羊垂体前叶隆钙素基因相关肽（CGRP与P物质（SP）免疫反应神经纤维

应用免疫组化ＡＢＣ法发现羊垂有叶有降钙素基因相关肽免疫反应神经存在,这些纤维呈串球性分布于结节部及远侧部前２／３区域。纤维形态多样,细长者穿行于腺细胞之间;短小变曲者围绕于腺细胞周围,反复分支折叠盘曲缠绕成力簇状者将腺细胞成堆的网络其中,神经纤维主串珠与腺细胞关系密切,提示有可能对腺细胞分泌直接支配作用。在纤维分布区域可见散在免疫反应细胞、形态不规则、大部分与神经纤维无接触关系,但有少数可位于纤维     

FSH分泌细胞在皖西白鹅脑垂体中的分布与定位

采用免疫组化SABC法并结合DAB显色技术时皖西白鹩脑垂体结构和促卵泡素(follicular stimulating hormone,FSH)分泌细胞进行了研究和定位.结果发现,皖西白鹅的垂体前叶由远侧部和结节部构成,没有中间部.垂体FSH免疫阳性细胞分布广泛,但前叶远侧部分布较多,从而表明皖西白鹅整个垂体都有FSH分泌,主要分泌部位在垂体前叶的远侧部.     

幼龄雄性羊驼脑垂体结构的研究

本研究旨在观察7月龄雄性羊驼脑垂体的组织结构,为研究其内分泌功能提供形态学依据。3只7月龄未性成熟的雄性羊驼,解剖取出脑垂体制作标本,应用光镜和透射电镜技术观察其结构。结果显示,羊驼垂体位于颅底蝶骨构成的很浅的垂体窝内,与水牛相似,为椭圆形小体,背侧平,腹侧凸,由腺垂体(包括远侧部、结节部和中间部)和神经垂体组成,存在垂体裂和不发达的垂体腔;远侧部约占矢状总面积的近40%～45%,中间部和神经部也较发达;远侧部嗜酸性细胞、嗜碱性细胞和嫌色细胞所占比例为8∶1∶11;电镜下观察到羊驼脑垂体远侧部中的生长激素细胞、促甲状腺激素细胞、促肾上腺皮质激素细胞、促性腺激素细胞和滤泡细胞,且生长激素细胞数量最多。结果提示,7月龄雄性羊驼脑垂体结构与大多数哺乳动物相似,但有其特有的结构特征。     

大鼠垂体前叶内IFN-γ免疫阳性神经纤维的分布

应用免疫组化SP法发现大鼠垂体前叶内有IFN－γ免疫反应阳性纤维存在。纤维主要有纤维型和膨体型两种形式。纤维型表现为细、短淡染的IFN－γ免疫反应神经纤维；膨体型表现为大小不等、深染的点状结构。这些纤维围绕在腺细胞周围，与腺细胞有密切关系。阳性纤维周围有丰富的血管，血管壁上也可看到阳性纤维。     

妊娠山羊垂体前叶CGRP阳性神经纤维的分布

应用免疫组织化学ABC法，对妊娠山羊三个不同时期垂体前叶中CGRP免疫反应阳性神经纤维的分布进行了比较研究。结果表明：在妊娠三个不同时期(妊娠1～4周，妊娠5～8周，妊娠9～17周)，山羊垂体前叶中均存在CGRP阳性纤维，形态各异。依据其形态大致可分为网络点线型纤维、细长串珠型纤维、字母型纤维三类。     

