Conidial density of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monilinia</Emphasis> spp. on peach fruit surfaces in relation to the incidences of latent infections and brown rot

To evaluate the effect of conidial density of Monilinia spp. on the fruit surface on the incidence of latent infection and brown rot in peaches, eleven field surveys were performed in commercial orchards located in Cataluña, Spain over four growing seasons from 2002 to 2005, and nine surveys were conducted to determine the sources of overwintered Monilinia spp. inoculum. There was a significant positive relationship (r?=?0.69) between the numbers of conidia of Monilinia spp. on the fruit surface and the incidence of latent infections, but not with brown rot at harvest. Although mummified fruit, twigs and pits have been identified as being able to carry the pathogen from year to year in peaches grown in Spanish orchards, no relationships between any of these sources and the numbers of conidia on the fruit surface, or incidence of latent infection or brown rot were found. The effect of temperature (T), solar radiation (SR), rainfall (R) and wind speed (WS) on the area under the number of conidia of Monilinia spp. curve (AUncC) on peach surfaces was analysed. Regression analysis revealed that T, SR, R, and WS could account for 99% of the total variation in the area of the AUncC on peach surfaces. Thus, in order to reduce the incidence of latent infection and brown rot it is essential not only to remove the sources of primary inoculum but also to reduce the number of Monilinia spp. conidia on the fruit surface. Furthermore, the sources of airborne conidia of Monilinia spp. should be taken into consideration in disease management programmes in Spain.     

Occurrence of Monilinia laxa and M. fructigena after introduction of M. fructicola in peach orchards in Spain

Seventeen field surveys were done in four commercial orchards during six consecutive fruit-growing seasons from 2006 until 2011 in order to determine the current frequencies of occurrence of M. laxa, M. fructigena, and M. fructicola and their relative contributions to postharvest brown rot in peaches and nectarines in the Ebro Valley. The relative frequencies of occurrence of Monilinia spp. were determined on three sources of primary inoculum and on three sources of secondary inoculum. The major relative frequencies of Monilinia spp. were significantly recorded (P?=?0.05) from mummified fruit on the trees (approx. 42 %) and 7-day-old harvested fruit with brown rot (32 %), followed by that recovered from mummified fruit on the orchard bed (14 %), pruned branches on the orchard bed (8 %) and latent infections of immature fruit (3 %). We found that: (a) the relative frequency of M. fructicola has increased over the years to coexist on the same level as at the time M. laxa, (b) M. fructigena is no longer a cause of brown rot in harvested peaches, (c), a progressive reduction in the time of the first appearance of Monilinia airborne conidia (r?=??0.30, P?=?0.003), and the time of the first latent infection (r?=??0.44, P?=?0.0001) was detected along years after correlation analysis, and (d) these displacements are not associated with an increased incidence of brown rot disease. The M. fructicola increase was due to its significantly increased presence in 7-day-old harvested fruit with brown rot (r?=?0.73, P?=?0.0009), in latent infections of immature fruit (r?=?0.68, P?=?0.002), on pruned branches on the orchard bed (r?=?0.56, P?=?0.018), and on mummified fruit sampled on the trees (r?=?0.53, P?=?0.03). This progressive increase was accompanied by a progressive reduction in the relative frequency of occurrence of M. laxa in 7-day-old harvested fruit with brown rot (r?=??0.55, P?=?0.021) and M. fructigena on mummified fruit sampled on the trees (r?=??0.51, P?=?0.03).     

Relationship between the incidence of latent infections caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monilinia</Emphasis> spp<Emphasis Type="Italic">.</Emphasis> and the incidence of brown rot of peach fruit: factors affecting latent infection

