ASSESSING SPATIAL‐TEMPORAL EVOLUTION PROCESSES OF KARST ROCKY DESERTIFICATION LAND: INDICATIONS FOR RESTORATION STRATEGIES

Karst rocky desertification (KRD) has become one of the most important eco‐environmental problems in China. In order to put forward valid restoration strategies, the spatial‐temporal KRD evolution processes were analyzed mathematically using 1:100 000 scale digital KRD distribution maps of Guizhou Province obtained from interpreting Landsat images from 1986, 1995, and 2000. The results showed that: (1) no obvious change took place in the total area of KRD land, but the mutual transformation of different types of KRD land was remarkable. (2) The change patterns of KRD land were classified into three types: simple mode, continuous mode, and reverted mode. (3) The total change rate of KRD land was 398·31 km² per year. (4) The higher the rank of KRD land is, the lower the change rate of KRD land will be. (5) Moderate KRD land had the fastest change frequency and was feasible to change to another type. On the whole, these indicated that the expansion of KRD had been brought under control because of the successful execution many ecological construction programmes. However, new KRD land appeared meanwhile owing to ‘backward’ eco‐social development, and this should be clearly recognized. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

How types of carbonate rock assemblages constrain the distribution of karst rocky desertified land in Guizhou Province,PR China: phenomena and mechanisms

In southwestern China karst rocky desertification (a process of land degradation involving serious soil erosion, extensive exposure of basement rocks, drastic decrease of soil productivity and the appearance of a desert‐like landscape) results from irrational land use on the fragile, thin karst soil. Soil particles in the Guizhou karst plateau were accumulated predominantly from residues left behind after the dissolution of carbonate rocks, and the thickness of the soil layer is related to the amount of argillaceous substances in the lost carbonate rock. This paper examines the spatial distribution of karst rocky desertified (KRD) land in Guizhou Province, and relates it to the different assemblages of basement carbonate rocks. Types of carbonate rock assemblages are discussed using a 1 : 500000 scale digital‐distribution map. Their distribution and sensitivity to erosion are analysed, demonstrating that the occurrence of KRD land is positively correlated to homogeneous carbonate rocks. Differences in physical and chemical properties of limestone and dolomite rocks lead to differences in dissolution, accumulation rate of soil particles and relief on the surface, and these factors influence land‐use potential. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi‐Scale Anthropogenic Driving Forces of Karst Rocky Desertification in Southwest China

Karst rocky desertification (KRD) is a type of land degradation especially prominent in southwest China. This article analyzes the anthropogenic driving forces of KRD at two scales: rural locality and its macro socio‐economic circumstances. At the rural locality scale, the intensive human pressure on land because of a large and fast growing population and unsustainable land use are identified to be the reason for KRD. However, more radical driving forces lie in the farmers' disadvantages in social‐economic circumstances, which compel them to overuse rural land. Hukou system, coastal development strategy, and household responsibility system are verified as three important factors in social‐economic circumstances. At last, a two‐scale framework is constructed to explain how anthropogenic driving forces lead to KRD in southwest China. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于格网GIS的喀斯特山区草地生态脆弱性评价

以贵州省长顺县为研究区,以多元空间信息为基础,采用层次分析法(AHP)和主成分分析法并结合格网GIS技术,对评价体系中的各指标进行10m×10m尺度下的格网化,运用栅格数据的空间叠加方法及生态脆弱性的评价模型,分析获得了长顺县草地生态脆弱性的空间数据。根据生态脆弱性指数(EVI)将喀斯特山区的草地资源生态脆弱程度分为5个等级。分析结果显示,严重脆弱区的面积为36.32km2,所占比重最大;其次是中度脆弱区和极端脆弱区面积分别为28.09和24.99km2,最后,轻度脆弱区和潜在脆弱区面积分别为16.54和8.60km2,所占比重较小。从总体上看,长顺县草地生态脆弱性等级较高,喀斯特山区草地的生态脆弱性主要是由于特殊的地质背景和人类频繁活动干扰的结果。     

基于GIS/RS的喀斯特石漠化与人文活动空间相关性研究——以广西都安瑶族自治县为例

喀斯特环境脆弱是石漠化的自然基础条件,人们长期以来主要从自然驱动的角度研究石漠化演化问题.结合RS,GIS技术对广西都安县石漠化空间分析研究发现,石漠化的数量、强度与区域人口密度、经济密度、土地利用程度呈正相关关系,而与距居民点距离呈明显的负相关关系,喀斯特石漠化的人文驱动机制有基本的规律性,但人文驱动过程也具有复杂性.     

