Changes in forest structure and composition on Changbai Mountain in Northeast China

Introduction   

Long-term ecological studies are essential for understanding the dynamics of natural systems. However, describing long-term dynamics in old-growth forests is often hindered by a lack of archival data.     

长白山白桦林地土壤呼吸的季节变化

2004年5月至9月,研究了长白山白桦林土壤呼吸以及根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献随土壤温度和土壤湿度的季节变化,研究结果表明：土壤总呼吸、断根土壤呼吸和根系呼吸在生长季内有相似的季节变化趋势,夏季潮湿而且温度较高,呼吸速率也较高,春季和秋季温度较低,呼吸速率也较低。2004年5月至9月,土壤总呼吸、断根土壤呼吸和根系呼吸的平均值分别为4.44,2.30和2.14μmol·m^-2s^-1,三者与土壤温度均呈指数相关,与土壤湿度呈线性相关,三者的Q10值分别为2.82,2.59和3.16,这与其他学者的结果相似。根系呼吸是土壤呼吸的一个重要组成部分,2004年5月至9月,根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献在29.3～58.7%之间。根据Q10模型估算的土壤总呼吸、断根土壤呼吸和根系呼吸的全年平均值分别为1.96、1.08和0.87μmol·m^-2s^-1,即741.73、408.71和329.24gC·m^-2·a^-1,全年根系对土壤总呼吸的贡献为44.4%。土壤呼吸和土壤温度之间的关系模型是了解和预测长白山白桦林生态系统潜在的随森林管理和气候变化而变化的有用工具。     

长白山二道白河溪流大木质物残体的初步研究

主要对长白山北坡溪流大木质物残体现存量进行了调查和研究,包括两段河道内所有大木质物残体的基径、顶径、长度、腐烂级,并在其中一段对树种尽可能进行了鉴别,以分析河岸带植被与溪流大木质物残体的关系。在调查的红松阔叶林植被带内4500 m长河道内,共发现溪流倒木425株,分属于17个树种;其中III、IV级腐烂占相当大的比重,与林地倒木II、III级腐烂占优有所不同,其原因可能与分解环境的不同有关。两段河道溪流大木质物残体的现存量为1.733 m3/100m、 10.83m3/hm2和1.709 m3/100m、 21.36 m3/hm2。处于III、IV级腐烂的溪流大木质物残体所占比重较大,与在森林中情况有所差异,可能与分解环境的不同有关。溪流大木质物残体和林地活立木的个体数量的径级分布基本上为反J型,而它们材积的径级分布均为典型的J型。溪流大木质物残体的树种组成和不同树种的材积与河岸带植被密切相关,但存在差异,分析这种差异可以深入了解河岸带植被动态。图1表4参18。     

Dynamics ofBetula ermanni population in subalpine vegetation in Changbai Mountain, Northeast China

Betula ermanni population was divided into three groups: the upper population (2 000–2 200 m), the middle population (1 700–2 000 m), and the down population (1 400–1 700 m) in Changbai Mountain. The dynamics ofBetula ermanni populations in subalpine vegetation are studied and the population life table, fecundity schedule, survival curves, age structure, and fecundity curves were established. The results showed that the, middle population is obviously, the transition from the upper population to the down population. This project is supported by Chinese Academy of Science Responsible editor     

长白山北坡土壤线虫的群落结构特征

对长白山北坡不同海拔（7262200m）的阔叶红松林、红松云冷杉混交林、暗针叶林、岳桦林和高山苔原中土壤线虫进行了研究。在2001、2002年春天,分别在样地的枯枝落叶层、不同深度的表层土（0-5、5-10、10．20cm）掘取土壤样品进行分析。土壤线虫群落中共有27个科,60个属,其中Plectus和Tylenchus两属为优势属,优势属线虫主要分布在枯枝落叶层中。土壤线虫数量与土壤含水量显著相关（r=0．357;p〈0.01）。在不同深度和植被群落中丰富度最大的是食细菌类群线虫。土壤线虫总数和营养类群在不同土壤深度中差异显著（p〈0.05）;食真菌类群／食细菌类群（F／B）和食真菌类群数量与食细菌类群数量之和与植食类群数量之比（WI）在不同深度也存在明显差异（P〈0．05）。总之,土壤水分是影响土壤线虫密度和营养组成的最主要因素之一,海拔梯度并未显著影响土壤线虫的生态指标,如营养多样性和Shannon指数。     

Dynamics of Betula ermanni population in subalpine vegetation in Changbai Mountain, Northeast China

lntroductionNotonIyaretimberIinesthemostconspicuousvegetationboundaryinhighmountains,buttheyareaIsoanimportantecologicaIboundary(Bruce1996,Thomas1997).NowondersthenthosetimberIineshaveaIwaysattractedresearchersforbothscientificandpracticaIreasons.InChangbaiMountain,forexample,therestorationoftheclimatictimberlineandestabIishmentofanedectiveprotectiveforestarethetWoprincipalobjectivesofhigh-mountainfor-estmanagement.AIsointhisconnection,thepotentiaIresponseoftimberlinestoexpectedclimaticc…     