Five field experiments were performed in commercial orchards located in Lleida (Spain) over three growing seasons, 2000–2002, in order to estimate the relationship between the incidence of latent infection caused by Monilinia spp. in peaches and the incidence of post-harvest brown rot. No latent infection was recorded at popcorn and the maximum incidence occurred pre-harvest; in some orchards a second peak was detected during the pit hardening period. Monilinia laxa is the most prevalent species isolated from peaches with brown rot. There was a positive correlation between the incidence of latent infection and that of post-harvest brown rot. The average incidence of latent infection during the crop season explained 55% of the total variation in the incidence of post-harvest brown rot. The effect of temperature (T) and duration of wetness (W) on the incidence of latent infection in peach and nectarine orchards was analysed using multiple regression. The regression analysis indicated that T and W jointly explained 83% of the total variation in the incidence of latent infection. The model predicts no latent infections when T < 8°C, and >22 h wetness are required when T = 8°C but only 5 h at 25°C are necessary for latent infection to occur. The incidence of brown rot and latent infection of peaches caused by M. laxa under controlled experimental conditions were also affected by T and W, as well as by fruit maturity and inoculum concentration. Latent infections were produced in fruit when T was not suitable for the development of brown rot symptoms. In these experiments more than 4–5 h of daily wetness were required after embryo growth in fruit sprayed to run-off with an inoculum concentration higher than 10⁴ conidia ml⁻¹ of M. laxa for brown rot and latent infections to develop. The fitted model obtained from the field data was able to predict the observed data obtained under controlled environmental conditions.     

High inoculum of Monilinia fructicola is a threat to peach production in the tropics due to fruit susceptibility at all development stages

Brown rot is the main disease of stone fruits in Brazil, but the susceptibility of peaches to brown rot at different stages of development in the field has not been studied under subtropical conditions. This information is relevant to guide the management of the disease. The objective of this research was to determine the influence of inoculating peaches with Monilinia fructicola at different stages of development on the infection and progress of brown rot at postharvest. Two experiments were carried out: one ex vivo with two cultivars and the other in the field for two seasons. Peaches were inoculated at different sizes for both experiments. In the field, peaches were bagged to avoid natural infection, and M. fructicola inoculum was monitored. The ex vivo incidence of the disease was lower at pit hardening than at other fruit stages for both cultivars. The incidence of brown rot for peaches attached to the trees increased with fruit ripening. Conversely, the time for symptom expression was reduced according to peach diameter. Peaches inoculated with a diameter smaller than 2 cm showed a lower incidence of brown rot and longer periods for disease expression than fruit inoculated near harvest. In conclusion, in areas with high inoculum in the orchard, a common condition in the subtropics, the grower must prevent infection at all stages of fruit development, thus avoiding losses during marketing.     

Baseline sensitivity of Monilia yunnanensis to the DMI fungicides tebuconazole and triadimefon

Monilia yunnanensis was recently identified as a new species causing brown rot of peach in China. Sterol 14α-demethylase inhibitors (DMIs) continue to be important in the management of brown rot of Monilinia spp. worldwide. Tebuconazole and triadimefon are two kinds of DMI fungicides that may be used for brown rot control in China. To establish the baseline sensitivity of M. yunnanensis to these two DMI fungicides, 203 M. yunnanensis single spore isolates were collected. Measurements of sensitivity to the two fungicides were based on inhibition of mycelial growth. For both fungicides, the sensitivity distribution was a unimodal curve, with an EC₅₀ range (the effective concentration to inhibit mycelial growth by 50 %) of 0.0001–0.0644 μg/ml for tebuconazole and 0.2311–1.7477 μg/ml for triadimefon. The M. yunnanensis isolates were obtained from orchards where DMI fungicides have not been used for peach brown rot control, thus the fungicide sensitivity distribution established in this study can be considered as the baseline for monitoring the resistance development in M. yunnanensis once the DMI fungicides are used to control peach brown rot.     

Monilia mumecola, a new brown rot fungus on Prunus mume in Japan

In 1982, an anamorphic fungus in the genus Monilia was first isolated as the causal agent of brown rot disease of Japanese apricot or mume (Prunus mume) in Oita Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan. Inoculation of flowers, shoots, and fruit of P. mume with the fungus reproduced brown rot disease symptoms similar to those found in nature. The fungus somewhat resembled the colony appearance of Monilinia (anamorph Monilia) laxa, the apricot brown rot fungus, on PSA plates, but it differed from the latter and the other two brown rot fungi, M. fructigena and M. fructicola, in terms of growth rate, temperature optima for mycelial growth and sporulation, morphology and germination pattern of conidia, nuclear number in the conidium, and nucleotide sequences in the ITS region of ribosomal DNA. It is newly described as Monilia mumecola Y. Harada, Y. Sasaki & T. Sano. A key to anamorphic states of four brown rot fungi of fruit trees is provided.     