LHRH神经元在奶山羊下丘脑和隔区的分布-ABC法研究

本文应用免疫组化ABC法来研究三头成年雌性奶山羊的LHRH核周的及其神经纤维在下丘脑及隔区的分布。结果表明:LHRH核周体形态不规则,有突起,胞体和胞突内充满棕黑色的免疫反应颗粒。核周体主要分布在;(1)嗅脑隔区内由隔三角核、隔内侧核、视前正中核、视前内侧核、视前外侧核、斜角带核、前联合核构成的一条背腹走向的疏松细胞带。(2)由视前交叉上核、视前室周核、视上核、腹内侧核、腹外侧核、弓状核构成的一条斜向于正中隆起的细胞带。每头羊在以上两个细胞带内可查到112～173个LHRH核周体。 LHRH神经纤维呈明显的串珠状,长短与粗细均不一致,除了在上述各核团内有不同程度的分布外,还在正中隆起、血管终板器、灰结节、第三脑室室周均有较多的分布。此外在血管和脑室附近还可见到神经纤维终枝的分布。     

ER免疫反应产物在幼龄公山羊下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的表达

应用免疫组化SP法时雌激素受体(ER)免疫反应产物在幼龄公山羊下丘脑、垂体、性腺中的分布特点进行了研究。结果显示，下丘脑中ER免疫反应阳性神经元主要分布在视上核、室旁核、室周核等9个核团，在视前区、下丘脑外侧区等核团也有一定数量的阳性神经元；阳性细胞呈圆形、卵圆形、三角形不等，阳性物质大多位于细胞质和胞核，阳性纤维散布于各阳性核团中；在正中隆起和第三脑室室管膜可见大量小而密集排列的深染的阳性神经元。神经垂体中可见大小不等、排列较均匀且染色较深的纤维，腺垂体中腺细胞呈强阳性着色。睾丸曲细精管中的初级精母细胞和支持细胞以及睾丸间质细胞中的ER阳性产物均为微弱表达。由此表明，幼龄公山羊雌激素除作用于性腺外，还主要作用于中枢神经系统的广泛区域，推测其参与了脑中生殖、内分泌、认知等多种功能的调控。     

发情周期中奶山羊下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴催产素的免疫组化定位

用免疫组化ABC法,对发情周期中奶山羊下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴催产素(OT)分布进行了观察研究.结果表明,下丘脑中分泌OT的神经元主要分布在室旁核和视上核,在穹窿周核、腹内侧核、腹外侧核、交叉上核、背内侧核、乳头体、下丘脑外侧区、下丘脑前核等核团也有一定数量的阳性神经元;阳性神经纤维仅见于室旁核、下丘脑前核、视上核等少数核团,在正中隆起和第3脑室室周可见到一定数量的阳性神经纤维.在垂体前叶未见到OT免疫反应阳性产物,自垂体柄和正中隆起的一侧可见到平行排列的OT阳性神经纤维断续地延伸至神经部.卵巢的卵泡及间质未见OT免疫阳性反应,,在黄体组织中存在数量较多的免疫反应阳性细胞,阳性细胞主要呈圆形、卵圆形,小梁两侧及黄体中央近腔区域的阳性细胞呈长梭形,有相当数量的阳性细胞具有突起.连续切片HE染色对照观察显示,黄体中OT主要由大黄体细胞产生,但小黄体细胞也存在OT免疫阳性反应.     

妊娠期山羊腺垂体中催乳素促卵泡素和促黄体素的分布特点

为了阐明妊娠期垂体中催乳素(PRL)、促卵泡素(FSH),促黄体素(LH)的分布和三者之间协调关系.本试验采用免疫组化SP法检测了PRL、FSH,LH三种激素在妊娠各期山羊的腺垂体细胞中免疫反应产物的分布特点.结果显示,在山羊妊娠过程中,腺垂体中PRL阳性细胞多存在于远侧部,数量逐渐增多,胞质呈强阳性;FSH和LH阳性细胞分布在远侧部和结节部,FSH胞质内颗粒着色深浅不一,LH多核膜着色;相对表达量都逐渐升高,而升高程度不同,表现为妊娠后期LH表达量急剧升高,FSH则变化较小,除了FSH的相对表达量在妊娠前期和中期之间无显著差异(P>0.05)外,3种激素的相对表达量在妊娠前期、中期和后期3个时期之间都存在显著差异(P<0.05),妊娠前、中期FSH的相对表达量均高于PRL和LH,妊娠后期LH的表达量最高.FSH次之,PRL最低.提示PRL,FSH和LH三种激素相互协同以促进胚胎着床并维持妊娠,而且在妊娠早期PRL起主要作用,之后协同FSH和LH维持妊娠.     

