利用CRISPR/Cas9技术创制高效抗除草剂水稻

【目的】培育抗除草剂品种在水稻育种中具有重要意义。利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,以黑龙江优质粳稻品种为材料,编辑乙酰乳酸合酶ALS基因,创制具有抗除草剂特性的水稻材料。【方法】利用CRISPR/Cas9技术,以乙酰乳酸合酶ALS为靶基因,构建单碱基突变载体pH-nCas9-PBE-ALS,以松粳22、龙粳46和绥粳18为转化材料,利用农杆菌介导转化获得转基因植株,通过对转基因植株的突变位点进行测序结合除草剂喷施试验,鉴定基因型及表型。【结果】经分子水平检测验证,获得ALS^S627N突变植株10株,ALS^S627N且¹⁸⁸⁴G-A但第628位氨基酸未改变突变植株1株,ALS^S627N/G628E突变植株1株。相较于野生型,以上三类突变植株均具有较强抗除草剂特性。【结论】利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术获得具有抗除草剂特性,能够稳定遗传,不含转基因标记的纯合株系,可为抗除草剂水稻育种提供基础材料。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统定向改良水稻稻瘟病抗性

[目的]CRISPR/Cas9 基因编辑技术是作物遗传改良的有效工具。本研究通过对水稻Pita、Pi21和ERF922稻瘟病相关基因进行定点编辑,以期获得能够稳定遗传的抗稻瘟病水稻材料。[方法]利用 CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,以 Pita、Pi21 和 ERF922 为靶基因,构建共编辑载体 pC1300-2×35S::Cas9-g^Pita-g^Pi21-g^ERF922 ,用农杆菌转化长粒粳稻恢复系L1014,筛选获得稳定遗传的纯合突变体用于稻瘟病抗性鉴定。[结果]在T0代转基因株系中,Pita、Pi21和ERF922 突变频率分别为 75%、85%和 65%,突变基因型多为双等位突变。筛选到的不含 T-DNA成分的T1代能够稳定遗传给T2代,并从中获得 Pi21单突变纯合株系及Pita、Pi21和ERF922的三突变纯合株系。稻瘟病抗性鉴定结果表明,与野生型相比,突变株系的抗性显著提高。同时,接种后纯合突变体株系内水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯等信号转导途径相关基因的表达量均上调。据此,我们推测纯合突变株系对稻瘟病的抗性增强可能与其对稻瘟病菌的响应被激活有关。[结论]利用 CRISPR/Cas9 技术获得了能够稳定遗传和具有较高稻瘟病抗性的纯合突变株系,为水稻稻瘟病抗性改良提供了良好的材料。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统定向改良水稻稻瘟病抗性

【目的】CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术是作物遗传改良的有效工具。本研究通过对水稻Pita、Pi21和ERF922稻瘟病相关基因进行定点编辑，以期获得能够稳定遗传的抗稻瘟病水稻材料。【方法】利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术，以Pita、Pi21和ERF922为靶基因，构建共编辑载体pC1300-2×35S::Cas9-gPita-gPi21-gERF922 ，用农杆菌转化长粒粳稻恢复系L1014，筛选获得稳定遗传的纯合突变体用于稻瘟病抗性鉴定。【结果】在T0代转基因株系中，Pita、Pi21和ERF922突变频率分别为75%、85%和65%，突变基因型多为双等位突变。筛选到的不含T-DNA成分的T1代能够稳定遗传给T2代，并从中获得Pi21单突变纯合株系及Pita、Pi21和ERF922的三突变纯合株系。稻瘟病抗性鉴定结果表明，与野生型相比，突变株系的抗性显著提高。同时，接种后纯合突变体株系内水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯等信号转导途径相关基因的表达量均上调。据此，我们推测纯合突变株系对稻瘟病的抗性增强可能与其对稻瘟病菌的响应被激活有关。【结论】利用CRISPR/Cas9技术获得了能够稳定遗传和具有较高稻瘟病抗性的纯合突变株系，为水稻稻瘟病抗性改良提供了良好的材料。     

Genetic Transformation of Rice with Pi-d2 Gene Enhances Resistance to Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