Species frequency of communities along northern slope of Changbai Mountain, Northeast China

IntroductionAs an important index reflecting species spatialpatterns, frequency reflects not only the importanceof species, but also the evenness of spatial distribution in community (Lin 1986, Magurran 1988; Dale1999). Frequency figure could reveal the complexityand diversity of community at some extent. Raunkiaer(1918) divided frequency indices into five classes,namely, Ac 1%-20%, Ba 21%-40%, Cd 41%-60%, Da61%-80%, and Ed 81%-100%, and based on 8 078frequency indices of herbaceous vegetat…     

土壤温度和水分对长白山3种温带森林土壤呼吸的影响

为了研究土壤温度和土壤含水量对阔叶红松林(山地暗棕壤)、云冷杉暗针叶林(山地棕针叶林土壤)和岳桦林(生草森林土)的土壤呼吸的影响,于2001年9月在长白山进行了土壤实验。利用增加土壤样柱的含水量,将土壤含水量分为9%,、21%、30%、37%和43%5个等级,土壤样品分别在0、5、15、25和35的温度下保持24小时。阔叶红松林土壤在0~35范围内,土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关。在一定的含水量范围内(21%~37%),土壤呼吸随含水量的增加而升高,当含水量超出该范围,土壤呼吸速率则随含水量的变化而降低。土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互作用。不同森林类型土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异,大小顺序为阔叶红松林>岳桦林>云冷杉暗针叶林.红松阔叶林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是土壤温度35,含水量37%;云冷杉暗针叶林下的山地棕色针叶土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是25,21%;岳桦林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是35,含水量37%。但是,由于长白山阔叶红松林,云冷杉林和岳桦林处在不同的海拔带上,同期不同森林类型土壤温度各不相同,相差4~5,所以野外所测的同期的山地棕色针叶林土呼吸速率应低于暗棕色森林土呼吸速率,山地生草森林土呼吸速率应高于山地棕色针叶林土的呼吸速率。图2表1参25。     

Determining suitable selection cutting intensities based on long-term observations on aboveground forest carbon,growth, and stand structure in Changbai Mountain,Northeast China

We studied the effects of different cutting intensities (0%, 5–10%, 15%, and 20% basal area removal) on stand growth, structure, and net carbon storage in spruce–fir (Picea jezoensis (Sieb. et Zucc.) Carr.–Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim.) and broadleaf mixed forests on Changbai Mountain (Northeast China) over 19 years. At this site, inventory-based low-intensity selection cutting was used to maintain a continuous forest canopy. After two cutting events, results showed significant differences in growth, structure, and carbon storage among cutting intensities. When increasing cutting intensity, the growth rate of average diameter, basal area, and volume significantly increased, with the highest increment rates found in the plots with 20% basal area removal. Tree diameters for all plots showed a roughly inverse J-shaped distribution before cutting and a left-skewed unimodal distribution after two cuttings. Volume ratio (the relative amount of volume contained in different diameter classes) for small (6–14 cm), medium (14–26 cm), large (26–36 cm), and very large (>38 cm) diameters remained unchanged in the plots with 5 and 10% basal area removal, but the volume ratio of large and very large diameters increased in the plots with 15 and 20% basal area removal, reaching approximately a 1:2:3:4 ratio in the plots with 20% basal area removal after two selection cuttings. Net carbon storage increased when increasing cutting intensity, reaching maximum storage in the plots with 20% basal area removal (cutting intensity and net C storage increase: 0%, 7.21 Mg C ha^?1, 5–10%: 11.68 Mg C ha^?1, 15%: 21.41 Mg C ha^?1, 20%: 26.47 Mg C ha^?1). Therefore, our results show the potential of low-intensity selection cutting to meet demands of both timber production and maintenance of forest cover for biodiversity values.     

长白山杨桦次生林生长过程与演替动向分析

以长白山金沟岭林场的杨桦次生林为研究对象,根据山杨、白桦解析木资料,利用Richards方程拟合了白桦和山杨的胸径、树高和材积的生长方程,分别编制了二者的生长过程表;同时根据径阶组划分标准,统计各树种在不同径阶组中的株数及其所占的比例,从而对林分内各乔木树种的演替动向进行分析.研究结果表明:山杨和白桦作为林分内的先锋树种,处于衰退趋势;红松、冷杉与云杉为地带性顶级树种,将在地带性顶级群落中占据为优势树种;其他树种在演替过程中变化不明显.     

