大兴安岭冻土活动层对兴安落叶松生长及林下植物影响

以内蒙古大兴安岭冻土区的兴安落叶松为研究对象,通过2年的野外调查数据,分析不同冻土活动层兴安落叶松胸径生长率、兴安落叶松林下生物多样性指数变化特征。结果表明:1)随活动层增加,冻土活动层相对较深地区兴安落叶松胸径生长率较高,冻土区比非冻土区均有降低;2)随活动层的增加,冻土区中各活动层样地的Shannon多样性指数与丰富度指数,出现升高趋势,均比非冻土区样地有所降低;土壤中有机质含量、全氮和全磷含量表现出增加趋势,比非冻土区有所减少,全钾含量表现出减小趋势;3)RDA分析结果显示,冻土土壤因子中,冻土地表地温因子和活动层厚度因子影响兴安落叶松胸径生长率、林下植物物种多样性。     

冻土之上的兴安落叶松林研究进展

兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林是我国寒温带典型的森林类型,广泛分布于大兴安岭地区,由于其在冻土地区能维持稳定生长而备受关注。本文以寒温带典型针叶林——兴安落叶松林的生理、生态及生长状况为切入点,整理归纳兴安落叶松林的自身特性及其演替更新规律,参照现阶段对于兴安落叶松林的培育经营方式,结合林分实际状态提出合理科学的经营管理手段,以保证大兴安岭兴安落叶松林的稳定健康生长,进而有效提高森林生产力,保持生物多样性,对维持寒温带针叶林区稳定、健康、可持续发展提供理论支持。     

冻土对森林及其采伐的影响

大兴安岭林区是我国唯一的寒温带针叶林林区,主要树种为兴安落叶松,森林植被的分布面积远远超过本区冻土分布的面积。其自然特点是气候多变,土壤浅薄,有多年冻土层存在,形成多年冻土地区的森林环境。1 地理分布与生长环境     

兴安落叶松原始林生态系统碳密度与碳储量研究

选择大兴安岭杜香-兴安落叶松林、杜鹃-兴安落叶松林、柴桦-兴安落叶松林、草类-兴安落叶松林和藓类-兴安落叶松林5种原始林的林木、下木植被、枯落物、木质残体4种碳库层、林木各器官采用野外实地取样与室内实验分析相结合的方法分别进行碳密度和碳储量的研究。结果表明:1)林木器官碳密度大小序列为树干>树根>树皮>树枝>树叶,分别占林木总碳密度的54.89%,21.98%,10.76%,9.65%和2.72%。2)5种林分类型碳密度大小依次为草类-兴安落叶松林型(83.992 4 t/hm2)>杜鹃-兴安落叶松林型(54.788 8t/hm2)>藓类-兴安落叶松林型(50.612 1 t/hm2)>杜香-兴安落叶松林型(49.396 4 t/hm2)>柴桦-兴安落叶松林型(48.587 8 t/hm2),得出兴安落叶松原始林生态系统平均碳密度为57.475 5 t/hm2。3)研究区内兴安落叶松原始林生态系统总碳储量为2.840 3TgC,各碳库层的空间分布序列为林木层(2.054 3 TgC)>枯落物层(0.349 5 TgC)>下木植被层(0.231 6 TgC)>木质残体层(0.204 9 TgC),分别占生态系统总碳储量的72.33%,12.31%,8.15%和7.21%。     

落叶松种间及其杂种生长与形质性状评价研究

[目的]通过对落叶松种间及其杂种生长与形质性状评价来定向选育优良落叶松建筑材。[方法]以辽宁省大孤家林场32年生的落叶松试验林为实验材料,对落叶松属日本、兴安、长白及华北4个落叶松种,及以日本落叶松为母本的日本×兴安、日本×华北、日本×长白、日本×日本杂种的生长和形质性状进行变异规律分析,并采用模糊数学隶属函数对其差异显著指标进行综合评价。[结果]表明:落叶松种和杂种间生长差异显著(p<0.01),杂种胸径、树高和材积总生长量与母本差异不显著,却显著高于相应父本;杂种之间的生长差异体现在林分的前10年,随着林龄的增大优势逐渐减退;树冠特征因子中的枝下高、冠长、枝条直径、长度、角度和干形特征因子中的高径比、树干圆满度、节子直径、长度、角度在落叶松种和杂种间差异显著。基于上述指标进行了生长和形质性状综合评价,排名前三位的分别为日本×兴安、日本×长白和日本落叶松。32年生时日本×兴安的胸径、树高和材积分别为18.69 cm、21.62 m和0.339 2 m³;日本×长白的为18.44 cm、23.85 m和0.339 6 m³;日本落叶松的为19.36 cm、21.31 m和0.335 7 m³;而且它们在适应性上也具有明显优势。[结论]日本×兴安、日本×长白和日本落叶松适合作为定向培育建筑材的优良品种在东北地区重点推广。     

