活性污泥法对城市污水中重金属的

针对城市污水农灌中存在的重金属污染问题，采用活性污泥法试验研究汞、铅及镉的去除率。试验表明，重金属去除率与污水的初始浓度成正比。在试验条件下，当汞和铅的原水浓度达到污水排入城市下水道水质标准时，去除率在70%以上，出水满足农业灌溉水质标准。镉虽有一定的去除效果，但是出水很难满足农灌标准。     

城市污水混合粪便污水去除氮和有机物的正交试验研究

采用倒置A2/O工艺,以实际粪便污水与城市污水同步去除氮和有机物为目标进行正交试验.结果表明,高碳类便污水的混入对城市污水破源起到了较大的补充作用;水力停留时间是影响混合污水去除效果的限制因素;当水温为28～35℃,粪便污水与城市污水以1:300的体积比混合、SRT为20 d时,最佳运行参数为HRT=8 h、DO=2.0mg/L、R=80%,r=150%.此时,COD、NH4+-N和TN去除率分别为81.7%～88.8%、97.0%～99.4%和61.4%～68.7%,出水浓度均可稳定地达到<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB18918-2002)一级A标准.     

垃圾渗滤液与城市污水合并处理脱氮

为了解决垃圾渗滤液与城市污水合并处理氮难以稳定达标排放的问题,采用倒置A2/O法合并处理混合污水脱氮.结果表明,水力停留时间是脱氮效果的限制因素,试验条件下水力停留时间至少应保证9 h.好氧池溶解氧浓度增加对总氮去除不利;在60%～100%的范围内提高污泥回流比对有机物去除和反硝化有利;混合液回流比在100%～200%范围内增加对反硝化有一定促进作用.在水温25～30℃、泥龄20 d、MLSS3 000～3 500 mg/L、HRT11h、DO 3 mg/L、R80%、r200%时,有机物和脱氮效果同步达到最优,且出水浓度均可稳定地达到<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB18918-2002)一级A标准.     

碳氮磷交互作用对高浓度氨氮鸡粪沼液培养小球藻的影响

为降低鸡粪沼液对环境污染的同时寻求资源的再生利用，以鸡粪沼液膜过滤出水作为小球藻培养基，研究了二氧化碳(CO₂)体积浓度(0.03%～10%)及氮磷比(N/P=10～260)对小球藻生物量与色素累积，以及对氨氮、磷酸盐去除的影响。试验结果表明：在CO₂体积浓度为7.5%、N/P=80的条件下，小球藻干重最高可达3.38 g·L^-1,叶绿素(Chlorophyl, Chl a+b)浓度为30.78 mg·L^-1,氨氮去除率为68.6%。CO₂浓度对小球藻累积生物量的影响更大，培养20 d后，额外补偿CO₂的各处理组中磷酸盐去除率均>98%。研究为鸡粪沼液膜过滤出水培养微藻的工业化应用奠定了基础。     

Na+对IC反应器颗粒污泥影响的试验研究

利用取自IC反应器的颗粒污泥,研究了Na 浓度对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷活性的影响及其对COD去除效果和出水挥发酸的影响,并研究了系统缓冲能力的变化情况。实验结果表明,Na 会对颗粒污泥的活性产生抑制,当Na <10 g.L-1时系统具有足够的缓冲能力;当Na <12 g.L-1时,有机物去除率保持在82%以上,VFA稳定在203~643 mg.L-1。     

活性污泥法污水厂剩余污泥微氧消化的试验研究

为降低中小型污水处理厂剩余污泥好氧消化的动力消耗,作者对城市污水处理厂剩余污泥在低溶解氧状况下的消化进行了初步研究,并进行了序批式的小试和连续流的中试实验.通过监测污泥体积的消减和挥发性有机物降解的实验结果表明,当微氧消化的曝气量为好氧消化的1/2时,进泥浓度为20g·L-1,消化温度在30℃左右时,消化效果最好,有机物降解率超过50%,稳定化效果较好.污泥微氧消化工艺为中小型污水处理厂的污泥稳定化处理提供了新思路.     