The gene Pi-d2, conferring gene-for-gene resistance to the Chinese blast strain ZB15, was isolated from a rice variety (Digu) by the map-based cloning strategy. Here, we constructed a control plasmid pZH01-pi-d2tp309 (pZH01-tp309) and three different expression constructs, pCB-Pi-d25.3kb (pCB5.3kb), pCB-Pi-d26.3kb (pCB6.3kb) and pZH01-Pi-d22.72kb (pZH01-2.72kb) of Pi-d2, driven by Pi-d2 gene's own promoter or CaMV35S promoter. These constructs were separately introduced into japonica rice varieties Lijiangxintuanhegu, Taipei 309, Nipponbare and Zhonghua 9 through Agrobacterium- mediated transformation. A total of 150 transgenic rice plants were obtained from the regenerated calli selected on hygromycin. PCR, RT-PCR and Southern-blotting assay showed that the gene of interest had been integrated into rice genome and stably inherited. Thirty-five transgenic lines independently derived from T1 progeny were inoculated with the rice blast strain ZB15. Transformants exhibited resistance to rice blast at various levels. The lesions on the transgenic plant leaves were less severe than those on the controls and the resistance level of transgenic plants harboring the gene of interest from three vectors had no difference. The own promoter of Pi-d2, about 2.2 kb or 3.2 kb, had the similar promoter function as CaMV35S. Field evaluation for three successive years supported the results of artificial trial, and some lines with high resistance to rice leaf blast and neck blast were obtained.     

CRISPR/Cas9系统编辑水稻Wx基因

【目的】 直链淀粉含量与稻米品质密切相关。Wx基因是控制水稻直链淀粉合成的主效基因,通过对Wx基因定点编辑以获得稳定遗传、直链淀粉含量适宜的突变体。【方法】 构建CRISPR/Cas9表达载体pGK03-Wx-gRNA (靶点1和2分别在Wx基因第1和第2外显子),利用工程菌EHA105遗传转化超级稻楚粳27,潮霉素筛选获得转化株系,对转化株系及其后代进行分子检测、测序、基因表达和遗传稳定性分析以及直链淀粉含量测定。【结果】 获得9个独立的T₀代转化株系,靶点1(L1~L5) 5个株系,突变频率100%,靶点2(L6~L9) 4个株系,突变频率75%。由T₀代突变体衍生出T₁和T₂代株系,测序发现T₀、T₁和T₂代株系出现缺失(单、双、多碱基缺失)和单碱基插入两种突变类型;T₀至T₁代部分株系(L1、L2、L3和L6)发生再编辑,T₁至T₂代遗传稳定。与野生型相比,突变株系RNA水平Wx基因表达量显著下降(P<0.01),稻米直链淀粉含量显著降低(P<0.01),从17.5%降到1.93%。【结论】 利用CRISPR/Cas9系统成功编辑水稻Wx基因,获得了稳定遗传、低直链淀粉含量的突变体,为稻米品质改良提供了材料。     

Molecular Scree ning of Blast Resistance Genes in Rice Germplasms Resistant to Magnaporthe oryzae

Molecular screening of major rice blast resistance genes was determined with molecular markers, which showed close-set linkage to 11 major rice blast resistance genes (Pi-d2, Pi-z, Piz-t, Pi-9, Pi-36, Pi-37, Pi5, Pi-b, Pik-p, Pik-h and Pi-ta²), in a collection of 32 accessions resistant to Magnaporthe oryzae. Out of the 32 accessions, the Pi-d2 and Pi-z appeared to be omnipresent and gave positive express. As the second dominant, Pi-b and Piz-t gene frequencies were 96.9% and 87.5%. And Pik-h and Pik-p gene frequencies were 43.8% and 28.1%, respectively. The molecular marker linkage to Pi-ta² produced positive bands in eleven accessions, while the molecular marker linkage to Pi-36 and Pi-37 in only three and four accessions, respectively. The natural field evaluation analysis showed that 30 of the 32 accessions were resistant, one was moderately resistant and one was susceptible. Infection types were negatively correlated with the genotype scores of Pi-9, Pi5, Pi-b, Pi-ta² and Pik-p, although the correlation coefficients were very little. These results are useful in identification and incorporation of functional resistance genes from these germplasms into elite cultivars through marker-assisted selection for improved blast resistance in China and worldwide.     

