污水灌溉对番茄生长与品质的影响研究

污水中污染物对土壤、作物的影响日益受到人们的关注。通过在日光温室进行的污水灌溉田间试验,分析了不同水质对番茄生长、产量与品质的影响,探讨了Hg、As在作物表层土壤中的积聚和在番茄果实中的积累规律。结果表明,与清水灌溉相比:①污水灌溉对番茄的生长有一定的抑制作用,生长速度明显减慢;②番茄的单株产量减少7.68%;③番茄果实中的可溶性固形物、Vc含量有大幅度增加,总酸度和可溶性总糖含量基本持平,蛋白合成上污水处理较差;④污水灌溉后土壤重金属Hg、As含量在不同土层集聚差异较大,同时土壤中Hg、As集聚间具有很好的相关性,说明土壤受外源污染影响较大,而且还发生复合污染。     

生活污水用于灌溉探讨

针对生活污水的特性 ,提出了投加混凝剂对生活污水进行强化一级处理的工艺。通过实验 ,肯定了其良好的除污效果 ,并对其出水应用于节水灌溉的可行性及产生的影响进行了分析讨论 ,确定了处理工艺流程的合理性。     

污水灌溉对小麦生长影响试验研究

随着水环境条件的恶化,污水越来越广泛地应用到农田灌溉中.为此,通过小麦盆栽室内实验,着重探讨了在不同污灌条件对小麦生长和产量的影响.实验设置了4种灌溉水质(清水、稀释1倍污水、稀释0.5倍污水、污水)对小麦进行灌水处理.结果表明,污水灌溉降低了小麦分蘖率,从而导致最终实际产量下降,但污水对小麦株高、穗长、千粒质量的提高却是有利的.     

人工湿地处理农村生活污水的概述

人工湿地作为一种绿色生态、低成本的污水处理技术,其应用日渐广泛。随着应用和机理研究的深入,传统湿地在运行过程中也涌现出各种问题。文章概述了人工湿地处理农村生活污水的工艺原理、类型,处理过程中出现的问题及解决措施。     

农村生活污水分布式处理技术设计及应用

农村生活污水量多分散,难以纳入城市污水管网统一处理,文章介绍一种很适合在广大农村地区推广使用的分布式处理技术,对该技术的特点、设计参数等进行介绍,并列举了一个具体的运用实例。     

农村生活污水人工湿地处理技术

随着我国城乡一体化进程的不断加快,农村经济近年来得到了飞速发展,人们生活质量提升的同时,也面临着新的问题,生活污水的处理就是其中最重要的一项。人工湿地处理技术是现阶段农村生活污水处理工作中广泛应用的技术之一,不仅投资较少,而且效果显著,对提高农村环境质量具有重要作用。     

污水灌溉对土壤环境的影响研究

以二级水(常规生化处理)和自来水分别灌溉3种乔木和3种灌木,对比研究污水灌溉对绿地土壤环境的影响,结果表明污水灌溉与自来水相比土壤全氮、全磷、全盐含量均无显著差异。重金属(铬、镉、汞、铅、砷)含量无明显变化。二级处理水灌溉对土壤有机质含量和土壤细菌数量有增加的趋势,对土壤环境无明显的影响,但要加强长期灌溉的土壤盐分的监控,防避土壤盐分的积累。     

污水灌溉对水稻生长影响的实验研究

目前,污水灌溉对作物生长发育的影响日益受到人们的关注。为此,通过水稻盆栽室内实验,着重探讨在不同水污灌溉条件对水稻生长和产量的影响。实验设置了4种灌溉水质(清水、稀释1倍污水、稀释0.5倍污水、污水)对水稻进行灌水处理。结果表明,污水灌溉降低了水稻分蘖率,从而导致最后实际产量下降;但污水对水稻株高、穗长、结实率的提高是有利的。     