含镉水灌溉对水稻产量和品质的影响

通过土培桶栽水稻试验,以辽宁中部灌区多年来水质状况为背景,研究了不同质量浓度镉水(0、0.002、0.004、0.005、0.006、0.01、0.012mg/L)灌溉对水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,重金属镉对水稻籽粒的长度有一定的抑制作用,但能降低稻米的垩白粒率,当灌溉水中镉质量浓度为0.002mg/L时,稻米的垩白粒率最小,仅为0.15,达到了国家二级优质米的标准;当质量浓度在0.012mg/L以下时,对水稻结实率、千粒质量、每桶产量的影响不显著,对水稻的碾米品质和营养品质无不利影响。土壤中的含镉量则与水中镉的质量浓度成正比,当质量浓度达到9.5×10-3 mg/L时,土壤中的含镉量达到国家环保局制定的限量标准(0.3mg/kg)。灌溉水中的镉仅有较少一部分进入到稻米中,6个不同质量浓度处理下,稻米中的含镉量占全生育期灌溉水镉总量的比例约为0.012%～0.067%。     

南水北调中线MBR-AOP系统处理农村生活污水的试验研究

在南水北调中线湖北十堰水源区,采用膜生物反应器(MBR)与高级氧化消毒(AOP)技术相结合的组合工艺MBR-AOP系统处理农村生活污水,考察了该工艺对CODCr、BOD5、NH3-N和浊度的降解效果,实验结果表明,在水温大于20℃、pH在6～8的条件下,工艺对CODCr、BOD5、NH3-N和浊度的降解效果好,平均降解率分别为96.4％、95.1％、94.3％和99.1％,出水CODCr为8.6～26.2 mg/L,BOD5为5.2～17.2 mg/L,NH3-N为1.8～3.9 mg/L,浊度均小于1 NTU,水质优于生活污水排放标准(GB 18918-2002)和农田灌溉水质标准(GB 5084-2005).     

厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)反应器处理生活污水中试研究

采用规模为240 m3.d-1的厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)反应器对生活污水进行研究。试验结果表明:采用此系统处理生活污水,出水水质良好。COD的去除率在73%~90%之间,出水的COD值小于70 mg.L-1,SS的去除率在70%~95%之间,停留时间为2 h的产气率在1.26 m3.m-3d-1,出水的氨氮、乙酸值比进水的高;硝酸根离子出水值比进水值低。     

厌氧消化+A~2/O+氧化塘处理猪场粪污水研究

山东文登东来养猪场采用厌氧消化+A~2/O+氧化塘污水处理工艺对养猪场的粪污水进行处理,最后实现污水的农田灌溉和达标排放。笔者通过对工程运行的连续监测,研究分析猪场粪污水在各处理单元中有机物浓度降解和氨氮去除效果。结果表明:采用IC反应器处理猪场粪污水,COD的平均去除率可达85.39%。而在A~2/O处理阶段,氨氮的平均去除率高达82.64%。经氧化塘后出水中COD和氨氮的平均值分别为198.01 mg·L~(-1),45.5 mg·L~(-1)。整个污水处理系统COD和氨氮的平均去除率分别为95.82%,95.44%,该系统运行效果稳定。     

Determination of the permissible amount of liquid animal waste applied to soil filters

Protection against water pollution by agricultural wastes makes decomposition of organic effluents necessary. The problem of oxidation of liquid animal wastes in soil filters is described. The theory of oxygen diffusion in soil in which the oxygen consumption rates vary with time, was applied to determine the aerobic and anaerobic zones in the irrigated soil profile. The results of calculations for different biochemical oxygen demands (BOD) of pig slurry and for different soil air-filled porosity (n_g) allow the determination of maximum BOD loads for the given air porosity of soils. The permissible amount of organic pollutants as BOD₅ in wastewater is 0.2 kg m⁻³ for n_g = 0.10 m³ m⁻³, BOD₅ = 0.9 kg m⁻³ for n_g = 0.20 m³ m⁻³, and BOD₅ = 2.75 kg m⁻³ for n_g = 0.30 m³ m⁻³. These limits were obtained under several assumptions, such as uniform distribution of air-filled porosity in the upper part of soil, oxygen respiration of soil similar to that of pig slurry, aerobic zone present in the upper 50 cm of the soil profile, and irrigation every 5 days.     