稻瘟病抗性基因的鉴定及利用进展

20世纪60年代中期,日本率先开展了水稻品种抗稻瘟病基因分析的研究工作,鉴定了最初的8个抗性位点上的14个基因,并建立了一套抗稻瘟病基因分析用的鉴别体系（JDCs, Japanese differential cultivars）,随后,国际水稻研究所和中国等产稻国也逐渐开展了水稻稻瘟病抗性遗传的系统性研究。截至2007年12月,已至少报道了58个抗稻瘟病位点共67个主效基因。这些基因成簇地分布于除第3染色体外的所有水稻染色体上,其中,66个为显性基因,1个为隐性基因,包括Pi b、Pi ta、Pi z5、Pi zt、Pi 9、Pi d2、Pi 36和Pi 37等8个已被克隆的基因(Pi z5、Pi zt和Pi 9同为Pi z基因位点上的复等位基因)。还讨论了合理利用抗性基因等问题。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统定向编辑水稻SD1基因

【目的】半矮秆水稻品种的选育和应用是水稻育种的最重大成果之一。半矮秆品种大多是半矮秆基因SD1(semi-dwarf1)功能缺失突变体,为了获得sd1突变体,本研究对SD1基因进行了定向编辑。【方法】利用CRISPR/Cas9系统,以SD1基因为靶基因,构建基因编辑载体CRISPR-SD1,用农杆菌介导的方法转化水稻恢复系申繁17和申繁24。【结果】在2个转化受体的T₀代均获得了纯合的sd1突变体,并且在T₁代株系中分离出了不含转基因序列的植株。2个品种的sd1突变体与各自的野生型相比,株高分别下降了25%左右。【结论】利用CRISPR/Cas9系统可以有效地对目的基因进行编辑,在水稻分子育种领域具有巨大的应用价值。     

籼型水稻中稻瘟病抗性基因分布及抗性研究

稻瘟病严重威胁着水稻的安全生产。目前,培育抗性品种是控制稻瘟病危害最经济有效的途径之一。本研究利用11个主效稻瘟病抗性(R)基因(Pi2、Piz-t、Pi9、Pi54、Pik-m、Pid3、Pib、Pit、Pi5、Ptr和Pita)的分子标记对48个常规稻、15个不育系和129个杂交稻进行了检测。结果表明,在常规稻中,Ptr和Pi5的分布频率均为35.42%,Pib、Pi2、Piz-t、Pit的分布频率介于20.0%~30.0%之间,其余均在15%以下;在不育系中,Pita的分布频率为40.0%,其余均在20%以下;杂交稻中,Pita、Pib、Pi54、Ptr和Pi5的分布频率在40.31%~55.04%之间,其余均在20%以下;Pita在各个品系中均广泛存在,频率介于35.42%~51.16%。田间抗性评价表明,R基因较多的品种具有较高的抗性。综上所述,在参试的水稻材料中,不育系中存在抗性基因较少,所有类型材料中广谱抗性基因分布较少,抗性基因聚合可以有效提高稻瘟病田间抗性。     

Clustering of Major Genes Conferring Blast Resistance in a Durable Resistance Rice Cultivar Gumei 2

By using 304 recombinant inbred lines derived from indica rice cross Zhong 156/Gumei 2, a linkage map consisting of 177 marker loci and covering 12 rice chromosomes was constructed and employed for mapping genes conferring blast resistance in rice. Genomic location of gene Pi25(t) conferring neck blast resistance to the Chinese isolate 92-183 (race ZC15) was verified to be located between markers A7 and RG456 on chromosome 6, with genetic distances of 1.7 cM and 1.5 cM to A7 and RG456,respectively. Leaf blast resistance of Gumei 2 to the Philippine isolate Ca89 (lineage 4) was found to be controlled by a single gene. The gene tentatively designated as Pi26(t) was located between makers B10 and R674 on chromosome 6, with genetic distances of 5.7 cM and 25.8 cM to B10 and R674 respectively. Resistant alleles at both gene loci were derived from Gumei 2,indicating an existence of resistance gene cluster in Gumei 2.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术编辑AFP1基因提高水稻耐逆性

目的 为鉴定水稻AFP1在非生物胁迫响应中的作用,创制非生物胁迫抗性的水稻新材料。方法 以优异籼稻恢复系华占为转化受体,利用CRISPR/Cas9技术创制afp1突变体,并对afp1突变体的耐逆性进行初步鉴定。结果 AFP1靶点1和靶点2的编辑效率分别为66.67%和75.00%。所有突变株系中,突变类型仅有插入和缺失突变,90%突变株系的突变长度为小片段突变（<5bp）。获得了6种无转基因成分的afp1纯合突变体。正常条件下,afp1突变体株高和结实率降低,有效分蘖增加,穗长显著升高,单株产量在-4.06%和11.75%之间变化。和野生型相比,afp1突变体的ABA敏感性和叶片水分散失率降低,耐干旱、热和渗透胁迫能力提高。结论 编辑AFP1基因可提高水稻多种非生物胁迫抗性。     