贵州省喀斯特石漠化历史演变过程研究及其意义

针对贵州省喀斯特石漠化历史演变过程研究不足的现状,从人口数量、粮食需求、坡耕地开垦、石漠化发生发展的角度,并结合石漠化发生的地质背景等因素,对其历史时期人地关系、人地矛盾和喀斯特石漠化历史演变过程进行了研究.结果表明,贵州省石漠化发生发展经历了一个长期的、渐进、从量变到质变的过程,人口数量增长是这一过程的关键控制因素;其实质是人口与土地资源之间承载能力的不协调.同时,其演变同生产方式的转变和生产关系的变化是密切联系的;而国家对该区的宏观战略定位也间接影响了贵州省的生态环境质量.严控人口数量和提高人口素质、提高农业生产力、调整产业布局和政策是解决石漠化问题的基本途径,而建立和实行区域间的生态补偿制度对该问题的解决大有裨益.     

利用Landsat热红外遥感调查广西平果县石漠化现状和变化特征

喀斯特石漠化是我国西南地区严重的生态问题,通过对喀斯特地区岩石热特性的探究,提出基于热红外遥感的石漠化监测方法.以平果县为研究区,利用2006年Landsat 5和2014年Landsat 8热红外遥感影像计算亮温,参考高分影像建立典型样本区并分析样本区亮温,确定不同石漠化等级的亮温阈值,最后对全县石漠化进行等级划分,并分析平果县石漠化变化.平果县2014年石漠化分级结果显示:非石漠化占18.47％;潜在石漠化32.9％;轻度石漠化占24.8％;中度石漠化占18.94％;重度石漠化占4.89％.平果县2014年石漠化整体情况较2006年有所好转,局部区域石漠化有恶化的趋势.本研究通过确定适当的夏冬季亮温差阈值可以有效地对石漠化程度进行分级划分,该方法与已有方法相比,具有物理意义明确、方法简单有效、结果客观等优点,具有推广应用价值.     

中国西南岩溶区土壤允许流失量及防治对策

中国西南岩溶区碳酸盐岩成土物质先天不足,沿用1997年水利部颁布的《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》(SL190—96),显然与岩溶区的实际情况不相适应。在分析影响西南岩溶区碳酸盐岩风化成土因素的基础上,收集了相关的资料、数据和图层,估算了西南岩溶区碳酸盐岩的风化成土速率,并将成土速率作为土壤允许流失量,重新厘定西南岩溶区水土流失强度的分级标准,微度、轻度、中度、强度、极强度和剧烈分别为<30、30~100、100~200、200~500、500~1 000、≥1 000 t/(km2.a)。同时根据西南岩溶区水土流失过程的基本特点,对该地区以后的水土保持工作提出4点建议:抓住水土流失过程关键环节重点防治;不同岩溶石漠化区采取不同水土保持对策;积极推进生物篱技术;加强岩溶区土壤改良技术研究,提高基本农田的生产效率。     

基于多源遥感影像的喀斯特地貌景观解译及格局研究

喀斯特景观解译一直是我国遥感影像解译工作的重要内容之一。由于喀斯特地貌本身的复杂性以及其生长环境的相似性,喀斯特地貌解译难度较大。从地理学与景观生态学视角出发,选用高分一号卫星影像和TM影像,辅以DEM和等高线数据,汇总和建立了喀斯特地貌景观分类体系和解译标志,通过目视解译完成喀斯特地貌解译。最后运用GIS和Fragstats软件等技术手段分析了喀斯特景观格局。结果表明:国产高分一号影像数据分辨率较高,因而能够比较准确地辨别不同喀斯特地貌形态,其解译精度优于Landsat TM影像,在地貌解译工作中完全可以用高分一号卫星数据替代TM影像数据;马山喀斯特景观受人类活动影响较小,景观破碎度低,自然性、多样性、异质性、整体性较强,有利于喀斯特景观保护;峰丛是马山县优势景观类型。     

