不同小麦品种耐铝性差异的比较研究

为了研究不同小麦品种的铝敏感性差异,以铝敏感品种Scout 66和耐铝材料Atlas 66为对照。分析了小麦主栽品种鄂麦12、鄂麦18、小偃6号和山农1355在不同铝离子浓度条件下根内铝离子的富集和根部有机酸的释放情况。结果表明,供试的4个小麦主栽品种均对铝离子表现出不同的敏感性,其中鄂麦12和小偃6号在铝离子浓度为100μmol／L时表现出较强的敏感性,而鄂麦18和山农1355则在铝离子为150μmol／L表现出较强的敏感性。经铝胁迫后,未检测到4个小麦主栽品种及铝敏感品种Scout 66根尖有机酸分泌的现象,而耐铝小麦品种Atlas66经铝诱导后检测到有明显的苹果酸积累。这些结果说明小麦对铝的耐性与铝诱导的有机酸分泌有关。     

大豆对酸铝土壤的适应性研究Ⅰ大豆耐酸铝毒性材料的鉴定研究

本研究进行了田间、温室土壤盆栽及营养液栽培筛选鉴定试验,以评价大豆基因型的耐酸铝性差异及其几种筛选方法的一致性。结果表明,不同大豆基因型间存在明显的耐酸性差别;几种筛选方法的一致性较好。在田间试验中,秋种大豆受害比春种严重,而且秋种与其他筛选方法较一致,因此应以秋种筛选为主。铝毒主要危害大豆的根部,因此盆栽和营养液试验主要应以根部的耐性差异进行评价,而株高受酸铝毒的影响较小,在５ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ和８ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ处理下多数品种株高高于０ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ处理,但在幼苗期虽然大豆根部受害,但受害程度与收获时差别较大,４０ 天收获的结果与其他筛选方法较一致。在铝毒和干旱的双重胁迫下,没施石灰的处理明显表现出干旱症状,但耐铝毒强的品种表现耐旱性强。本试验中来自南方酸性红壤地区的品种耐性明显较好,而东北品种耐性较差,这说明筛选大豆耐铝毒种质应以原产我国南方的大豆品种为主。     

大豆对酸铝土壤的适应性研究：Ⅱ.大豆耐酸铝毒的机理初探

本试验对不同耐酸铝毒性的大豆品种进行了一些生理指标的测定,其中包括光合速率,叶片及叶室温度,蒸滕速率及细胞间ＣＯ２浓度,以研究这些性状与大豆耐酸铝性的关系。试验结果表明,在铝胁迫下大豆光和速率明显降低,但耐性好的品种不受影响;耐性强的品种叶片和叶室温度低,蒸腾速率也低于不耐品种。不同处理间大豆ＣＯ２细胞间浓度朊显著差异;而在ｐＨ５．６条件下品种间的细胞间ＣＯ２浓度差异明显,不耐铝的品种浓度较高。相     

铝胁迫下大豆根系分泌物对根际土壤的影响

以2个大豆品种（浙春2号和浙春3号）为材料，设置了4个铝浓度，分别在铝处理7d和14d时，测定大豆根系分泌物中的氨基酸、有机酸及可溶性糖，同时对大豆根际土壤的pH值、土壤酶和土壤呼吸速率进行分析。实验结果显示，虽然根系分泌物对根际土壤具有一定的酸化作用，但是随着铝浓度的升高，根系分泌物有使根际土壤酸碱度趋向平衡的效应。低铝浓度下，大豆根系分泌较多的可溶性糖和氨基酸，促使根际土壤酶活性的增强和土壤呼吸速率的提高，同时还可分泌较多的柠檬酸，与大豆的耐铝性相关。高铝浓度抑制主要根系分泌物的分泌，降低土壤酶活性和土壤呼吸速率；但高铝胁迫增加可溶性糖分泌量。实验结果表明，浙春2号大豆比浙春3号大豆耐铝；随着铝处理时间的延长，铝毒害作用明显。     

不同基因型油菜耐铝性及其根系形态对铝胁迫的响应

本研究旨在为酸性土壤地区筛选耐铝毒的甘蓝型油菜,探讨不同基因型油菜苗期生长发育指标和生理指标的耐铝特性,分析铝胁迫对根系形态的影响。以81个油菜品种为材料,通过水培试验,设置铝浓度（AlCl3）0、100 μmol·L-1两个处理,对根系形态、株型、生物量、生理特性等13指标的耐铝系数进行相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析,采用隶属函数法综合评价不同基因型油菜的耐铝相关指标,并分析不同耐铝类型的品种根系形态差异。结果表明,铝胁迫对不同基因型油菜苗期各单项指标有不同程度的影响,综合应用主成分分析、聚类分析和隶属函数法筛选出耐铝性较强的品种6个,耐铝性中等的品种65个,耐铝性弱的品种10个。不同直径范围根系对铝胁迫的响应不同,铝胁迫下,D1类根系（直径0.0～0.5 mm）的长度、表面积、体积、根尖数降幅最大,D3类根系（直径>2.0mm）各指标降幅最小,且铝敏感型品种不同类别的根系指标受铝胁迫的抑制程度大于耐铝型品种,其D1、D2（直径0.5～2.0 mm）、D3类根系的长度、表面积、体积、根尖数均少于耐铝型品种。因此,以综合指标对油菜耐铝性进行筛选与评价更为客观;耐铝型品种不同直径范围的根系受铝毒害的影响较轻,通过改变根系形态适应铝胁迫的能力更强,其根系拥有更多细根可能是耐性品种抗铝毒的一种作用机制。     