Impact of irrigation with treated low quality water on the heavy metal contents of a soil-crop system in Serbia

Water availability for irrigation is a limiting factor for agriculture in Mediterranean countries. An upcoming strategy for increasing water supply is to use treated wastewater for irrigation. A principal drawback of irrigating with wastewater is the potential heavy metal accumulation in soil and foodstuff.Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) irrigated with treated low quality surface water was studied in a three years experiment. The low quality surface water used for irrigation experiments contained a significant proportion of urban sewage and was spiked with selected heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb) and arsenic before treatment for years 2 and 3.The experiments were carried out during the growing seasons of 2006, 2007 and 2008 on a humogley soil of a commercial vegetable farm, 10 km north of Belgrade, Serbia. The growing seasons started in April/May and finished in August. Irrigation water was treated using (1) a conventional sand filter treatment, and (2) a sand filter combined with a specific filter for heavy metal removal treatment.Irrigation water composition was highly variable and cases both of enrichment and depletion of the measured inorganic trace elements were observed in the treated water, compared to the low quality feed water.In spite of this variability of the irrigation water composition, the soil contents in inorganic elements at the end of the three irrigation years are similar to the initial state. After the third harvest, no impact of the irrigation water on potato quality could be detected except for total sugar and sugar in total solids. Statistical tests (ANOVA) were performed to assess similarities between the different set of samples.The principal conclusion of this investigation is that, when appropriately treated, low quality feed waters with high heavy metal contents can be used for irrigation over several years without significant degradation of soil and produces. Even though, long-term cumulative effects in other pedologic and hydroclimatic settings, irrigation and cropping conditions cannot be excluded.     

黑龙江省地表水灌溉水质评价分析

【目的】合理制定管理策略改善灌溉水质。【方法】以黑龙江省2017年5—8月295个测点的16项水质监测指标为基础,以《地表水水质评价标准》(GB 3838—2002)和《农田灌溉水质标准》(GB5084—2005)为依据进行等级分类,采用Office以及ArcGIS软件分析了黑龙江省灌溉水质(主要指地表水)指标时空变化特征。【结果】①黑龙江省灌溉用水的主要污染物为有机污染物类(BOD5、COD和高锰酸盐指数)和面源污染类(氨氮、TN和TP)指标,其中仅有60.9%～76.7%和68.6%～78.3%测点的灌溉水质中COD和高锰酸盐指数能够达到III类标准以上;而面源污染类指标的表现较差,且TN和TP指标的超标问题较为严重;②时间变化方面,随着生育季的进行,有机物和面源污染类指标的劣类水测点均呈现逐渐增多趋势,且这一现象在TN和TP指标上表现更为明显;③空间变化方面,农业面源污染类指标的高风险区主要集中在佳木斯和七台河市,涉及的灌区主要包括鹤立河灌区、金沙灌区、三合灌区、孟家岗灌区和万家灌区。【结论】黑龙江省灌溉水质主要受农业面源污染类指标影响,且以TN、TP为主。制定合理的水肥管理策略是改善黑龙江省灌溉水质的重要手段。     

广利灌区总干渠水质及氮磷污染初步评价

【目的】针对灌区绿色发展面临严峻挑战和水环境不断恶化等问题,探究广利灌区总干渠水质及氮磷污染现状及其对灌区水环境的影响,进一步提出灌区水环境问题解决建议。【方法】于2019年6—12月,在灌区内总干渠中选取具有代表性的6个断面,进行了6次水质监测,测定水体中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、COD_Cr和BOD₅等反映水质和氮磷污染的基本指标。采用适用于我国河流水质综合评价的综合水质标识指数法和富营养化评价的对数型幂函数普适指数公式对河流水质及富营养化情况进行评价。【结果】①广利灌区86%的水体水质能满足Ⅴ类农业水域功能区的用水要求,且综合水质标识指数随时间和空间变化显著,7月66.7%水体处于劣Ⅴ类水标准,在三号闸和补源进水口取样点出现了黑臭水体。②广利灌区水体富营养化严重,灌区内水体100%处于富营养状态,富营养化评价综合指数(EI)峰值出现在7月补源进水口处(80.5),且41.6%的水体处于重富营养化状态。③TN平均质量浓度为5.30 mg/L,为地表水Ⅴ类水标准的2.65倍,TP平均质量浓度为0.156 mg/L,氮、磷比为33.97∶1,适宜藻类生长。【结论】广利灌区总体水质可满足农业功能区用水要求,但富营养化水平较高,尤其是氮污染严重,灌区内的原生态土渠和水生植物使河流具有良好的自净能力,能发挥其生态功能作用。因此,建议加强灌区内入河水体的污染控制尤其是氮磷污染的监测;同时渠道衬砌要考虑生态环境、配比生态衬砌和原生态土渠、河道搭配水生植物,进而对河水中的氮磷等污染物进行吸附,以改善灌区水环境。     