大兴安岭草类—兴安落叶松中龄林碳贮量研究

通过对大兴安岭南瓮河湿地自然保护区不同坡位、不同地理环境的草类-兴安落叶松中龄林样地进行调查研究,分别计算出样地中地上以及地下部分的碳储量,通过数据进行对比分析,探讨兴安落叶松中龄林植被碳库贮量变化。结论：1兴安落叶松不同部位的生物量大小为：树干〉树皮〉树枝〉树叶,由于受坡度的影响,样地二中落叶松的生物量和碳储量都明显要高于样地一和样地三,这表明在坡度约为19°时,落叶松的生长趋势达到最好。     

和龙市人工落叶松林十年间生物量变化情况研究

对和龙林业局许家洞林场人工兴安落叶松林10年间的生长变化情况进行了初步研究,结果表明:和龙林业局10年间人工落叶松林胸径平均生长4.5cm,2002年14年大小的人工落叶松生物量约为4.1904m3;2012年24年大小的人工落叶松生物量为8.1893m3;10年间的枯损量为0.8220,人工落叶松胸径总体符合正态分布。     

基于树干解析的兴安落叶松人工林单木生长模型研究

大兴安岭林区兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)作为建群种,其人工林资源的面积、蓄积正在不断扩大,成为了大兴安岭林区森林资源的有效补充。利用内蒙古自治区第二林业监测规划院(简称林勘二院)提供的解析木原始数据,采用SPSS V19.0拟合树木生长方程,分别建立了兴安落叶松人工林单木树高和胸径生长模型,对两个模型进行检验、评价,得到其回归系数(R~2)、均方误差(MSE)以及拟合效率(EF),结果均符合模型检验标准,证明模型具有较高的稳定性和估计性。最终确定兴安落叶松人工林树高生长模型为H=22.588(1-e~(-0.032t)),胸径生长模型为■。     

兴安落叶松优良家系的早期选择

通过对大兴安岭林区落叶松初级种子园中的5年生兴安落叶松幼树高生长资料方差分析,结果表明:兴安落叶松家系间存在显著差异,在低强度选择下可以选出30%左右的优良家系,初步估算了用这些中选无性系组建1.5代种子园可带来的遗传增益,并提出了在大兴安岭地区组建落叶松1.5代种子园的设想。     

大兴安岭林区兴安落叶松的木材缺陷及其分布

于1989年初对大兴安岭林区的西林吉、绰尔等十八个贮木场接纳的原条进行了随机抽样,测试结果表明,生长在大兴安岭的兴安落叶松和樟子松,材质较好,经济材出材率较高,其次是白桦,并统计出兴安落叶松的形状、干基和节子等木材缺陷及其分布规律,从而为确定大兴安岭林区兴安落叶松原条量材设计的最佳方案提供了第一手材料。     

大兴安岭兴安落叶松林树木生物量对氮沉降的响应

[目的]研究兴安落叶松生物量增长率对氮沉降是否存在响应,年际间是否存在差异;不同径级是否会影响兴安落叶松生物量增长率对氮沉降的响应。[方法]通过人工氮添加的方法模拟大气氮沉降变化,探究兴安落叶松林连续3年(2014—2016)树木生物量的变化对氮沉降的响应。从2012年开始,共设置4个氮添加水平,分别为对照(CK,0 g·m-2·a-1)、低氮(TL,2.5 g·m-2·a-1)、中氮(TM,5 g·m-2·a-1)和高氮(TH,7.5 g·m-2·a-1),每年的生长季(5—10月)按月将NH4NO3溶于32 L蒸馏水,利用背喷式喷雾器均匀喷洒于样方内,对照样地喷洒等量纯净水。[结果](1)3年间各施氮处理生物量增长率均显著高于对照组(P0.05)、各年份生物量增长率均存在显著差异(P0.05),而且2016年生物量增长率明显高于前两年(P0.05)。(2)2014年各处理间无显著差异;2015年TL处理的生物量增长率显著高于TM和TH处理(P0.05),2016年TL处理的生物量增长率显著高于TH处理(P0.05)。(3)不同处理对年际间不同径级生物量增长率也产生不同影响。TL处理对2014和2016年的10 15cm径级的兴安落叶松生物量增长率有显著促进作用(P0.05);TM处理对所有年份10 15 cm和15 20 cm径级兴安落叶松生物量增长率均有显著促进作用(P0.05);TH处理对所有年份胸径大于10 cm的3个径级(1015、15 20、20 cm)兴安落叶松生物量增长率均有显著促进作用(P0.05)。[结论](1)长期氮添加有可能导致树木生长率的增量逐渐减少甚至出现抑制,将改变现有北方森林生态系统碳源汇动态;(2)由于不同径级树木对氮沉降的响应不同,为提高氮沉降对北方森林碳库影响的模型预测精度,应按不同径级分别模拟。     