Field studies of anthracnose symptoms and pathogen infection in different phases of the persimmon growing season

Anthracnose is the main disease of persimmon and is caused by Colletotrichum spp. The study of field epidemiology is essential for the development of efficient management of this disease. In this study, we investigated infection by Colletotrichum spp. throughout the persimmon growing season to understand the host–pathogen interactions better. We observed the production of primary inoculum of persimmon anthracnose and described how epidemics progress from secondary infections during the fruit crop season. The field study was carried out in an organic orchard with three susceptible persimmon cultivars, Fuyu, Kakimel and Jiro, for three consecutive seasons. Our results indicate that the pathogen survives in 1-year-old shoots, which are the sources of primary inoculum. Later that growing season, the inoculum reaches flowers and new shoots, developing symptoms and producing the secondary inoculum. Fruit drop was also observed, with or without symptoms of anthracnose, throughout the plant cycle. In some of the symptomless fruit, collected from the plant and from the ground where they had fallen, latent infections of Colletotrichum spp. were detected. Shoots, flowers, immature and ripened fruit remained infected throughout the growing season, producing conidia that could lead to new secondary infections within and among plants. The incidence of anthracnose in fruit at harvest and postharvest proved to be less relevant for disease management. Practices for chemical and cultural control of the disease throughout the persimmon growing season are discussed.     

Characteristic of Monilinia spp. fungi causing brown rot of pome and stone fruits in Poland

Brown rot, caused by fungi belonging to the genus Monilinia, is one of the most important diseases of stone and pome trees in the world. During the summers of 2010 and 2011, a total of 670 Monilinia spp. isolates were obtained from infected fruits. They were collected from different commercial stone and pome fruit orchards, located in northern, southern and central Poland. All isolates were identified using multiplex PCR. Twenty isolates obtained from plum, peach and apple fruits were identified as M. polystroma and 5 isolates from plums as M. fructicola. The remaining isolates were identified as M. fructigena or M. laxa. The identification of the isolates was also confirmed on the basis of growth characteristics in culture according to the EPPO standard PM 7/18. A comparison of morphological features of four Monilinia spp. growing on two selective growth media, APDA-F500 and CHA, indicated significant differences between these species. In artificial inoculation of fruits, all the examined Monilinia spp. isolates were pathogenic. The species affiliation of M. polystroma and M. fructicola isolates collected from orchards in Poland was confirmed on the base of phylogenetic and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1/5.8S rDNA/ITS2) region of ribosomal DNA.     

Development and implementation of cost-effective strategies to manage brown rot of peach trees in Imathia,Greece

Development of cost-effective strategies to manage brown rot caused by Monilinia laxa of peach implies a better understanding of the susceptibility of different cultivars and pre-harvest contamination. This study investigated the susceptibility of 24 peach and nectarine cultivars to shoot blight caused by Monilinia spp. and found various levels of susceptibility, with the nectarine cultivar Tasty Free scored as the most susceptible. Studies on the the existence and detection of latent infections by Monilinia spp. in three peach (‘A37’, ‘Andross’, and ‘E-45’) and three nectarine (‘Venus’, ‘Fantasia’, and ‘Tasty Free’) cultivars were also conducted. The results showed that latent infections were detected only in nectarine cultivars when fruit were collected on 23 May and 22 June. In contrast, nectarine fruit collected on 7 June and all peach cultivars tested had no detectable latent infection. This study also indicated that the fungicide thiophanate methyl applied at the pit hardening stage reduced significantly the percentage of latent infection and subsequently preharvest fruit rots. Finally, a disease forecast model to predict blossom blight, caused by M. laxa, was evaluated in the Prefecture of Imathia, Greece. Trees, sprayed according to the model predictions, showed a statistically lower percentage of blighted shoots than those of unsprayed trees.     

Inoculum dynamics, fruit infection, and development of brown rot in prune orchards in california

ABSTRACT Brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola, is a destructive disease of stone fruit in California. Disease management requires information on inoculum dynamics and development of latent and visible fruit infections during the season to help make decisions on timing of fungicide treatments and choice of cultural practices. In this study, the daily spore concentration (ascospores and conidia) of M. fructicola in the air was monitored with spore traps in two prune orchards during the growing seasons in 2001 and 2002. The spore concentrations were low to moderate at early bloom, increased at full bloom, and decreased to the lowest level at the end of bloom. Improper timing of fruit thinning and irrigation in midseason increased spore concentration in the air and fruit infections late in the season. Artificial fruit inoculations were conducted periodically in 10 prune orchards in 2002 and 2004, and incidence of fruit rot at different inoculation dates was assessed. Fruit rot development rate increased linearly with inoculation date during the growing season. Natural blossom and fruit infections were monitored periodically in 10 prune orchards, and incidence of latent fruit infection was determined by using the overnight freezing-incubation technique. Incidence of fruit rot also was assessed 2 weeks before harvest in these orchards. The incidence of latent fruit infection at the pit hardening stage significantly correlated with that at the late stages and with the incidence of fruit rot at harvest.     