铁氧体对活性污泥法处理农村生活污水中氨氮的影响

为了提高活性污泥法的污泥活性和对污水的降解效率,基于磁性作用,采用铁氧体强化活性污泥法作为一种新型的污水生物处理方法,向常规活性污泥法反应器中加入适量磁化后的廉价的铁氧体粉末,提升活性污泥的活性,增加系统中的污泥浓度(MLSS),对农村生活污水中NH3-N进行高效处理,并提高活性污泥沉降速率.研究表明,向生物反应器中投加铁氧体后,反应器的启动时间缩短了2 d;当铁氧体的投加量为375 mg/L和2 500 mg/L时,反应器对NH₃-N的去除率分别提高了26%和27%.同时,向生物反应器中投加铁氧体使水力停留时间缩短了1 h,并扩大了反应器的适应温度及DO变化范围.本研究成果可以为农村污水深度处理提供一种新思路、新方法.     

污水灌溉对小麦和玉米的重金属积累和分布的影响

通过对邯郸市5种水质灌区的作物中重金属含量测定,结果发现:中水灌溉和井水灌溉对重金属在作物中积累影响最小,无论何种水质灌溉,4种重金属在作物中积累趋势为Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd,分布趋势基本为根大于茎和籽粒,作物体内铅和镉含量超标.分析表明,只要对污水进行铅和镉适当处理,用中水灌溉是可行的.     

Treating eutrophic water for nutrient reduction using an aquatic macrophyte (Ipomoea aquatica Forsskal) in a deep flow technique system

Wetlands can be used in a cost-effective manner to treat nutrient-rich water for release to freshwater ecosystems. Eutrophic water was treated with the freshwater macrophyte, Ipomoea aquatica Forsskal (swamp cabbage), in a horizontal-flow, Deep Flow Technique (DFT) system. Plants were also exposed to a Hoagland and Arnon [Hoagland, D.R., Arnon, D., l938. The water culture method for growing plants without soil. Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta. Circ., 347] solution using the same exposure system. After a 48-h exposure to the plant, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), total suspended solids (TSS) and chlorophyll a (Chla) in the effluent were reduced by 84.5, 88.5, 91.1, and 68.8%, respectively, and the removal of nutrients (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) varied between 41.5 and 75.5%. Vitamin C and NO₃-N concentrations in plants grown in the eutrophic water were significantly different from those grown in a standard nutrient solution. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a/b and shoot to root dry weight ratio were not significantly different between the different waters. The concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc were lower than the permissible levels set by the FAO and WHO for human consumption. The results of this study indicate that cultivating edible, aquatic macrophytes with nutrient-rich, eutrophic water in a DFT system can be an effective, low-cost phytoremediation technology to treat water with undesirable levels of nitrogen and/or phosphorus.     

引黄春灌对盐碱土区地下水动态及理化性质的影响

[目的]探究引黄春灌对区域浅层地下水动态及地下水理化性质的影响.[方法]通过监测试验区盐碱地春灌前后地下水位、八大离子(Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-、CO32-)质量浓度、地下水EC值、pH值、土壤电导率等指标,运用数理统计和水文地球化学分析的方法,分析春灌前后地下水动态及春灌后地下...     

农村生活再生水灌溉调控对稻田养分的影响

选择符合农田灌溉水质要求的3种灌溉水源(农村生活污水一级处理水R1、二级处理水R2、河道清水R3),3种灌溉水位调控(低水位W1蓄污(雨)上限为50～70 mm,中水位W2蓄污(雨)上限为50～100 mm,高水位W3蓄污(雨)上限为50～150 mm),用以开展不同灌溉水源和水位调控对稻田土壤氮素和有机质养分的影响研究.研究结果表明,农村生活污水再生灌溉稻田0～40 cm土层土壤氮素以NH₄⁺-N为主,NO₃-N含量较低,NH₄⁺-N相对比较稳定,且呈此消彼长的变化趋势,NO₃^--N更易于随水分向下迁移和累积;农村生活污水一级处理水灌溉可以显著提高土壤有机质含量;不同水位调控对60～80 cm土层NO₃^--N含量变化影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同水源灌溉对0～20 cm土层土壤有机质含量影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05);再生水灌溉能显著提高水稻产量,R1水源灌溉条件...