were found only in one season. Correlations between EE‐GRSP and T‐GRSP on the one hand and total carbon and nitrogen, dehydrogenase and urease activity, microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen, on the other, reached values of 40–70% and were especially strong in summer. Soil bulk density had a negative and macroporosity a positive effect only on EE‐GRSP, suggesting the necessity to choose either EE‐GRSP or T‐GRSP as biological indicator depending on the soil characteristics and management. This study demonstrates the effect of recovery age, seasonality and other soil attributes on AMF and GRSP distribution and shows that these biological attributes may be used as indicators of soil quality in the Atlantic forest in Brazil. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同管理方式对黑土农田根际土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

以长期定位试验为平台,采集草地(GL)、作物轮作(当季作物为大豆,RS)和连作(玉米、大豆、小麦连作,CM,CS,CW)共5个样地的根际土壤样品作为实验处理,通过对根际土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量的研究,旨在阐明不同植被覆盖与作物轮作—连作对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明,土壤有机碳以如下顺序递减:GL>CS>CM>RS>CW;土壤全氮含量以如下顺序递减:GL>CS>CM>CW>RS。农田经过20年的生态恢复,植被演替成为草地,土壤有机碳含量比农田各处理平均高出7.8%。水稳性大团聚体(WSA_(>0.25mm))质量分数以如下顺序递减:GL>CM>RS>CS>CW,草地WSA_(>0.25mm)的质量分数比农田平均高出18.0%。WSA_(>0.25mm)有机碳含量与土壤总有机碳含量呈显著正相关(r=0.89,p<0.05)。从草地到农田各处理WSA_(>2mm)与其WSA_(>0.25mm)的变化趋势基本一致。WSA_(>2mm)有机碳含量与平均重量直径(MWD)呈极显著正相关(r=0.99.p<0.01),对土壤团聚体的稳定性具有重要作用。根密度与WSA_(>0.25mm)、WSA_(>2mm)质量分数及有机碳含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与MWD的相关性也达极显著水平(r=0.97,p<0.01),表明植物根系在水稳性大团聚体的形成与稳定过程中起着重要作用。     

Soil Quality Indicators Response to Land Use and Soil Management Systems in Northern Ethiopia's Catchment

Assessment of soil quality (SQ) indicators that detect soil degradation in different land use and soil management systems (LUSMS) is desirable to achieve sustainable management strategies. The LUSMS identified for evaluation included natural forest (LS1), plantation of protected area (LS2), grazed land (LS3), teff (Eragrostis tef)‐faba bean (Vicia faba) rotation (LS4), teff‐wheat (Triticum vulgare)/barley (Hordeum vulgare) rotation (LS5), teff mono‐cropping (LS6), maize (Zea mays) mono‐cropping (LS7), and uncultivated marginal land (LS8). The SQ indicators were significantly influenced (p ≤ 0·05) by the LUSMS. The first four principal components with eigenvalue > 1 explain about 88% of the SQ variability across the LUSMS. The final principal component chosen indicators that mainly influence SQ variability were organic carbon, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, total phosphorus, silt, bulk density, and iron. In this study, a higher SQ was found in LS1 followed by LS2, whereas a seriously degraded SQ was observed in LS8 followed by LS6. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil dissolved organic carbon responses to sugarcane straw removal

Global demand for bioenergy increases interest in biomass‐derived fuels, as ethanol from sugarcane straw. However, straw is the main carbon source to soil and its removal reduces C input, affecting active fractions (dissolved organic carbon, DOC) and C storage. To quantify the effects of straw removal on DOC and C stocks, we built lysimeter system using soil (Rhodic Kandiudox) from sugarcane field. We evaluated four soil depths (1, 20, 50 and 100 cm) and four straw removal rates: no removal NR, medium MR, high HR and total TR, leaving 12, 6, 3 and 0 Mg/ha on the soil surface, respectively. After rainfall, drainage water was collected and analysed for DOC content. Soil C stocks were determined after the 17‐month. Total DOC released at 1‐cm depth amounted to 606, 500, 441 and 157 kg/ha in NR, MR, HR and TR, respectively. Net‐DOC suggests straw as the main source of DOC. Most of DOC in NR (50%) was retained within the 1–20 cm layer, resulting in higher C stock (10 Mg/ha) in the topsoil. In HR and MR, DOC retention was higher within 20–50 cm, suggesting differences in DOC composition. DOC in TR was 40% higher at 20 cm than at 1 cm, indicating C losses from topsoil. Low concentrations of DOC were found at 100‐cm depth, but representing 30% in TR. Straw removal for bioenergy production is sustainable, but we should leave at least 3 Mg/ha of straw to ensure DOC production and soil C storage, taking account the DOC contribution to key soil functions.     