Characteristics of reproductive biology forLarix originating in Japan

The paper summarized the life cycle, environmental features and distributions ofLarix origination in Japan. The time of blooming and fruiting and the ways of cone collection and seeds storage were introduced. The treating methods of seeds germination and the sowing time for both Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi Carr) and Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii var.japonica Pilger) were discussed. Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong     

Comparative analysis of diterpene composition in the bark of the hybrid larch F<Subscript>1</Subscript>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix gmelinii</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">japonica × L. kaempferi</Emphasis> and their parent trees

The diterpene compositions in the bark of branches were investigated for two families of the F₁ hybrid, Kurile larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica Pilg.) × Japanese larch [Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr.] (hereafter F₁) and their parents clones. 13-Epimanool, larixol, larixyl acetate, 13-epitorulosyl acetate (not detected in L. gmelinii var. japonica), isopimaric acid, abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, and neoabietic acid were detected. Larixol and abietic acid represented more than 50% of the diterpene content in L. gmelinii var. japonica and L. kaempferi, respectively. Larixol and abietic acid were the predominant diterpene components in the F₁, and the proportions of these diterpenes were between those of the parental species. Therefore, the diterpene compositions in the F₁ were hereditarily infl uenced by their parents. The ratios of labdane, pimarane, and abietane diterpenes suggested that the main diterpene biosynthesis pathway in L. gmelinii var. japonica was from copalyl diphosphate (CDP) to labdane-type diterpenes, and that in L. kaempferi was from CDP to abietane-type diterpenes via pimarane type. Furthermore, linear discriminant analysis suggested that the diterpene contents are effective indices for the discrimination of the hybrid seedlings. Part of this article was presented at the Annual Meetings of the Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry in Kyoto, March 2006, and in Tokyo, March 2007     

Long-term nitrogen addition regulates root nutrient capture and leaf nutrient resorption in Larix gmelinii in a boreal forest

Human activities accelerate global nitrogen (N) deposition, and elevated N availability may alter the stoichiometric balance of nutrients and then affect nutrient absorption by plants. The boreal forest is considered one of the world’s most N-limited ecosystems, and its response to N deposition is already a hot issue. In order to explore how long-term nitrogen addition influences nutrient uptake and distribution in Larix gmelinii in a boreal forest, four N treatment levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1) have been applied in a boreal forest since May 2011. Nitrogen addition significantly reduced the soil pH, significantly changed the soil N availability, increased the total N and N/P in needles and fine roots, and decreased the total P in needles and the C/N in soil. Nitrogen addition significantly reduced nitrogen resorption efficiency, and its impacts on P resorption efficiency were not significant. Nitrogen addition significantly increased the root length, surface area and diameter of 4th- and 5th-order transport fine roots. The N and N/P of needles showed seasonal variation. The needle N concentration and N/P were positively correlated with N addition, while the needle P was negatively correlated with nitrogen addition. With increase in nitrogen addition, Larix gmelinii increased its investment in its belowground parts, which may explain why Larix gmelinii tended to put more C in long-lived roots to improve its C utilization efficiency. Given the P deficiency caused by N addition, Larix gmelinii may be more likely to absorb P from the soil and adjust its C distribution to meet its P demand rather than relying on internal nutrient resorption.

     

A normal yield table forLarix gmelinh in Daxin ganling based on the maximum growth rate method

Normal yield tables forLarix gmelimii (Rupr) Rupr. were constructed from 228 temporary sample plots. A normal stand was defined as having the maximum growth rate parameter, based on the theory of forest growth. Basal area growth curves were described with Richard’s equation according to Von-Bertalanffy’s growth theory and allometric law. The growth rate parameter was found to be K, so a normal stand had maximum K. Thus, the basal area growth curve of a normal stand was obtained simply by increasing K. A normal yield table forL. gmelinii of Daxinganling natural forest was then constructed.     

Relationships between larch growth and forest site factors

Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) Rupr is one of the dominant species in both natural and man-made forests in northeast China. Effects of site factors, including topography, soil properties and nutrient elements (P, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ag, Co and Ni) on the growth of larch were analyzed in detail, qualitatively and quantitatively. The ordination technique was used to group the site factors and to classify sites for larch. Analysis indicated that height growth, diameter (DBH) and volume of the larch varied among site types and this will be of theoretical and practical significance in developing larch plantations.     

