不同技术措施对梭梭免灌造林成活率的影响

分别于2009年、2010年春季,在新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南缘选取了迎风坡、丘间平地、背风坡作为研究样地,采用不同的技术措施(保水剂、生根粉和液体地膜)进行梭梭免灌造林试验,以确定这些技术措施是否能有效提高古尔班通古特沙漠地区免灌造林成活率。结果表明:实施这些措施后,不同立地条件之间梭梭免灌造林成活率存在显著差异;水分是限制古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭免灌造林成活的关键因子,土壤理化性质对梭梭免灌造林成活率影响不显著;三种造林措施对梭梭免灌造林成活率有一定作用,但效果不显著。     

盐池县土壤沙化调查

盐池县位于宁夏自治区东部,毛乌素沙漠边缘,属荒漠草原地带,1983年以来,我们对该县土壤沙化问题进行了调查研究。现将调查研究结果报告如下。一、沙化现状盐池县黄土丘陵边缘以北的广大地区是主要沙化区,土壤面积803.9万亩,不同程度的沙化面积竟达689.1万亩。按沙化程度和性质可划分如下:     

集流抗旱造林技术研究

<正> 汇集径流,改善树穴土壤的水分状况,对发展干旱半干旱地区的造林事业具有特殊重要的意义。其技术关键主要在于:紧紧抓住影响造林成活率、保存率及林木生物产量的主要因素——土壤水分这一环节。由于干旱区旱地土壤水份奇缺、致使栽入土壤后的林木幼苗,失去了生存的唯一条件,影响生存的主要矛盾得不到解决,因而,大大制约了干旱地     

农牧过渡带的典型地区——盐池县农业资源综合开发利用问题

<正> 1.盐池县自然经济条件及其评价盐池县北接毛乌素沙地、南靠黄土高原,地理位置处于典型的过渡地带:自南向北地貌是黄土高原向鄂尔多斯台地过渡;气候是半干旱向干旱区过渡;植被是干草原向荒漠草原过渡;资源利用和农业类型是农业区向牧业区过渡。地理位置的过渡性带来自然条件的     

林木抗旱性生理指标及其在干旱区造林中应用研究

<正> 中国干旱半干旱区面积占全国面积的52.5%,半壁河山是以水分胁迫为主导限制因子的特殊生态区。为了提高这一地区的造林质量,选择旱生和抗旱性强的树种造林是主要造林技术之一。对于如何评价和比较林木的抗旱性,传统方法多采用对林木生态环境因子及对林木生     

延安地区土壤水分生态与植被建设

半干旱半湿润的延安黄土高原地区是我国水土流失严重和植被建设的重点地区之一,90年代以来以造林为主的植被建设效果并不理想。以果园地为研究重点的延安不同地区和不同立地条件下存在土壤水分状况的空间差异和普遍的土壤干化现象,土壤水分的总体亏缺是延安地区土壤干层出现的客观依据。延安地区土壤水分状况表明,延安南部和中部地区可以进行合理的人工造林,而北部地区应以灌草植被恢复为主,而地形破碎的梁峁地在造林过程中必需运用水平阶等集水造林技术。     