Biological control of peach brown rot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Monilinia</Emphasis> spp.) by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis> CPA-8 is based on production of fengycin-like lipopeptides

Bacillus subtilis CPA-8, a strain with demonstrated ability to control Monilinia spp. in peaches, was studied to elucidate its mechanisms of antifungal activity. Growth inhibition assays using cell-free supernatants and butanolic extracts showed strong antifungal activities against Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructicola. By comparison with the reference B. subtilis strains UMAF6614 and UMAF6639, fengycin, iturin and surfactin lipopeptides were identified by thin layer chromatography in butanolic extracts from cell-free supernatants, indicating that antibiosis could be a major factor involved in the biological control ability of CPA-8. TLC-bioautography analysis confirmed the presence of fengycin, iturin and surfactin lipopeptides but strong antifungal activity could be associated only with fengycin lipopeptides. These results were definitively supported by mutagenesis analysis targeted to suppress fengycin biosynthesis by disruption of the B. subtilis fenB gene. By TLC-bioautography analysis it was possible to identify transformants from CPA-8 with reduced or suppressed antifungal activity, and this phenotype was associated with the lack of fengycin bands. Fruit trials confirmed that fengycin-defective mutants and their cell-free supernatants lost their ability to control peach brown rot disease in comparison with CPA-8 wild type strain or Serenade Max®, a commercial formulation based on B. subtilis. Furthermore, population dynamics studies determined that CPA-8 fengycin-deficient mutants survived in wounds in peach fruit equally well as the CPA-8 wild type. Taken together our data indicate that fengycin-like lipopeptides play a major role in the biological control potential of B. subtilis CPA-8 against peach brown rot.     

桃褐腐病菌抗药性分子机理研究进展

桃褐腐病是严重危害桃生产的重要病害之一。在实际生产中,该病害的控制主要以化学防治为主。由于杀菌剂的大量使用,桃褐腐病菌已对几类常用的杀菌剂产生了不同程度的抗药性。本文就桃褐腐病菌(Moniliniaspp.)对生产上使用的几大类杀菌剂的抗药性情况及抗药性分子机制研究进展进行简单概述和分析,以供国内同行借鉴与参考。     

Effects of fruit maturity and wetness on the infection of apple fruit by Neonectria galligena

Neonectria galligena can cause European canker of apple as well as fruit rot. Healthy unwounded fruits on potted trees of cvs Cox, Bramley and Gala were inoculated with conidia of N. galligena to investigate the effects of wetness duration and fruit maturity on rot development. Overall, the incidence of fruit rot was influenced more by fruit maturity at the time of inoculation than by duration of wetness (6–48 h). Young fruit were most susceptible to infection, with 50% of fruit infected when inoculated up to 4 weeks after full bloom. The susceptibility decreased initially until c. 2 months after full bloom and then increased gradually until harvest. Almost all preharvest symptoms (eye rot) developed only on the fruit inoculated up to 4 weeks after full bloom. All other rots were observed after six‐month postharvest storage under controlled atmospheric conditions. However, the relative proportion of preharvest eye rots and postharvest storage rots varied greatly among three years. The effect of wetness duration was only significant for fruit inoculated in their early stages of development but not for those inoculated near harvest. Regression models were developed to describe the observed effects of fruit maturity and wetness on the incidence of total nectria rots.     