麻窝山小流域石漠化景观格局变化特征

针对受自然和经济因素限制,历史资料较为匮乏的贵州省威宁县麻窝山喀斯特岩溶盆地,利用不同时期的遥感影像数据揭示其石漠化景观的发展过程。以多时相多种遥感影像（MSS、ETM+和AVNIR-2 ）为主要数据源,借助GIS平台和数理统计分析方法,从流域内石漠化的时空分布特点、植被退化特征和土壤侵蚀的角度分析研究区33 a来的石漠化动态变化。结果表明,流域内石漠化的形成和发展主要受人为因素的控制,并且其规模呈明显的扩张趋势。其中,在石漠化发展的前期（1977—2002年）和后期（2002—2010年）,分别表现为迅速扩张和平缓增加的特点,石漠化面积增量分别为0.42 km²和0.12 km²。同时,1980—2009年间,强烈的人为活动导致了较为严重的土壤侵蚀,侵蚀模数达到3 983.15 t/（km²·a）。     

Using Cs‐137 fingerprinting technique to estimate sediment deposition and erosion rates from Yongkang depression in the karst region of Southwest China

Understanding the erosion and deposition rates is very important for designing soil and water conservation measures. However, existing methods of assessing the rates of soil loss present many limitations and are difficult to apply to in karst areas, and there is still very little data in this areas. Karst depressions comprise geomorphologically important sources and sinks for sediments and can provide the long‐term history records of environmental changes. But there have been few similar studies focused on its sediments in the world. In this paper, the Cs‐137 technique was employed to estimate the sediment deposition rate of karst depression to assess the surface erosion. The results indicate that the average deposition rate, deposition amount and specific deposit yield for the Yongkang catchments since 1963 were estimated to be 4·32 mm y⁻¹, 3·16 t y⁻¹and 20·53 t km⁻² y⁻¹, respectively. The results obtained were consistent with the actual monitoring data of local runoff plots, and confirm the validity of the overall approach. So it was suggested that the mean specific sediment yields of 20 t km⁻² y⁻¹ can be representative of the soil loss rates in the regions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Karst rocky desertification in southwestern China: geomorphology,landuse, impact and rehabilitation

Karst rocky desertification is a process of land degradation involving serious soil erosion, extensive exposure of basement rocks, drastic decrease in soil productivity, and the appearance of a desert‐like landscape. It is caused by irrational, intensive land use on a fragile karst geo‐ecological environment. The process is expanding rapidly, and it is daily reducing the living space of residents and is the root of disasters and poverty in the karst areas of southwestern China. The tectonic, geomorphic and environmental background to karst rocky desertification is analysed. Population pressure and the intensive land use that have led to this serious land degradation are described. Although the problem concerns the Chinese Government and some profitable experience in the partial restoration or reconstruction of the ecological environment has been gained, effective remedial action has not been achieved on a large scale. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Detection and interpretation of landslides using satellite images

The severity of the landslide hazard in Hong Kong has resulted in the establishment of a comprehensive landslide database, the Natural Terrain Landslide Inventory (NTLI). It is derived mainly from the interpretation of medium to large‐scale aerial photographs, and describes the location of all landslides. In view of the labour‐intensive nature of air photo interpretation, as well as the lack of regular air photo cover in many countries, satellite images were examined for their ability to monitor landslides at a similarly detailed level, using the NTLI database as a reference. Using automated change detection with SPOT XS® images it was possible to identify 70% of landslides, the main omissions being due to those less than 10 m in width, and many of those identified were of sub‐pixel width. The study also examined different techniques of image fusion for the enhancement of IKONOS images, and demonstrated that landslides on fused images are of similar detail to those on air photos. A methodology for regional scale monitoring is proposed which combines the efficiency of automated techniques for large area monitoring using SPOT® with the qualitative detail obtained from Pan‐sharpened IKONOS images. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多元信息支持的岩溶区土地利用信息提取方法构建