河北丰宁坝上的治沙造林问题

本文根据河北丰宁坝上的自然环境特征，探讨了该地区的治沙与造林措施，以及适于该地区的造林树种选择，防护林体系的配置问题。     

宁夏东部风沙区土地利用/覆盖变化及其生态效应研究——以宁夏回族自治区盐池县为例

文中在对盐池县土地利用/覆盖变化分析的基础上,从景观生态效应和生态系统服务价值两个方面分析了LUCC对盐池县生态环境的影响。(1)2000年盐池县草地、林地减少至346304hm2、34320 hm2,耕地、沙地增加至194944hm2、80336hm2;2010年草地、林地增加至393680hm2、37808hm2,耕地、沙地减少至171840hm2、49440hm2。城镇用地、水域和未利用土地有波动,但呈增加趋势。(2)生态景观格局方面,2000年香农多样性指数、破碎度和分离度分别增加至1.2282、0.2571、7.9819,2010年分别减少至1.1563、0.2307、3.1124;2000年蔓延度指数减少至44.6054,2010年增加至48.2926,斑块密度由1985年的0.2855减少至2010年的0.2617,平均斑块分维数由1985年的1.0341增加至2010年的1.0371。(3)生态系统服务价值方面,盐池县1985、1996、2000和2010年的生态系统服务价值分别为421494.5088万元、408607.8676万元、414748.1728万元、441432.8160万元,总量变化不大,主要是由于各土地的生态系统服务价值增减相互抵消造成的。(4)盐池县土地利用/覆盖变化对景观生态效应和生态系统服务价值的影响结果基本一致,即2000年之前全县生态环境遭到破坏,2000年之后全县生态环境有了一定恢复。研究表明,人类不合理的活动所引起的LUCC变化是导致盐池县生态环境退化、土地沙化的重要原因。     

人类活动对鄂尔多斯土地荒漠化的影响及未来可采取的对策

<正> 鄂尔多斯北起内蒙河套以南,南以长城为界,行政组成包括内蒙古伊克昭盟,陕西省榆林地区的一部分及宁夏盐池县的一部分。独特的沙地和剥蚀裸露的景观同周围地区——北部的黄河河套平原、东部的黄土丘陵、西部的基岩山地及南部的黄土高原形成鲜明的对比。第四纪以来,鄂尔多斯的环境变化在很大程度上是一个自然过程。特别是气候变化,     

沙生植物抗旱性比较的主要指标及分析方法

植物抗旱性比较,关系到干旱、半干旱地区的造林树种选择,是干旱半垣地区造林成败的关键因素之一。本文就目前抗旱研究中常用的抗旱指标及其分析方法给予总结。     

江西西北山区稻曲病药剂防控与效益评估

稻曲病是修水县中稻穗期主要病害。通过选用拿敌稳、爱苗、富力库和井冈霉素等药剂开展稻曲病药剂防治技术研究,为有效地控制该病的发生,减少病害损失,实现水稻低碳高产高效栽培提供理论与实践依据。稻曲病药剂防治试验结果表明：拿敌稳、爱苗、富力库和井冈霉素对稻曲病的防效分别为63.60%、52.66%、60.52%、43.46%;增产幅度分别为13.99%、10.62%、12.38%、4.99%;增收幅度分别为8.45%、5.95%、8.44%和2.90%;增产收益分别为121.9元、82.8元、117.5元和40.4元。通过试验得出：药剂防效与增产量、增收效益呈正相关,防效越好,增产幅度和增收幅度越大。采用以上药剂适时防治稻曲病可取得良好的经济效益和生态环境效益。     

五台山地区森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

森林对维持我国自然生态系统的平衡和稳定具有重要意义,其服务功能价值越来越受到人们的重视。采用综合评价方法对五台山地区森林生态系统服务功能价值进行估算。结果表明:五台山地区森林生态系统服务功能总价值为101.47×108元,单位面积价值量为6.80元·m-2·a-1,其中供给功能价值为0.44×108元(占0.43%),支持功能价值为31.34×108元(占30.89%),调节功能价值为65.83×108元(占64.88%),文化服务功能价值为3.86×108元(占3.80%);从不同的服务功能类型来看,其价值量为:防风固沙维持营养物质循环涵养水源气候调节保护生物多样性休憩娱乐净化空气提供林产品控制侵蚀;不同森林类型价值量差异较大,灌丛最大,针阔混交林最小,从单位面积价值量来看,松杉类最大,灌丛最小;五台山地区森林生态系统服务功能价值巨大,该结果对区域生态系统管理具有重要意义。     

吴起县退耕还林后主要植被类型土壤质量评价

为明确吴起县退耕还林后形成的主要植被类型土壤质量状况,文中以吴起县王洼子典型退耕植被作为研究对象,对比分析不同植被类型土壤理化性质差异,并综合主成分分析法、敏感性以及相关性分析法,建立了研究区土壤质量评价指标最小数据集.结果表明:1)不同植被类型间土壤物理、化学性质差异显著(P＜ 0.05);山桃×沙棘混交林在土壤孔隙...     