莱芜黑山羊松果体内含5—羟色胺细胞及纤维的免疫组化观察

采用免疫组化SABC法,对冬季莱芜黑山羊松果体中含5羟色胺细胞及纤维进行研究。结果显示:①松果体内存在大量5羟色胺阳性的松果体细胞,细胞轮廓较清晰。②松果体的蒂部、被膜及内部含有丰富的5羟色胺纤维,且呈现出不同的形态和免疫反应强度。     

Localization of the N-methyl-D-aspartate R1 Receptor in the Pituitary Gland of Immature Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

A study was conducted on the selective immunostaining of pituitary cells and pars nervosa of immature rainbow trout by antibody raised against the R1 subunit of the rat ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. In the pars distalis, the mammotrophs of the rostral pars distalis exhibited the most marked imunoreactivity, with the somatotrophs of the proximal pars distalis showing a consistently lower degree of immunoreactivity. No imunoreactivity was associated with the corticotrophs, thyrotrophs or gonadotrophs. In the pars intermedia, the melanotrophs showed no evidence of immunoreactivity, whereas the putative somatomammotrophs exhibited a wide inter-animal range of immunoreactivity. Some imunostaining was also evident in the anterior and posterior part of the pars nervosa, at the interface of the pars distalis or pars intermedia with the pars nervosa.     

Distribution Pattern of Neuropeptide Y in the Brain, Pituitary and Olfactory System during the Larval Development of the Toad Rhinella arenarum (Amphibia: Anura)

The first NPY-immunoreactivity (ir) in the central nervous system of Rhinella arenarum was obtained just after hatching in the pre-optic area, ventral thalamus and rostral rhombencephalon. During pre-metamorphosis, new NPY-ir cells were observed in other brain areas such as pallium, septum and striatum, infundibulum and pars intermedia of the pituitary. Further maturation continued through pro-metamorphosis with the appearance of cell groups in the diagonal band, amygdala, pre-optic nucleus, dorsal nucleus of the habenula, anterior ventral and dorsal thalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, tuberculum posterior, tectum, torus semicircularis, inter-peduncular nucleus and median eminence. During the metamorphic climax and soon after, the relative abundance of NPY-ir fibres decreased in all hypothalamic areas and the staining intensity and number of NPY-ir cells in the pallium also decreased, whereas no cells were found in the striatum, dorsal nucleus of the habenula and tectum. In the olfactory epithelium, nerve or bulb, neither cells nor NPY-ir fibres were found during the stages of development analysed. The ontogeny pattern of the NPY-ir neuronal system in the brain of Rh. arenarum is more similar to the spatiotemporal appearance reported for Rana esculenta than to that reported for Xenopus laevis . Many NPY-ir fibres were found in the median eminence and in the pars intermedia of the pituitary, supporting the idea that this neuropeptide may play a role in the modulation of hypophyseal secretion during development.     