辽宁省粳稻品种稻瘟病抗性基因分析

【目的】为明确辽宁省260份粳稻品种中稻瘟病抗性基因的类型,评价抗性基因利用价值,为辽宁省水稻抗病育种提供参考。【方法】选用9个稻瘟病抗性基因的特异引物分析辽宁省已审定的260份粳稻品种抗性基因种类、基因组合类型及地域分布情况,基于抗病基因检测条带的有无进行品种聚类分析,苗期人工喷雾接种、分蘖盛期和蜡熟期田间自然发病调查,评价9个抗性单基因系的抗病性。【结果】辽宁省粳稻品种中含有抗性基因数量从0～7个不等,抗性基因Pikh检出率最高,其次是Pikm和Pi1;所有参试品种均未检测到Pi9基因,仅在辽宁省农业科学院育成的辽粳421中检测到Pi40基因。参试的水稻品种中共有62个基因组合类型。基于抗性基因检测结果进行聚类分析,可以将260份粳稻材料分为11个类群。9个抗性单基因系中,Pi40抗性最好;其次是Pi9、Pigm和Pita。【结论】抗性基因Pi40、Pi9、Pigm和Pita在辽宁省粳稻品种选育和生产上具有重要的应用潜力;参试品种的80.38%集中在第Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ和Ⅸ类群,没有明显的地域差异;参试品种抗病基因组合类型不够丰富,亲缘关系较近。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除水稻Pi21基因的效率分析

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术,针对Pi21基因的两个靶位点(靶位1和靶位2),构建基因敲除载体,转化水稻品种南粳9108。经PCR鉴定,获得了28株T0代阳性转基因植株。对靶位点酶切检测发现,靶位1突变效率为78.57%,靶位2突变效率为92.86%;靶位1和靶位2同时突变的效率为78.57%,突变效率较高。通过对靶位点进行测序,发现靶位点突变类型较多,包括碱基缺失、碱基插入、碱基缺失后插入其他碱基和大片段DNA缺失等类型。对突变株系进行氨基酸预测,发现大部分株系都存在移码突变现象而使基因突变彻底,少数株系表现为部分氨基酸的缺失或变异。成功敲除了水稻Pi21基因,并对突变效率和类型进行了分析,为进一步验证Pi21基因功能、培育广谱抗稻瘟病的水稻新品系奠定了基础。     

Clustering of Major Genes Conferring Blast Resistance in a Durable Resistance Rice Cultivar Gumei 2

By using 304 recombinant inbred lines derived from indica rice cross Zhong 156/Gumei 2, a linkage map consisting of 177 marker loci and covering 12 rice chromosomes was constructed and employed for mapping genes conferring blast resistance in rice. Genomic location of gene Pi25(t) conferring neck blast resistance to the Chinese isolate 92-183 (race ZC15) was verified to be located between markers A7 and RG456 on chromosome 6, with genetic distances of 1.7 cM and 1.5 cM to A7 and RG456, respectively. Leaf blast resistance of Gumei 2 to the Philippine isolate Ca89 (lineage 4) was found to be controlled by a single gene. The gene tentatively designated as Pi26(\) was located between makers B10 and R674 on chromosome 6, with genetic distances of 5.7 cM and 25.8 cM to B10 and R674 respectively. Resistant alleles at both gene loci were derived from Gumei 2, indicating an existence of resistance gene cluster in Gumei 2.     

利用分子标记技术聚合3个稻瘟病基因改良金23B的稻瘟病抗性

以C101LAC和C101A51为稻瘟病抗性基因的供体亲本,金23B为受体亲本,通过杂交、复交及一次回交,在分离世代,利用分子标记辅助选择技术结合特异稻瘟病菌株接种鉴定和农艺性状筛选,获得6个导入Pi 1、Pi 2和Pi 33基因的金23B导入系,其中导入系W1对稻瘟病的抗病频率为96.7%,明显高于携带单个基因的C104LAC（Pi 1）、C101A51（Pi 2）和北京糯（Pi 33）。基因聚合后抗病频率提高,说明基因聚合是培育稻瘟病持久抗性的有效方法之一。     