Variation in soil water content to rainfall under Caragana microphylla shrub in Horqin Sandy Land

In order to investigate the spatio-temporal variability of soil water content to rainfall under Caragana microphylla shrub in Horqin Sandy Land,a plot of 25 m × 25 m,where there were 6 shrub canopies of C. microphylla,was sited for measuring soil water content at two soil layers of 0-20 cm (top layer) and 20-40 cm (lower layer). Soil water content was measured on the 1st,5th,10th and 15th day after a 42 mm rainfall in Naiman of Inner Mongolia. The results showed that soil water contents at both layers under C. microphylla shrub were gradually decreased after the rain. Soil water content at the top layer outside the shrub canopy was higher than that inside the shrub canopy within 5 days,and became similar inside and outside the shrub canopy on the 10th day after the 42 mm rainfall,and it was lower outside than that inside the shrub canopy on the 15th day. The soil water content at lower layer in the area without shrubs was higher than that under shrub canopy all along. All the measured values of soil water content can be fitted to a variogram model. There was significant autocorrelation of the values of soil water content between top layer and lower layer,except for the fourth measured values of soil water content at top layer. The range and spatial dependence of soil water content at top layer were lower than that at lower layer.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕还林工程植被恢复效益初步研究

本文在对吴旗县及对比县乔木林、灌木林和草原群落野外调查的基础上,对吴旗县植被恢复效益通过植被覆盖度、重要值、物种多样性等方面进行了定量分析。结果表明,在吴旗县这样的自然地理条件下,通过退耕还林、封山禁牧,植被完全可以得到恢复,完全可以达到控制水土流失的目的。在自然恢复初期,植物群落将以草原地带性植被为主,并可以恢复到稳定阶段。三种植被群落在植物多样性方面差异并不大,草原群落的物种多样性和群落均匀度要略小于乔木林和灌木林群落。通过计算吴旗县和对比县的相似性系数表明,退耕封禁地与未退耕封禁地在相似性方面有较大的差异。     

Plantations of native shrub species restore soil microbial diversity in the Horqin Sandy Land,northeastern China

Caragana microphylla Lam., a leguminous shrub species, plays an important role in revegetation in the degraded ecosystems of the Horqin Sandy Land, Northeastern China. Large areas planted with this shrub have been artificially established as sand binders for soil protection, which might change the composition of soil bacterial communities with the development of sand dune stabilization. In this paper, we investigated the diversity and composition of native soil bacterial communities in the C. microphylla plantation for sand fixation using polymerase chain reaction with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis（PCR-DGGE） to understand the influence of this plantation on sandy soil ecosystem development. We collected soil samples from plantations with an age sequence of 0, 9, 16, and 26 years, as well as from the natural community, to identify the differences among soil bacterial communities. The result showed that bacterial abundance and community composition in the sandy land were affected by the age of the C. microphylla plantation. Moreover, bacterial diversity decreased with increasing plantation age, and the composition of the bacterial community in the 26-year plantation was similar to that in the natural community. Phylogenetic analysis of bands excised from the DGGE gels showed that members of alpha Proteobacterium, gamma Proteobacterium, Gemmatimonadetes and Chloroflexi were dominant in the sandy land. The stabilization of moving sand dune and development of sand-fixed plantation resulted in an increase of soil fertility, which could drive the structural evolvement of soil bacterial community, and it needs over 20 years for the soil bacterial community to form a stable structure, similar to the case for the natural vegetation.     