Luteinizing hormone in the bovine pars tuberalis: secretion in response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and intracellular isoforms

The objective of this study was to examine the physiological characteristics of gonadotropes in the bovine (b) pars tuberalis as assessed by their ability to release Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in response to LH-Releasing Hormone (LHRH) and the intracellular distribution of LH isoforms. At slaughter, the stalk median eminence and associated pars tuberalis as well as the anterior pituitary gland were collected from each of 7 castrate males. Each stalk median eminence and pituitary gland was mid-sagitally sectioned and weighed. One half of each tissue was immediately frozen and subsequently homogenized to determine the intracellular distribution of bLH isoforms. Tissue extracts were desalted by flow dialysis against water and chromatofocused on pH 10.5-7.0 gradients. The remaining half of the pituitary was sliced with a Staddie-Riggs slicer. The pituitary slices and the remaining half of the stalk median eminence were perifused (0.1 ml/min) for a total of 360 min with effluent samples (1.0 ml) collected every 10 min. At 130 min tissues were stimulated with 5 x 10(-8) M LHRH. Concentrations of LH in the effluent samples and the fractions collected from chromatofocusing were determined by radioimmunoassay. The release of LH in response to LHRH was 43.9% and 47.0% above basal secretion for the pars tuberalis and pituitary, respectively, suggesting similar degrees of responsiveness. Pars tuberalis and pituitary extracts resolved into nine LH isoforms during chromatofocusing and were coded with letters beginning with the most basic form. No differences (P greater than .05) were observed in distribution of LH isoforms between the pars tuberalis and the pituitary gland.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Colloid in the anterior pituitary of helmet guinea fowl (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Numida meleagris galeata</Emphasis>): Morphometric analysis and pattern of occurrence in relation to apoptosis

Colloidal accumulations in the pars distalis of helmet guinea fowls at various ages from 1 to 450 days were examined by Periodic acid-Schiff reaction, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Round, ovoid and elongated colloids were observed. Colloids (69.5 ± 2.997) with 0.169 ± 0.014 μm mean diameter were already present in a 1-day-old bird. Numerous colloids were encountered in 450 days old birds (2931.333 ± 29.847) with 2.263 ±  0.078 μm mean diameter of round colloids. A significant difference in the mean colloidal number and diameter between young and adult birds was observed. In young birds (aged 1–30 days) both Periodic acid-Schiff reaction positive colloids and S-100 positive folliculostellate (FS) cells were found to appear first on or near the posterolateral region. In adult birds, FS cells were found to completely surround the colloids. We examined the biochemical components of colloids and the relationship with apoptosis by immunohistochemistry. Results showed that the colloids are composed of clusterin protein. Apoptotic cells detected by single stranded DNA (ssDNA) were abundant and localized preferentially near colloids. To define clearly the type of cells undergoing apoptosis in the anterior pituitary, we performed electron microscopy. Numerous endocrine cells at different stages of apoptosis were found engulfed by FS cells that were in close association with the colloidal accumulations. The occurrence of extremely large number of colloids in relation to apoptotic profiles in anterior pituitary of helmet guinea fowl is discussed.     

Presence of neuropeptide Y in somatotrophs of cattle

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36-amino acid member of the pancreatic polypeptide family, was found to be present by immunohistochemistry in the bovine adenohypophysis. NPY mRNA expression was confirmed in the adenohypophysis by RT-PCR. NPY immunoreactivity was present in about 38% of adenohypophyseal cells in the pars distalis. However, NPY immunoreactive cells (NPY-ir cells) were scarce in the zona tuberalis. Immunohistochemistry of NPY and specific hormones using mirror sections revealed that NPY was colocalized in GH immunoreactive cells. Over 90% of somatotrophs corresponded to NPY-ir cells. These results indicate that endogenous NPY is present in the bovine somatotroph and may act as an endocrine intercellular mediator in the adenohypophysis.     

Cytological, Immunocytochemical and Ultrastructural Study of GH Cells of Pars Distalis Adenohipophysaria of Kids (Capra hircus)

Staining and histochemical methods, immunocytochemical and electron microscopy were used to individualize the somatotropic or GH cells in the adenohypophyseal pars distalis of the kid. They are found in a sagittal section throughout the pars distalis constituting 34% of the hypophyseal cell population. They are 12.37 micron in size and have as an ultrastructural characteristic secretory spherical granules of a large size (males, 391 nm and females, 427 nm) which are very electrodense.