清、污水灌溉对夏玉米生长影响的田间试验研究

污水灌溉对作物生长和土壤环境的影响倍受研究人员的关注。通过在北京东郊所进行的清、污水灌溉田间试验 ,着重探讨了污灌条件下 ,不同灌水水平和施肥量对夏玉米生长和产量的影响。结果表明 ,与清水灌溉相比 ,污水灌溉 :1对夏玉米的生长发育具有一定的抑制作用 ;2对夏玉米的产量和干物质量的影响要大于对株高和叶面积指数的影响 ;3无肥处理比施肥处理的产量要高 5 .2 %。     

再生水灌溉对果菜类蔬菜产量及品质的影响

为推动再生水灌溉作物的适宜性分类,该文研究了再生水灌溉对果菜类蔬菜产量与品质的影响。结果表明,再生水处理与对照处理相比可显著增加果菜类蔬菜产量,其中,西红柿、黄瓜平均增产15.1%、23.6%。茄子、豆角增产60.7%、7.4%。再生水灌溉对果实含水率、粗蛋白、氨基酸含量、可溶性总糖、维生素C、粗灰分、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐等品质或营养指标无显著影响,再生水灌溉处理硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量低于标准限值。研究为再生水适宜灌溉的作物筛选提供了技术依据。     

Laboratory experiment on drip emitter clogging with fresh water and treated sewage effluent

A laboratory experiment was carried out to study the emitter performance of three commonly used emitter types with the application of freshwater and treated sewage effluent (TSE). The three emitter types are the inline-labyrinth types of emitters with a turbulent flow (E1) and a laminar flow (E2) and the online pressure-compensation type of emitters (E3). The qualities of freshwater and TSE were measured, and the emitter performance was evaluated, using the relative emitter discharge, the reduction of emitter discharge (q_reduction), the coefficient of variation of emitter discharge (CV), the emission uniformity (EU), Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU), and the percentage of emitter clogging (P_clog). Results showed that all indices were affected by water quality, emitter type and time of operation. The values of q_reduction, CV and P_clog for the TSE treatments were greater than those for the freshwater treatments. The values of EU and CU for the TSE treatment were lower than those for the freshwater treatments. The q_reduction, CV and P_clog increased and the EU and CU decreased as operational time increasing for the TSE treatment. For both freshwater and TSE treatments, the emitter clogging was more severe, the CV was greater, and the EU and CU were smaller for emitter type E2 than those for emitter types E1 and E3. Thus a more severe clogging was found for emitter type E2 due to its smaller flow-path dimension and higher manufacturing coefficient of variation in addition to the high pH values and relatively high total dissolved solids (TDS) values of the used water. Analyses of water quality and the precipitation components inside and at the outlet of emitters revealed that chemical precipitation was the main reason for emitter clogging due to high pH and ions’ concentration, especially in the TSE. Flushing emitters and drip pipes did not efficiently alleviate emitter clogging caused by chemical precipitation. In a conclusion, emitter type E3 showed a better anti-clogging function than emitter types E1 and E2 and was recommended for irrigation with TSE in the Beijing area of China.     

冷凉地区膜下滴灌大白菜耗水规律及节水潜力

为探索冷凉地区露地大白菜在膜下滴灌条件下的耗水规律与节水潜力,在张家口市灌溉试验站内使用大型称重式蒸渗仪,采用灌水下限指标控制灌水的方法,研究了在膜下滴灌条件下大白菜生育期内蒸发蒸腾与棵间蒸发规律,并通过与常规滴灌和膜孔畦灌的耗水量、产量和水分利用效率等对比,揭示了膜下滴灌在该地区节水增产潜力.结果表明:膜下滴灌大白菜全生育期蒸发蒸腾量214.76 mm,其中:幼苗期、莲座期和结球期蒸腾耗水量分别为14.76,73.56和126.44 mm,日均蒸腾强度为3.64 mm/d;全生育期棵间土壤蒸发量41.10 mm,占总耗水量的19.14%.膜下滴灌相比常规滴灌、膜孔畦灌减少大白菜耗水量14.25,94.17 mm,棵间蒸发与膜孔畦灌相近,相比常规滴灌减少16.18 mm(28.25%),但产量、灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率可以分别达到80 439.75 kg/hm²,350.24 kg/(hm²·mm),374.56 kg/(hm²·mm),相比常规滴灌提升11 152.65 kg/hm²,18.89 kg/(hm²·mm),72.54 kg/(hm²·mm),相比膜孔畦灌提升14.7 kg/hm²,134.11 kg/(hm²·mm),114.23 kg/(hm²·mm).     