粳稻种质资源稻瘟病抗性及抗性基因分析

为提高冀东稻区水稻抗稻瘟病育种水平,对157份粳稻资源通过田间诱发感病鉴定其稻瘟病抗性,并利用12个抗病基因标记进行基因型鉴定。结果表明,157份粳稻资源中表现为抗、中抗、中感、感及高感材料分别为2、70、64、9、12个,其中,材料ZY1和ZY2表现为抗。Piz和Pid3这两个抗病基因出现频率最高,而Pigm、Pia、Pita、Pik和Pi5在本地区对稻瘟病的抗性上起到主效作用,且聚合越多抗性基因,抗病性越高。结合种质资源农艺及产量性状,发现ZY2、ZY13、ZY15和ZY21适合作为抗稻瘟病育种的亲本。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统定向改良水稻粒长和穗粒数性状

【目的】基因组定点编辑技术已成为分子育种的重要手段。本研究拟对GS3和Gn1a功能缺失突变对目标性状的改良效应进行分析,以期为培育高产水稻提供理论基础。【方法】利用CRISPR/Cas9系统,以控制粒型基因GS3和控制每穗粒数基因Gn1a为编辑对象,构建了共敲除载体p C1300-2×35S::Cas9-g~(GS3)-g~(Gn1a)a,用农杆菌介导法转化4个优质水稻品种,分析了基因突变的特征和相应农艺性状。【结果】构建的敲除载体成功地实现了对GS3和Gn1a基因的定点编辑。在4个转化受体的T_0代均分别获得了gs3和gs3gn1a的移码突变体。对T_1 代中无选择标记突变体的农艺性状分析表明,突变体gs3和gs3gn1a与野生型相比粒长变长,千粒重增加;突变体gs3gn1a与突变体gs3相比,每穗粒数显著增加。【结论】利用CRISPR/Cas9系统进行水稻基因编辑可以快速改良品种的目标性状,在水稻品种的定向改良方面具有巨大的潜力。     

Race Specificity of Major Rice Blast Resistance Genes to Magnaporthe grisea Isolates Collected from indica Rice in Guangdong, China

Race-specific resistance and field resistance of 30 rice blast resistance monogenic lines dedved from different resources were evaluated. The spectra of resistance to 163 Magnaporthe grisea isolates collected from indica rice in Guangdong Province, China ranged from 0.6% to 89.6%. Most of the monogenic lines showed a narrow resistance spectrum and high susceptibility in rice blast area, whereas the lines with Pikh and Pi1(t) had the broad resistance spectra of 89.6% and 82.2% respectively, showing a high and stable blast resistance in fields. According to the cluster analysis of specific resistance to 163 blast isolates tested, the 30 monogenic lines were divided into 15 groups, and based on the principal factor analysis, nine kinds of race-specific resistance were identified. Pik, Piz5, Pi9 and Pish can be used as candidate resistance genes for rice breeding since their specific resistance differed from those of the backbone parents in Guangdong, China. Gene pyramiding of Pikh [or Pi1(t)], Pi9 (or Piz5) and Pish (or Pita2) will be effective to obtain broad-spectrum blast resistance in rice breeding program in Guangdong, China. The strategies for studying and application of rice blast resistance genes were discussed.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9敲除OsNramp5基因创制低镉籼稻

【目的】为了尝试快速培育低镉籼稻，【方法】选取广泛应用的杂交水稻亲本华占和五丰B以及常规品种五山丝苗和中早35为材料，通过CRISPR/Cas9技术创制OsNramp5基因突变株系，在镉污染及正常土壤中种植并测定突变株系籽粒（糙米）镉含量，其他相关元素含量亦同时在镉污染土壤种植条件下测定，在非镉污染土壤种植条件下考查OsNramp5基因敲除对农艺性状的影响。【结果】成功获得了前述品种的OsNramp5基因敲除株系；非镉污染条件下种植的4个品种OsNramp5基因敲除株系籽粒镉含量低于0.02 mg/kg，平均较野生型降低85.5%；而在镉污染土壤种植时，不同品种OsNramp5基因敲除株系籽粒镉含量低于0.1 mg/kg，平均比野生型降低94.8%；锰含量也降低52.7%，铬含量增加59.5%，铅含量在华占中增加79.1%，而在其他品种中无变化；铜、铁、锌、钙、硒和砷含量（后4种元素只在华占及衍生品系中检测）受影响较小或不受影响；OsNramp5基因敲除株系株高、结实率和千粒重较野生型小幅降低，而有效分蘖略微增加，产量平均减少6.9%。【结论】通过OsNramp5基因敲除，可以显著降低镉积累，但在某些种植条件下，代价为小幅产量损失；通过本研究获得的低镉OsNramp5基因敲除品系在镉污染地区具有较好利用潜力。