土地利用信息是重要的基础数据,其准确程度将对其后续应用工作的结果产生重要影响。岩溶区地形复杂、地表覆盖类型多样,使用目视解译和传统监督分类的方法都存在一定的局限。通过结合遥感影像和植被指数、湿度指数、地形等多元信息,结合主成分分析方法,利用决策树实现上述多元信息建模,进而以实地调查样点为目标函数获取决策树的分类决策参数阈值,从而构建了多元信息支持的岩溶区土地利用信息提取方法。经试验区的模型应用和样点验证表明,该方法获取的土地利用信息基本符合典型岩溶区土地利用比例和分布特征,总体分类精度达到82%。该方法能够加深对多维遥感信息的认识,充分挖掘出其中隐含的信息,并根据这些信息提高岩溶区土地利用信息提取的精度,尤其能体现出岩溶区地貌特征对土地利用空间分布的影响。     

桂西北喀斯特地区典型土壤在不同筛分强度下团聚体的稳定性

采用AS 200筛分仪分析了不同有机碳含量下3种喀斯特典型土壤(红壤、棕色石灰土、黑色石灰土)的团聚体颗粒在不同筛分强度(1.5,2和2.5mm振幅)的分级特征。结果显示,3种土壤平均重量直径(MWD)从大到小为:黑色石灰土棕色石灰土红壤(p0.05)。随筛分强度由小到大,棕色石灰土和黑色石灰土的团聚体颗粒分级变化较小,红壤团聚体颗粒分级由大颗粒(8,8~5,5~2mm)团聚体为主逐渐变为中间粒径颗粒(5~2,2~1mm)。红壤团聚体结构最易被筛分过程破坏,其次是棕色石灰土,最后是黑色石灰土。研究表明石灰土团聚体机械稳定性强于红壤,且筛分强度直接影响团聚体分级结果。从团聚体聚合角度来看,喀斯特石灰土土壤稳定性较强。     

岩溶石漠化区李树林土壤岩溶作用强度及碳汇效应

石漠化地区不同种植年限人工经济林下土壤岩溶作用强度研究不仅关系到岩溶碳汇估算,也关系到岩溶区陆地碳源/汇的准确评估。利用标准溶蚀试片法研究了典型石漠化治理区不同种植年限李树人工林土下石灰岩溶蚀速率。结果表明:不同种植年限李树人工林土下石灰岩溶蚀量在42～136.3t/(km²·a)之间,折算成单位面积碳汇量则在5～16.4 t/(km²·a)之间,种植年限对土下石灰岩溶蚀速率具有显著影响,基本表现为植被生长初始和达到稳定阶段时的溶蚀速率较大,此时的碳汇潜力也较大。因此,在石漠化治理的过程中种植人工经济树种,在岩溶区地表森林系统的增汇过程发生的同时,地下也同步发生着类似的增汇过程。因此,在岩溶区碳循环潜力与评价研究中必须考虑岩溶作用。     

Assessment of soil erosion at large watershed scale using RUSLE and GIS: a case study in the Loess Plateau of China

Soil erosion is a serious problem in the Loess Plateau of China, and assessment of soil erosion at large watershed scale is urgently need. This study used RUSLE and GIS to assess soil loss in the Yanhe watershed. All factors used in the RUSLE were calculated for the watershed using local data. RUSLE‐factor maps were made. The mean values of the R‐factor, K‐factor, LS‐factor, C‐factor and P‐factor were 970 209 MJ km⁻² h⁻¹ a⁻¹, 0·0195 Mg h MJ⁻¹ mm⁻¹, 10·27, 0·33359 and 0·2135 respectively. The mean value of the annual average soil loss was found to be 14 458 Mg km⁻² per year, and the soil loss rate in most areas was between 5000 and 20 000 Mg km⁻² per year. There is more erosion in the centre and southeast than in the northwest of Yanhe watershed. Because of the limitations of the RUSLE and spatial heterogeneity, more work should be done on the RUSLE‐factor accuracy, scale effects, etc. Furthermore, it is necessary to apply some physical models in the future, to identify the transport and deposition processes of sediment at a large scale. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Do surface active substances from water repellent soils aid wetting?