Identification of Minimum Data Set Under Balanced Fertilization for Sustainable Rice Production and Maintaining Soil Quality in Alluvial Soils of Eastern India

The scarcity of non-renewable fertilizers resources and the consequences of climate change can dramatically influence the food security of future generation. Introduction of high yielding varieties, intensive cropping sequence and increasing demand of food grains day-by-day, application of recommended dose of fertilizers could not fulfill our targets due to outdated fertilizers recommendations are yet in practice. It not only alters soil quality, nutrient balance, microbial and enzymatic ecology but also affected productivity and sustainability of rice in Gangetic alluvial soils of India. The effect of fertilizers application based on “fertilizing the soil versus fertilizing the crop” which insure real balance between the applied and available soil nutrient is urgently needed. Hence, the present study was conducted during three consecutive crop seasons (2010, 2011, and 2012) to assess the effect of imbalance and balance fertilization based on initial soil test values and targeted yields, and to determine the effect of farmyard manure (FYM) when superimposed with balanced fertilizers on identification of minimum data set for the development soil quality, nutrient acquisition, and grain yield of rice. The six fertilizer treatments were laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were: T₁-control (no fertilization), T₂-farmyard manure @ 5 t ha^?1, T₃-farmers practice (60:30:30 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha^?1), T₄-precise application of mineral fertilizers based on initial soil test values (77:24:46 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha^?1) for targeted grain yield of 4.0 t ha^?1, T₅-precise application of mineral fertilizers based on initial soil test values (74:23:43 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha^?1) plus FYM (5 t ha^?1) for targeted grain yield of 4.0 t ha^?1 and T₆-precise application of mineral fertilizers based on initial soil test values (135:34:65 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha^?1) for targeted rice grain yield of 5.0 t ha^?1. Result revealed that the targeted rice grain yield of 4.0 and 5.0 t ha^?1 was achieved in T₄ and T₆ treatments with 1.59% (4.06 t ha^?1) and –3.40% (4.83 t ha^?1) deviations, respectively. T₄, T_5, and T₆ significantly increased crop growth, nutrient uptake, available P (P_a) and K (K_a) and augmented rice grain yield by 10.6, 20.2 and 31.6%, respectively, over T₃. Microbial biomass carbon, soil respiration and enzymatic activity were enhanced significantly in T₅ as compared to T₆. Highest soil quality index was found in T₅ (0.95) followed by T₆ (0.90) and, lowest was in T₁ (0.63). The contribution of minimum data set (MDS) toward the SQI was in the descending order of ALP (30.6%) > SOC (21.5%) > K_a (11.3%) > PSM (9.68%) > N_a (8.51%). Overall, rice yield and soil quality was improved by using balance fertilization based on fertilizing the crop Vs fertilizing the soil in alluvial soils of India.     

不同节水稻作模式对土壤理化特性和土壤酶活性影响研究

针对南方丘陵区季节性干旱现状与目前稻田单一化的连作耕作制度对农田环境造成的不利影响因素,通过4a田间定位试验研究了节水稻作模式下土壤理化性状和土壤酶活性变化规律影响.结果表明,与该区常规稻作模式相比.在试验设计范围内,节水稻作模式下稻田的土壤理化性状明显改善,随着耕种年限增加,土壤容重下降,而孔隙度增加.土壤通透性增强,有效阻止土壤次生潜育化和土壤酸化.提高了土壤pH值;就土壤酶活性而言,节水稻作模式处理酶活性常规稻作模式相比.除转化酶外,其它酶活性均有不同程度的增加,尤其对磷酸酶与脲酶影响最大.     

基于因子与聚类分析的不同林分土壤理化性质评价

基于对半干旱黄土地区抗旱造林示范区定位试验,筛选具有相似地形条件的10块标准地,选择9项反映土壤理化性质的定量指标,采用因子分析及聚类分析对不同配置及密度林分的土壤理化性质进行综合评价,采用系统聚类法对其进行分类。通过因子分析,将9项指标转化为4个主因子:土壤速效养分供应因子、土壤全氮及pH因子、土壤结构持水因子、土壤容重因子。因子得分结果表明:不同林分模式4个公因子差异明显,各林分对土壤理化性质改良各有侧重,落叶松油松混交得分较低,可能是深根性树种对表层土壤改良影响甚微,因子综合得分前三名均为刺槐林（林分密度1200～1700株/hm²）,依次为刺槐CH₂（1200株/hm²）>刺槐CH₁（1700株/hm²）>刺槐CH₅（1625株/hm²）,说明刺槐作为研究区优势种,在改善土壤理化性质方面优势显著,适宜密度下刺槐林对土壤理化性质的改良作用更突出。聚类分析结果表明,将改良土壤理化性质相似的林分化为一类,说明不同植被配置模式对土壤理化性质改良存在相似性,但不同类林分对土壤理化性质改良各有侧重。