土壤水分梯度对阔叶红松林结构的影响

2002年8月,在吉林省白河林业局红石林场(12755E,4230N),沿着一个山坡设置了一个长宽为112m8m、包含14个样方的样带。调查了群落结构、0-10cm和10-20cm的土壤含水量、枯落物现存量及其C、N、P含量,主要树种的叶片和枝条的C、N、P含量。沿着山坡的不同位置土壤含水量的不同导致阔叶红松林的群落结构发生变化。蒙古栎的比例随着土壤含水量的下降而逐渐升高,而其他主要阔叶树种则逐渐减少乃至消失。枯落物的水分变化趋势与土壤一致。在不同坡位枯落物的分解状况不同,干重差异显著。坡下枯落物含量较坡上的丰富,部分原因在于群落结构的变化。水分和养分含量的变化影响了枯落物的成分、降解及其养分的释放,进一步影响了林木的生长速度和林分结构并最终影响整个生态系统。图7表2参14。     

Turbulent exchange of CO2 over a broadleaf-Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain, northeast China

Turbulent exchange of CO₂ was measured continuously via the open-path eddy covariance technique over a broadleaf-Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain, northeast China. The results show that with near-neutral atmospheric stratification, CO₂ and vertical wind components measured over the forest canopy in the inertial sub-range followed the expected −2/3 power law. The dominant vertical eddy scale was about 100 m. The frequency ranges of eddy contributions to CO₂ fluxes were mostly within 0.01–2.0 Hz. Large eddies with low frequency over the canopy contributed more to CO₂ fluxes than small eddies. The open-path eddy covariance system could satisfy the estimation of turbulent fluxes over the canopy, but the CO₂ fluxes between forest and atmosphere were generally underestimated at night because of the increment non-turbulent processes, suggesting that the CO₂ fluxes estimated under weak turbulence need to be revised correspondingly. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(5): 951–956 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

Problems and relevant strategies on natural forest protection in Changbai Mountain forest area

Changbai Mountain forest area is not only is a national timber base but also a green ecological defense for Songliao Plain of NE China. The Natural Forest Protection Project of this area has an important bearing on the social and economic sustainable development of Jilin Province or even the whole forest area in NE China. This paper summarized general conditions of natural forest in Changbai Mountain state-owned forest area and put forward six problems need to be urgently solved and five strategic suggestions on natural forest protection and sustainable management.     

长白山区人工红松林蓄积生长模型研究

基于吉林省长白山区1 078块人工红松林小班的森林资源规划设计调查数据,选用12种3参数的生长模型对蓄积生长进行模拟,并用决定系数R2、均方根误差RMSE对模型精度进行检验,最后以模型外推检验其生物学意义。结果表明:人工红松林经历"缓慢—旺盛—缓慢"的生长阶段;理论生长方程Richards模型和Gompertz模型能较好地模拟这个过程,拟合精度较高,生物学意义较好;拟合的生长曲线呈现慢生树种典型的"S"形。对蓄积生长模型求导计算出连年生长量模型,表明人工红松林分在29a附近时蓄积连年生长量达到最大值。蓄积生长模型能较好地模拟长白山区人工红松林的生长过程,可为森林生长预测和经营优化提供参考依据。     

吉林省长白山林区采育林经营技术规程的研究

本文根据长白山顶级森林群落特点及林区现状,以现代林业理论为指导,以吉林省汪清林业局采育林模式为支撑,以林区大量森林调查数据为基础,提出了吉林省长白山采育林经营技术规程编制原则、内容及论据等,旨在用于指导吉林省长白山林区的森林经营。     

长白山典型林区森林资源变化及目前质量分析

利用研究区1985年和1999年两期遥感数据,将两期图像的矢量化图像中变动幅度较大的主要类别进行叠加,通过图像单元统计及图像叠加分析,得知各类地物在十五年间的变化情况及相应类别变化的量化归属。研究表明,十五年间采伐迹地、人工幼林变化剧烈,人类活动是造成研究区地物剧烈变化的最主要原因。选择研究区中二个干扰与经营状况不同的林场进行重点剖析,结果表明经营强度及方式的不同,对森林资源质量有较大的影响。东升林场采伐利用强度相对较小,目前仍保存有面积约占该林场1/3左右的地带性植被,过熟林面积比例较高,成熟针叶林单位面积蓄积量高达536.27m3hm-2,与长白山自然保护区的阔叶红松林单位面积蓄积量大体相当;西林河林场因采伐强度较大,目前林分多为原始林被破坏后形成的次生林,成过熟林比例相对较低,单位面积蓄积量也较小。二个林场森林状况以及营林措施方面具有一定代表性,其森林演替具有天然、人为干预两个方面的性质,作为重点剖析对象对研究区未来森林资源经营具有一定的指导意义。本文还就研究中发现的问题进行了剖析,并对当地的营林策略提出了可行性建议。图6表4参13。     

Quality and change analysis of forest resource in typical Changbai Mountain forest region

The utilization and changes of forest resources were studied in the Lishuihe Forest Bureau. Based on remote sensing images in 1985 and 1999, changes of major forest resources were analyzed by statistical and overlap method and classified quantitatively. The results showed that in recent 15 years, logging spots and man-made young forest changed violently, which was due to human activities. Different forest management manners and harvesting intensity played an important role in forest resources change. Dongsheng and Xilinhe tree farms were typical cases of different forest status and management for the Bureau, where forest succession was intervened by either human or natural disturbance. Dongsheng Tree Farm underwent a lighth arvest intensity and maintained a unit stock volume of 536.27 m^3. hm^-2, as much as that of broadleaf/Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve; Xilinhe Tree Farm underwent an intense harvest and was composed of secondary forests,where mature forests just had a small percentage and the unit stock volume was low. The study was useful to guide future forest management. What‘s more, problems found in the research were also analyzed and reasonable advice was given to the local forest management.