Effect of irrigation method and quantity on squash yield and quality

Squash yield and quality under furrow and trickle irrigation methods and their responses to different irrigation quantities were evaluated in 2010 spring and fall growing seasons. A field experiment was conducted using squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) grown in northern Egypt at Shibin El Kom, Menofia. A randomized split-plot design was used with irrigation methods as main plots and different irrigation quantities randomly distributed within either furrow or trickle irrigation methods. Irrigation quantity was a fraction of crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) as: 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 ET_c. Each treatment was repeated three times, two of five rows from each replicate were left for squash seed production. In well-watered conditions (1.0 ET_c), seasonal water use by squash was 304 and 344 mm over 93 days in spring and 238 and 272 mm over 101 days in fall under trickle and furrow irrigation methods, respectively. Squash fruit yield and quality were significantly affected by season and both irrigation method and quantity. Fruit number and length were not affected by irrigation method and growing season, respectively. Interaction between season and irrigation quantity significantly affected leaf area index, total soluble solid (TSS), and fruit weight. Moreover, seed yield and quality were significantly affected by growing season and both irrigation method and quantity except harvest index, which was not affected by irrigation method. Significant differences for the interaction between season and irrigation method were only found for seed yield and 100 seeds weight. Except for harvest index, no significant difference was observed by interaction between season and irrigation quantity. Both fruit and seed yields were significantly affected in a linear relationship (r² ≥ 0.91) by either deficit or surplus irrigation quantities under both irrigation methods. Adequate irrigation quantity under trickle irrigation, relative to that of furrow, enhanced squash yield and improved its quality in both growing seasons. Fall growing season was not appropriate for seed production due to obtaining many of empty seeds caused by low weather variables at the end of the season. The results from small experiment were extrapolated to large field to find out optimal irrigation scheduling under non-uniform of irrigation application.     

农村生活污水再生水滴灌对根际土壤特性的影响研究

采用大田试验方法,以地下水滴灌为对照,分析研究了不同比例农村生活污水再生水滴灌对作物根际土壤特性的影响。结果表明,再生水滴灌情况下,在土壤理化性状方面,土壤EC值高于地下水滴灌,而土壤pH与对照相比无显著差异;在土壤养分方面,与对照相比,再生水灌溉显著提高土壤有机质和土层土壤有效磷含量,但对碱解氮和速效钾含量的影响不显著;灌溉水中再生水比例越大,对土壤呼吸作用的促进作用越明显。因此,在滴灌条件下,只要农艺措施、灌溉制度适当,可以采取一定比例的农村生活污水再生水进行作物灌溉。     

不同地下水埋深污灌硝态氮对土壤-地下水环境影响试验研究

地下水埋深是影响污灌污染物在土壤-地下水系统中运移特性的主要因素之一。通过室内污水入渗试验,研究了不同地下水埋深条件下污灌污染物NO3--N在土壤中的运移特性及对地下水环境的影响。研究结果表明:地下水埋深的不同导致了土壤内水分分布和NO3--N迁移路径的差异,从而影响了NO3--N在土壤-地下水系统中的运移特性。埋深浅,高土水势能和反硝化潜势制约了污水携带NO3--N向下层土壤迁移淋失的趋势,但高土水势能和短迁移路径使下层土壤基质中的NO3--N易被挤入至地下水中,NO3--N污染地下水风险较大。     