Soil water repellency is usually unstable, as exemplified by the common method of quantifying repellency degree – the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test. Dynamic penetration and infiltration of water into repellent soils is generally attributed to either reduction of the solid‐liquid interfacial energy (γ_SL) or reduction of the liquid‐vapour interfacial energy (γ_LV), or both. The reduction of γ_SL can result from conformation changes, hydration, or rearrangement of organic molecules coating soil particle surfaces as a result of contact with water, while the reduction of γ_LV can result from dissolution of soil‐borne surface active organic compounds into the water drop. The purpose of this study was to explicitly test the role of the second mechanism in dynamic wetting processes in unstably repellent soils, by examining the drop penetration time (DPT) of water extracts from repellent soils obtained after varying extraction times and at different soil : water ratios. It was indeed found that soil extracts had lower surface tensions (γ_LV approx. 51–54 mN m⁻¹) than distilled water. However, DPT of the soil extracts in water repellent soils was generally the same or greater than that of water. Salt solutions with the same electrical conductivity and monovalent/divalent cation ratio as the soil extracts, but lacking surface active organic substances, had the same DPT as did the extracts. In contrast, DPT of ethanol solutions prepared with the same γ_LV, electrical conductivity, and monovalent/divalent cation ratio as the soil extracts, was much faster. Ethanol solutions are usually used as an agent to reduce γ_LV and as such, to reduce DPT. It is concluded that the surface‐active, soil‐derived organic substances in aqueous soil extracts do not contribute to wetting dynamics, and as such, this mechanism for explaining kinetics of water penetration into water repellent soils is rejected. It is also concluded that the rapid penetration of ethanol solutions must be due not only to changes in γ_LV, but to also to changes in either or both γ_SL and the solid‐vapour interfacial energy (γ_SV). These results stand in sharp contrast to well‐accepted logical paradigms.     

桂西北喀斯特峰丛不同土地利用方式坡面产流产沙特征

由于缺乏长期定位观测资料,西南喀斯特山区坡地水土流失规律一直不明确,严重影响了该区石漠化综合治理和水土流失防治工作的成效和进程。该文基于13个大型径流小区(宽20m、投影面积>1000m2)5a(2006-2010年)的定位观测资料,分析了桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地不同利用方式坡面降雨产流规律和地表侵蚀产沙特征。结果表明:观测期内年降雨量为1300～2000mm,无论平水年还是丰水年,不同利用方式坡面次降雨径流系数<5%,地表产流很少,降雨几乎全部入渗。不同利用方式地表侵蚀产沙模数虽有较大差异,但土壤侵蚀以微度(<30t/(km2a))为主,部分甚至只有0～5t/(km2a)。植被类型、土地利用方式对坡面降雨产流的影响较小,但人为干扰会增加地表侵蚀产沙量。该文为喀斯特坡地植被恢复重建和水土流失防治提供参考。     

Evaluation of the predictive capabilities of Landsat 7 ETM+ on 50‐cm mean annual soil temperature in the Transylvanian Plain,Romania

Mean annual soil temperature has important implications for crops as well as for soil classification and formation. Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) band‐6 was analysed to determine its relationship with mean annual soil temperature (MAST) at 50 cm in the Transylvanian Plain, Romania. Band‐6 is available in both high and low gain formats from the United States Geological Survey; for our study only high gain was evaluated because of the increased resolution that it provides. Both of the gain levels of band‐6 are measured at 10.4–12.5 µm (thermal infrared), at 60‐m spatial resolution. Four different months of Landsat 7 ETM+ data were used to predict MAST and compared with 50‐cm soil temperature data measured on‐site with in situ sensors and data logging stations. Despite no correction for land cover differences across the plain, strong relationships were found between the Landsat‐predicted and field measured MAST with a coefficient of determination (R²) for July, August, December and February of 0.63. Multiple regression analysis (MAST_Regression) provided a weaker relationship, when compared with MAST_{in situ}, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.42. Significant differences existed between urban and agricultural land covers, as identified by Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) data. The use of Landsat 7 ETM+ could reduce the time and expense of large field studies for determining MAST. These data could then be used for temperature models of entire regions, for a range of land management options.