Domestic animals in heraldry,volume1

The author presents in the first part of her paper the historical background for the heraldic. In the coming seven papers she will discuss the use and position of different domestic animals in the heraldic.     

转变中的中国畜牧业

一我国畜牧业取得的成就 从1949年新中国成立到1978年改革开放,我国畜牧业经历了恢复与发展时期和曲折发展时期,1978年改革开放以来,我国畜牧业发展极为迅速,畜牧业产值占农林牧渔总产值的比重由1978年的15．0％增长到2006年的26．9％。     

Tuberculosis in domestic animal species

M. bovis and M. caprae, members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), are the major causative agents of tuberculosis in domestic animals. Notably, M. bovis exhibits a wide host range; the infection has been reported in many domesticated animals and free or captive wildlife. Despite most of them acting as spill-over hosts in particular epidemiological scenarios, some domesticated species as pigs, camelids and goats may display high rates of infection and possibly play a role in the inter-species transmission of the disease. The aim of this review is to make an updated overview of the susceptibility and the role in the transmission of the disease of the most common domesticated animals species such as small ruminants, pigs, horses, camelids, dogs and cats. An overview of the diagnostic approaches to detect the infection in each of the species included in the review is also presented.     

Acoustic communication in the domestic horse (Equus caballus)

Equine vocalization and acoustic sounds can communicate a horse’s emotional state, physiological state, and situation to other individuals, including other horses and humans. These vocalizations and acoustic sounds can be divided into several types. The whinny, nicker, squeal, blow, snore, snort, roar, and groan are typical types of horse vocalizations and acoustic sounds. The sound localization thresholds of horses are markedly poorer than those of other large mammals, such as humans and elephants. The audiogram of horse has shown their best sensitivity and hearing range in which it perceives sound. Laryngeal diseases, such as laryngeal hemiplegia, dorsal displacement of the soft palate, and alar fold paralysis, can cause laryngeal sounds in the upper airway. The analyses of horses’ vocalizations and laryngeal sounds that are reviewed in this article were conducted with computer-aided analysis programs using spectrograms and spectra that evaluate several parameters, including amplitude, fundamental frequency, duration, and formants. Laryngeal sound analysis could be a useful method for diagnosing upper airway diseases. This article presents a review of the literature describing scientific analyses of horse vocalizations and acoustic sounds to elucidate equine acoustic communications and aid in the development of horse-human bonds.     

若干相同生态位的畜禽寄生蠕虫群落关系分析

在具有相同生态位的畜禽寄生蠕虫构成的２９个种对中,多数不具亲和性,仅２对具有明显亲和性,且均为家畜寄生蠕虫,即寄生山羊瘤胃的鹿同盘吸虫和长菲策吸虫,以及大肠的微管食道口线虫和辐射食道口线虫;种间关系程度则多为负关联,其中完全负关联的有１２对,仅有４对表现出不同程度的正关联;家畜寄生蠕虫的种群值明显高于家禽。分析结果提示,相同生态位的畜禽寄生蠕虫的种间关系普遍存在在负关联的缺少亲和性的现象,寄生空间     

The future use of cytogenetics in the manipulation of domestic animal populations

Extract

Although the dairy industries of most countries have improved production consider-ably by the use of classical genetics applied through artificial breeding, the application of genetics to veterinary problems is now being somewhat dogged by the same concept. It is said frequently that a certain condition has a genetical cause or basis but beyond the rather primitive steps of removing the sire or the dam from the particular flock, herd, stable or kennel we are unaware of the potential of highly accurate techniques which are becoming available for genetical “therapy”. Many of these techniques could soon be finding everyday application to livestock problems.     

The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ivermectin in domestic animal species

The pharmacokinetic properties of drugs are closely related to their pharmacological efficacy. The kinetics of ivermectin are characterised, in general terms, by a slow absorption process, a broad distribution in the organism, low metabolism, and slow excretion. The kinetics vary according to the route of administration, formulation, animal species, body condition, age, and physiological status, all of which contribute to differences in drug efficacy. Characterisation of ivermectin kinetics can be used to predict and optimise the value of the parasiticide effects and to design programmes for parasite control. This article reviews the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in several domestic animal species.     

我国农畜动物福利现状和对策

介绍了动物福利的概念、我国农畜动物的福利现状、漠视动物福利所带来的负面影响、国内外有关动物福利立法的现状,提出了改善我国农畜动物福利现状的科技对策。     

Prevalence of domestic animal trypanosomiasis in the Fontem sleeping sickness focus, Cameroon

Three hundred-fourteen domestic animals: 114 goats, 93 sheep, 67 dogs and 30 pigs in the Fontem sleeping sickness focus (Cameroon) were screened for infection with trypanosomes using parasitological and serological tests. Nannomonas was the only sub-genus detected in the animals with a prevalence of 28.3%. The card agglutination test (Testryp CATT) for trypanosomiasis showed a positivity rate of 38.2%, indicating that it allowed a better estimation of animal trypanosomiasis. The absence of trypanosomes of the sub-genus Trypanozoon seems to indicate that human African trypanosomiasis is not a zoonosis in this sleeping sickness focus.     

国内动物干扰素的研究进展

近年来,随着病原菌新毒株、变异株的不断出现,我国动物疾病的防制面临严峻的挑战,如果不能及时研制出新的有效防治措施和手段,将给我国刚刚起步的畜牧业生产带来毁灭性的打击。而目前的预防和治疗措施已经不能经济而有效地控制我国畜禽疫病的发展,尤其是病毒性疾病的危害日益严重,因此迫切需要找到一种有效的防治措施或治疗方法。自1957年Isaacs和Lindenmann发现干扰素以来,     

The question of animal welfare after the completion of the European domestic market

Animal welfare, based on ethical motives, is not mentioned in the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community. Nevertheless there are a lot welfare activities at EC-level which are justified to prevent unfair competition among the member states. At the same time there is the chance to improve welfare within all EC-member states.