灌水模式及下限对滴灌棉花产量和品质的影响

为探索滴灌条件下棉花优质高效灌溉指标,在新疆石河子研究了地下滴灌(SSDI)和膜下滴灌(SDI)条件下不同灌水控制下限对棉花耗水量、品质以及水分利用率的影响.结果表明,相同滴灌模式,棉花蕾期耗水量随灌水控制下限的提高而增加,花铃期水分胁迫处理的棉花阶段耗水量普遍低于对照处理;蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60% FC)花铃期充分供水(灌水控制下限为75% FC)处理(SDI-7和SSDI-7)有利于籽棉产量的提高,与对照处理相比,籽棉产量提高了14.48%(SDI-7)和11.60%(SSDI-7);水分处理对棉花衣分、棉纤维整齐度的影响不明显,蕾期和花铃期水分胁迫对棉纤维上半部平均长度的影响随水分胁迫程度的加重而加剧,蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60% FC)有利于棉纤维断裂比强度的提高.相同水分处理,地下滴灌棉花产量和灌溉水利用率均高于膜下滴灌棉花.与对照处理相比,蕾期和花铃期灌水控制下限分别为60% FC和75% FC,灌水定额为30 mm处理在节约灌溉水的同时提高了籽棉产量并改善了棉纤维品质,可作为石河子垦区滴灌棉花适宜的灌水指标.     

好氧颗粒污泥处理城市污水的农田适灌性

利用好氧颗粒污泥处理城市污水,探讨城市污水用于农田灌溉的可行性.研究表明:经过好氧颗粒污泥处理过的污水,污水中的化学需氧量为130 mg/L,悬浮物为50 mg/L,总氮20 mg/L,总磷只有1.5 mg/L,出水中的COD_Cr和BOD₅去除率达到60%和55%;好氧颗粒污泥对污水中的氮、磷去除效果一般,去除率分别为50%和53%;出水中重金属去除率比较高,镉质量=浓度1.0×10^-5 mg/L,小于《农田灌溉水质标准》镉的标准值0.006 mg/L,出水中铅质量=浓度0.02 mg/L,小于标准值0.1 mg/L,出水中锌、铜、汞、铬的质量=浓度也远远低于标准中的质量=浓度值.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥处理过的城市污水的出水可以用于农田灌溉,出水中COD_Cr和BOD₅、氮、磷、重金属等指标完全达到《农田灌溉水质标准》要求.     

Sensitivity analysis of optimal operation of irrigation supply systems with water quality considerations

A model for optimal operation of water supply/irrigation systems of various water quality sources, with treatment plants, multiple water quality conservative factors, and dilution junctions is presented. The objective function includes water cost at the sources, water conveyance costs which account for the hydraulics of the network indirectly, water treatment cost, and yield reduction costs of irrigated crops due to irrigation with poor quality water. The model can be used for systems with supply by canals as well as pipes, which serve both drinking water demands of urban/rural consumers and field irrigation requirements. The general nonlinear optimization problem has been simplified by decomposing it to a problem with linear constraints and nonlinear objective function. This problem is solved using the projected gradient method. The method is demonstrated for a regional water supply system in southern Israel that contains 39 pipes, 37 nodes, 11 sources, 10 agricultural consumers, and 4 domestic consumers. The optimal operation solution is described by discharge and salinity values for all pipes of the network. Sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the parameters is examined. The solution was found to be sensitive to the upper limit on drinking water quality, with total cost being reduced by 5% as the upper limit increases from 260 to 600 mg Cl l^–1. The effect of income from unit crop yield is more pronounced. An increase of income by a factor of 20 results in an increase of the total cost by a factor of 3, thus encouraging more use of fresh water as long as the marginal cost of water supply is smaller than the marginal decrease in yield loss. The effect of conveyance cost becomes more pronounced as its cost increases. An increase by a factor of 100 results in an increase of the total cost by about 14%. The network studied has a long pipe that connects two distinct parts of the network and permits the supply of fresh water from one part to the other. Increasing the maximum permitted discharge in this pipe from 0 to 200 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by 11%. Increasing the maximum discharge at one of the sources from 90 to 300 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by about 8%.     

绿洲灌区膜下滴灌调亏对辣椒品质及产量的影响

为揭示滴灌水分亏缺对辣椒营养品质及产量的影响,以"陇椒6号"为对象,在辣椒苗期分别施加轻度(65％～75％田间持水量)、中度(55％～65％田间持水量)和重度水分调亏(45％～55％田间持水量),在盛果期和后果期分别施加轻度水分亏缺,以全生育期充分供水(75％～85％田间持水量)为对照,分别测定各水分处理辣椒青果营养品...