Combination of hot water, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis> CPA-8 and sodium bicarbonate treatments to control postharvest brown rot on peaches and nectarines

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hot water (HW), antagonists and sodium bicarbonate (SBC) treatments applied separately or in combination to control Monilinia spp. during the postharvest storage of stone fruit. Firstly, we investigated the effect of HW temperatures (55–70°C) and exposure times (20–60 s), seven antagonists at two concentrations (10⁷ or 10⁸ cfu ml⁻¹) and four SBC concentrations (1–4%). The selected treatments for brown rot control without affecting fruit quality were HW at 60°C for 40 s, SBC at 2% for 40 s and the antagonist CPA-8 (Bacillus subtilis species complex) at 10⁷ cfu ml⁻¹. The combinations of these treatments were evaluated in three varieties of peaches and nectarines artificially inoculated with M. laxa. When fruit were incubated for 5 d at 20°C, a significant additional effect to control M. laxa was detected with the combination of HW followed by antagonist CPA-8. Only 8% of the fruit treated with this combination were infected, compared to 84%, 52% or 24% among the control, CPA-8, and HW treatments, respectively. However, the other combinations tested did not show a significant improvement in effectiveness to control brown rot in comparison with applying the treatments separately. When fruit were incubated for 21 d at 0°C plus 5 d at 20°C, the significant differences between separated or combined treatments were reduced and generally the incidence of brown rot was higher than when fruit were incubated for 5 d at 20°C. Similar results were observed testing fruit with natural inoculum.     

Temporal dynamics of brown rot in different apple management systems and importance of dropped fruit for disease development

ABSTRACT Epidemic development of brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructigena, was monitored in integrated and organic apple orchards at two locations in eastern Hungary between 2002 and 2005 on three cultivars with early, midseason, and late ripening periods. Disease incidence and severity measures were affected significantly (P < 0.05) by management system (organic versus integrated) and cultivar, but there was no significant management system-cultivar interaction. Epidemics started 2 to 4 weeks earlier in organic orchards and on the early cv. Prima compared with integrated orchards and the late cv. Mutsu. Disease intensity increased markedly in the final 3 to 5 weeks before harvest and was considerably lower in integrated than in organic orchards. Final brown rot incidence on fruit in the tree was correlated with incidence on dropped fruit on the orchard floor (r > 0.75, P < 0.05), whereby the lag period from the appearance of the first symptomatic fruit on the ground to the occurrence of the first symptomatic fruit in the tree ranged from 2 weeks to 2 months, depending on the cultivar. The inflection point of the disease progress curve was attained first by fruit on the ground, followed successively by fruit in the lower, middle, and upper thirds of the tree canopy. This may indicate that dropped fruit that became infected early provided a source of inoculum for subsequent epidemics by serving as a bridge between sporulation from overwintered fruit mummies in the spring and the first fruit with sporulating lesions in the tree in midsummer. Removal of dropped fruit from the orchard floor resulted in a significantly lower disease incidence on fruit in the tree on all cultivars; thus, drop-removal may be useful as a brown rot management practice in apple orchards.     

Epidemiology and management of brown rot on stone fruit caused by Monilinia laxa

Stone fruit is attacked by various pathogens, of which brown rot disease is one of the important diseases. There are three Monilinia species mainly responsible for the brown rot disease: Monilinia fructicola is mainly found in North America and Australasia, and M. laxa and M. fructigena mainly in Europe. Both M. fructicola and M. laxa can infect flowers, resulting in blossom blight, as well as both healthy and wounded fruit, resulting in brown rot. On the other hand, M. fructigena can only infect wounded fruit. Compared to the two other species, M. fructicola has been extensively studied, whereas the equally important M. laxa has had less attention. This paper addresses this imbalance and reviews research on the biology, epidemiology and management of M. laxa on stone fruits. Due to EU regulations, the number of fungicides available for controlling plant diseases has been steadily decreasing, particularly in the post-harvest environment. This has placed much more emphasis on alternative control methods, a focus of the present review. Numerous physical and biological approaches to control have achieved successful outcomes but often in small-scale trials and in isolation from integrated strategies. Promising physical control methods include removal of mummified fruit in orchards and post-harvest hot-water treatment. Many micro-organisms have been shown to have biocontrol potential against brown rot but only a few have been commercially formulated. It is generally agreed that the use of biocontrol agents needs to be integrated with other measures. Current research focuses on disease management from flowering to post-harvest period. Recent results have suggested that reducing overwintering inoculum should be considered as one of key aspects of integrated management of brown rot on stone fruit. Finally, we make recommendations about future research and development on integrated pest management strategies for control of M. laxa, especially on strategic deployment of biocontrol agents and interactions among brown rot pathogens.     