铝胁迫对耐性不同的玉米基因型幼苗光合特性的影响

试验对两个耐铝酸毒害不同的玉米基因型进行了一些与光合特性有关的指标测定,其中包括叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、光合速率、叶片温度、蒸腾速率、细胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度等,研究这些性状与玉米耐酸铝性的关系。结果表明,在铝胁迫下,玉米叶片中的叶绿素含量下降,并且Chla/Chlb的比值也下降,从而造成光合速率明显降低,但敏感品种(C)下降的幅度较大,耐性品种(T)下降的幅度较小;耐性品种的叶片温度低,蒸腾速率也低于敏感品种。     

耐酸铝大豆品种资源的筛选与鉴定

对引进的139份主要来自湖南省的大豆种质资源,苗期采用简单钙溶液法和全营养液法,以主根相对伸长率为评价指标,分析大豆对铝毒的耐性表现。结果表明,大豆对铝毒的耐性存在基因型差异。首先通过简单钙培养法筛选得到耐酸铝材料12份,之后通过全营养法进行验证获得耐酸铝大豆种质资源8份,即沅陵矮子早<甲>、长沙夏黄豆、常德中和青豆、凤凰青皮豆<乙>、十月青豆、人潮溪黄豆1、中作04563、中作05675。进一步以垦丰15、桂春8号为对照品种,采用土培法对获得的8份大豆耐性材料进行盆栽鉴定,以单株粒重、百粒重、叶绿素含量和株高作为耐铝毒性的评价指标,分析大豆对铝毒耐性的综合表现。遴选出1份耐性较强的材料,即人潮溪黄豆1,可供大豆耐铝毒性遗传育种研究利用。     

大豆耐铝毒基因型筛选及筛选指标的研究

通过溶液培养试验,研究了来自华东、东北地区18个优质大豆品种(系)对铝毒的反应.通过比较不同基因型各性状的相对耐性值及其与综合评价系数的相关性分析,明确了相对根系干重、相对地上部干重、相对株高、相对叶面积等可作为大豆耐铝毒基因型筛选的重要指标.提出了基于各种性状平均意义上的综合评价系数,并根据已筛选的鉴定指标计算了耐铝毒综合系数.在此基础上筛选出4个具有较强耐铝毒能力的大豆基因型.     

外源柠檬酸作用下大豆根尖铝积累规律的研究

耐铝性大豆根系柠檬酸的分泌被认为是缓解铝胁迫的重要方式。设置外源柠檬酸协同铝处理,检测根尖铝积累的荧光染色、根尖铝的相对含量以及处理液中3种不同铝形态的变化情况,旨在探索柠檬酸与大豆根系环境中铝的作用规律,进一步揭示大豆根系分泌物缓解铝毒的机理。结果表明：大豆根尖细胞细胞壁积累铝的现象十分明显,且随着铝处理浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,细胞壁固定的铝逐渐增多;外源柠檬酸存在下,细胞壁铝积累明显减少,浙春3号尤为显著。浙春3号和浙春2号铝积累量随着铝浓度的增大和铝处理时间的延长而呈不同的变化趋势。从铝形态结果分析,可以判断Ala和Alb活性铝的含量变化趋于相同,外源柠檬酸作用下,各浓度梯度的活性铝形态含量均较单铝胁迫时有所降低。综合试验结果可知,植物在接触铝胁迫的初期,自身缓解铝毒的机制是需要时间而呈周期性波动的过程;外源柠檬酸对浙春3号的缓解作用比浙春2号强,一定比例的外源柠檬酸加入可改变大豆自身的耐铝能力,但是超过一定比例就会在某种程度上对植物产生新的酸化毒害。     

铝对花生根尖线粒体膜脂 过氧化和有机酸分泌的影响

以耐铝性不同的2个花生品种桂花21 (耐铝)和桂花23 (铝敏感)为材料,研究了铝对花生根尖线粒体膜 脂过氧化、保护酶活性和有机酸分泌的影响。结果表明,桂花23根尖铝含量较桂花21高,苏木精染色深;桂花21 和桂花23根尖线粒体O2 ·、MDA含量在试验范围内随着铝浓度的增加而上升,但桂花21增加的幅度低于桂花23; 根尖线粒体SOD及POD的活性随着铝浓度的增加而增加,桂花21上升的幅度明显大于桂花23。铝诱导花生根系 柠檬酸和琥珀酸分泌显著增加,桂花23柠檬酸增加幅度较琥珀酸高,而桂花21中琥珀酸增加幅度较柠檬酸高。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.