小叶锦鸡儿固沙群落草本种群重要值与生态位的研究

本文以不同恢复阶段小叶锦鸡儿群落内的草本物种为研究对象,分析了植被恢复过程中草本种群的重要值与生态位动态特征。结果表明:在5年,10年和天然锦鸡儿群落中狗尾草的重要值最大,而在21年锦鸡儿群落中地锦占优势地位;狗尾草和烛台虫实在整个演替过程中生态位宽度值都较大,大多数物种的生态幅度较窄;随着恢复时间的延长,群落内种群之间生态位重叠的平均值呈下降趋势,群落的生态位配置得到改善,种间关系和群落结构趋于稳定。     

Soil exchangeable base cations along a chronosequence of Caragana microphylla plantation in a semi-arid sandy land,China

As a pioneer leguminous shrub species for vegetation re-establishment,Caragana microphylla is widely distributed in the semi-fixed and fixed sandy lands of the Horqin region,North China.C.microphylla plantations modify organic carbon(SOC),nitrogen(N) and phosphorus dynamics,bulk density and water-holding capacity,and biological activities in soils,but little is known with regard to soil exchange properties.Variation in soil exchangeable base cations was examined under C.microphylla plantations with an age sequence of 0,5,10,and 22 years in the Horqin Sandy Land,and at the depth of 0-10,10-20,and 20-30 cm,respectively.C.microphylla has been planted on the non-vegetated sand dunes with similar physical-chemical soil properties.The results showed that exchangeable calcium(Ca),magnesium(Mg),and potassium(K),and cation exchange capacity(CEC) were significantly increased,and Ca saturation tended to decrease,while Mg and K saturations were increased with the plantation years.No difference was observed for exchangeable sodium(Na) neither with plantation years nor at soil depths.Of all the base cations and soil layers,exchangeable K at the depth of 0-10 cm accumulated most quickly,and it increased by 1.76,3.16,and 4.25 times,respectively after C.microphylla was planted for 5,10,and 22 years.Exchangeable Ca,Mg,and K,and CEC were significantly(P<0.001) and positively correlated with SOC,total N,pH,and electrical conductivity(EC).Soil pH and SOC are regarded as the main factors influencing the variation in exchangeable cations,and the preferential absorption of cations by plants and different leaching rates of base cations that modify cation saturations under C.microphylla plantation.It is concluded that as a nitrogen-fixation species,C.microphylla plantation is beneficial to increasing exchangeable base cations and CEC in soils,and therefore can improve soil fertility and create favorable microenvironments for plants and creatures in the semi-arid sandy land ecosystems.     

6种常用固沙植物的生态经济价值比较

通过分析小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam)、中间锦鸡儿(Caragana in-termedia Kuang)、柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom)、塔落岩黄芪(Hedysarumleave Maxim)、细枝岩黄芪(Hedysarum scoparium Fisch)和山竹岩黄芪(Hedysarum fruti-cosum Pall)的光合作用、水分利用效率、生物量、营养成分、土壤改良作用和防风固沙作用,结果表明,岩黄芪属3种植物的生态经济价值明显优于锦鸡儿属3种植物。     

甘肃省森林生态系统服务功能及其价值评估

在祁连山森林生态站长期定位观测数据以及甘肃省各林区2007-2009年调查数据的基础上,采用全国第七次森林资源清查甘肃省数据和国家权威机构公布的社会公共数据,利用国家林业局发布实施的森林生态系统服务功能评估规范(LY/T 1721-2008),评价了甘肃省"十一五"期间不同林分各优势树种生态系统服务功能的价值。结果表明:(1)甘肃省森林生态系统服务功能总价值为2163.86亿元.a-1,其中涵养水源价值为854.02亿元.a-1;保育土壤价值为378.51亿元.a-1;固碳释氧价值为529.83亿元.a-1;积累营养物质价值为46.94亿元.a-1;净化大气环境价值为119.36亿元.a-1;生物多样性保护价值为215.70亿元.a-1;森林防护价值为17.23亿元.a-1;森林游憩价值为2.31亿元.a-1。(2)不同树种提供的服务功能总价值顺序为灌木林>硬阔类>栎类>阔叶混>云杉>冷杉>经济林>杨树>桦木>软阔类>针阔混>华山松>油松>柏木>落叶松>针叶混>桐类>椴树类>铁杉。