Multiple preharvest treatments with harpin reduce postharvest disease and maintain quality in muskmelon fruit (cv. Huanghemi)

Decay caused by fungal pathogens is responsible for significant economic loss of muskmelon fruit (Cucumis melo L.) in China. However, postharvest treatment is not effective in controlling all of these pathogens, owing to the ability of some of them for latent infection. Therefore, preharvest treatment has been considered as a promising method to control postharvest decay in muskmelon fruit. The effect of multiple preharvest treatments with harpin on postharvest disease and quality of cv. ‘Huanghemi’ muskmelon fruit was investigated in this study. Results showed that harpin treatment significantly decreased the incidence of latent infection caused by Alternaria alternata and Fusarium spp. in harvested fruit. Meanwhile, the postharvest pink rot in treated fruit inoculated with Trichothecium roseum was suppressed noticeably. Moreover, preharvest treatment increased the activities of peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, 4-Coumarate:CoA ligase and β-1,3-glucanase compared with control fruit. Harpin treatment also contributed to the accumulation of total phenolic compounds and lignin. In addition, harpin treatments were able to maintain the quality of harvested fruit. These results suggest that multiple treatments with harpin before harvest may be a promising technology to control postharvest disease and delay quality losses in Huanghemi muskmelon fruits.     

Monitoring conidial density of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monilinia fructigena</Emphasis> in the air in relation to brown rot development in integrated and organic apple orchards

In a three-year Hungarian study, conidial density of Monilinia fructigena in the air determined from mid-May until harvest was related to brown rot disease progress in integrated and organic apple orchards. Conidia of M. fructigena were first trapped in late May in both orchards in all years. Number of conidial density greatly increased after the appearance of first infected fruit, from early July in the organic and from early August in the integrated orchard. Conidial number continuously increased until harvest in both orchards. Final brown rot incidence reached 4.3–6.6% and 19.8–24.5% in the integrated and organic orchards, respectively. Disease incidence showed a significant relationship with corresponding cumulative numbers of trapped conidia both in integrated and organic orchards, and was described by separate three-parameter Gompertz functions for the two orchards. Time series analyses, using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, revealed that the temporal patterns of the number of airborne conidia was similar in all years in both integrated and organic orchards. Conidia caught over a 24-h period showed distinct diurnal periodicity, with peak spore density occurring in the afternoon between 13.00 and 18.00. Percent viability of M. fructigena conidia ranged from 48.8 to 70.1% with lower viability in dry compared to wet days in both orchards and all years. Temperature and relative humidity correlated best with mean hourly conidial catches in both integrated and organic apple orchards in each year. Correlations between aerial spore density and wind speed were significant only in the organic orchard over the 3-year period. Mean hourly rainfall was negatively but poorly correlated with mean hourly conidial catches. Results were compared and discussed with previous observations.     

Spatio-temporal patterns of pre-harvest brown rot epidemics within individual peach tree canopies

Tree canopies are architecturally complex and pose several challenges for measuring and characterizing spatial patterns of disease. Recently developed methods for fine-scale canopy mapping and three-dimensional spatial pattern analysis were applied in a 3-year study to characterize spatio-temporal development of pre-harvest brown rot of peach, caused by Monilinia fructicola, in 13 trees of different maturity classes. We observed a negative correlation between an index of disease aggregation and disease incidence in the same tree (r?=??0.653, P?<?0.0001), showing that trees with higher brown rot incidence had lower aggregation of affected fruit in their canopies. Significant (P?≤?0.05) within-canopy aggregation among symptomatic fruit was most pronounced for early-maturing cultivars and/or early in the epidemic. This is consistent with the notion of a greater importance of localized, within-tree sources of inoculum at the beginning of the epidemic. Four of five trees having >10 blossom blight symptoms per tree showed a significant positive spatial association of pre-harvest fruit rot to blossom blight within the same canopy. Spatial association analyses further revealed one of two outcomes for the association of new fruit rot symptoms with previous fruit rot symptoms in the same tree, whereby the relationship was either not significant or exhibited a significant negative association. In the latter scenario, the newly diseased fruit were farther apart from previously symptomatic fruit than expected by random chance. This unexpected result could have been due to uneven fruit ripening in different sectors of the canopy, which could have affected the timing of symptom development and thus led to negative spatial associations among symptoms developing over time in a tree.