Climatic responses of tree-ring widths of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix gmelinii</Emphasis> on contrasting north-facing and south-facing slopes in central Siberia

An analysis was performed on the climatic responses of the radial growth of Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. on contrasting north-facing and south-facing slopes in Tura, central Siberia. We developed chronologies of tree-ring width for four plots, designated as north-upper, northlower, south-upper, and south-lower. Both residual and standard chronologies of tree-ring widths exhibited a significant positive correlation with temperature from the end of May until early June in all four plots. The chronologies of ring width did not reveal any major difference in the response to temperature among the four plots. The standard chronologies of ring widths on the north-facing slope were negatively correlated with precipitation during the winter (October–April) and in early and mid-May, whereas the residual chronologies did not reveal clear relationships with precipitation during the winter and May. The significant correlation between ring width and temperature from the end of May until early June indicates that temperatures in springtime play a significant role in the radial growth of L. gmelinii. The negative correlations between standard chronologies of tree-ring width and precipitation in the winter and in May on the north-facing slope indicate that lowfrequency fluctuations in snowfall have negative effects on the radial growth. However, these effects vary and depend on the microscale topography. Part of this report was presented at the 55th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Society, March 2005, Kyoto     

Reflectance features of water stressed Larix gmelinii needles

In recent years, Xing’an larch (Larix gmelinii) has been seriously infected by pests and drought. In order to improve the accuracy of monitoring the damage to larch by remote sensing (RS) and to predict the health of the larch, we studied the reflectance features of larch needles under different water conditions at the needle level by using the LIBERTY (Leaf Incorporating Biochemistry Exhibiting Reflectance and Transmittance Yields) model. Before applying the LIBERTY model, we recalibrated it for the needles of L. gmelinii based on ten field-measured spectral curves. After recalibration, LIBERTY can accurately model the needle reflectance spectra of L. gmelinii. Based on the recalibrated LIBERTY model, we extracted and analyzed the sensitive bands to needle water content by simulating the needle reflectance spectra under different drought conditions. Then, we established mathematical equations between the spectral indices (MSI, NDWI, and GVMI) and needle water content. Results show that the variations of larch needle water content can significantly change the needle spectra at the near-infrared and short-wave infrared bands. The higher the water content is, the higher the absorption peak is. We believe that our study will provide the theoretical basis and an optional method to investigate the forest water stress using multi-spectral or hyper-spectral remote sensing data.     

Individual-based measurement and analysis of root system development: case studies for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix gmelinii</Emphasis> trees growing on the permafrost region in Siberia

We present results of individual-based root system measurement and analysis applied for Larix gmelinii trees growing on the continuous permafrost region of central Siberia. The data of root excavation taken from the three stands were used for the analyses; young (26 years old), mature (105 years old), and uneven-aged over-mature stand (220 years old). In this article, we highlight two topics: (1) factors affecting spatio-temporal pattern of root system development, and (2) interactions between aboveground (i.e., crown) and belowground (i.e., root) competition. For the first topic, the detailed observation of lateral roots was applied to one sample tree of the overmature stand. The tree constructed a superficial (<30 cm in depth) and rather asymmetric root system, and each lateral root expanded mainly into elevated mounds rather than depressed troughs. This indicated that spatial development of an individual root system was largely affected by microtopography (i.e., earth hummocks). For these lateral roots, elongation growth curves were reconstructed using annual-ring data, and annual growth rates and patterns were compared among them. The comparison suggested that temporal root system development is associated with differences in carbon allocation among the lateral roots. For the second topic, we examined relationships between individual crown projection area (CA) and horizontal rooting area (RA) for the sample trees of each stand. RA was almost equal to CA in the young stand, while RA was much larger (three or four times) than CA in the mature and overmature stands. Two measures of stand-level space occupation, crown area index (aboveground: CAI; sum of CAs per unit land area) and rooting area index (belowground: RAI; sum of RAs), were estimated in each stand. The estimates of RAI (1.3–1.8 m² m₋₂) exceeded unity in all stands. In contrast, CAI exceeded unity (1.3 m² m₋₂) only in the young stand, and was much smaller (<0.3 m² m₋₂) in the two older stands. These between-stand differences in RAI–CAI relationships suggest that intertree competition for both aboveground and belowground spaces occurred in the young stand, but only belowground competition still occurred in the two older stands. Based on this finding, we hypothesized that competition below the ground may become predominant as a stand ages in L. gmelinii forests. Methodological limitations of our analysis are also discussed, especially for the analysis using the two indices of space occupation (CAI, RAI).     

Resistance of larches to bark stripping by sika deer in Hokkaido,northern Japan

Resistance of the Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) (Lk), the Kurile larch (L. gmelinii var. japonica) (Lg), and their F₁ hybrid (Lg × Lk) to bark stripping by sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) were studied in a forest in Hokkaido by cafeteria tests. Several sets of logs prepared from Lk, Lg, and Lg × Lk were fed to the deer. The stripped areas of logs significantly differed between the Lk/Lg set and the Lk/Lg × Lk set (P 0.05). The resistances of Lg and Lg × Lk to bark stripping was stronger than Lk. This result was similar to those of previous studies on gray-sided voles and mountain hares in Hokkaido.