The Effect of Vine Kill Method on Vine Kill,Tuber Skinning Injury,Tuber Yield and Size Distribution,and Tuber Nutrients and Phytonutrients in Two Potato Cultivars Grown for Early Potato Production

Sixteen vine kill programs were tested on Bintje and Ciklamen potato cultivars grown for early potato production over a three year period near Paterson, Washington. Mechanical (flail chopping, flail chopping and undercutting), chemical (glufosinate, diquat, sulfuric acid, carfentrazone, pyraflufen-ethyl), and physical (flaming) vine kill methods, and sequential combinations of the three were effective in killing rapidly growing potato vines of Bintje and Ciklamen. Rolling and crimping did not kill vines as completely and more vine regrowth occurred than with most other methods tested. Tuber skinning injury was greatly reduced when harvesting at 4 weeks after initial vine kill than at 2 weeks. None of the vine kill programs were able to hasten skin set enough to allow tubers to be harvested at 2 weeks after initial vine kill without significant tuber skinning injury. Glufosinate treatments that were applied several days earlier than other initial vine kill treatments tended to average less skinning injury at the early harvest possibly due to more time elapsing between initial vine kill and harvest. Total tuber yield and size distribution were similar among most vine kill treatments, with the exception of the earlier applied glufosinate treatments, which tended to reduce total yield, but still yielded a similar mass of desired 25 to 35 mm diameter tubers. Tubers from vine-killed plots tended to average greater N, P, K, Fe, and Ca content than tubers from non-killed control plots of both cultivars. Tuber ascorbate levels were also greater in non-killed controls, whereas total phenolic content tended to be greatest in earlier-applied glufosinate treatments. Nonchemical vine kill methods, chemical vine kill methods, and combinations of the two were identified that killed vines well, had low skinning injury at the 4 week harvest, and yielded similar amounts of 25 to 35 mm diameter early potato tubers.     

Manipulating Stem Number, Tuber Set and Size Distribution in Specialty Potato Cultivars

Manipulating seed physiological age is an effective method to alter tuber set and size distribution for many cultivars. However, cultivars Cal White, Red La Soda, Chieftain, Yukon Gold, and Satina were largely insensitive to high temperature-induced age-priming treatments. Gibberellins (GA) also have potential for altering tuber set and size development. When applied to cut seed of the five cultivars, GA hastened plant emergence, increased stem and tuber numbers per plant, and decreased average tuber size. The optimum concentration of GA for shifting tuber size distribution to maximize crop value without decreasing total yield depended on cultivar. Total yields decreased substantially in all cultivars with 10 mg L^?1 GA but lower concentrations (0.5–4 mg L^?1) either increased yields of Red La Soda, Yukon Gold, Chieftain and Satina by 11, 13, 15, and 24 %, respectively, or had no effect (Cal White). GA-induced increases in tubers per hectare ranged from zero (Cal White, Satina) to 36 % (Chieftain) and associated increases in yields of premium priced creamer size potatoes (C size; 10–66 g, 28–51 mm diameter) ranged from 0 to 140 %, depending on cultivar and length of the growing season. Increases in total crop values ranged from 7 to 30 % (Chieftain) with the optimum concentrations of GA, which also varied by cultivar. Effective use of GA to alter tuber size distribution for increased value depends on cultivar, concentration, and harvest timing.     

Hill Shape Effect on Yield,Quality, Stolon Length and Tuber Orientation of Two Potato Cultivars

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars are mostly planted using similar seed piece planting depths and hill shapes even though cultivars have unique tuber and stolon characteristics. A hill-shape study was conducted at Aberdeen, Idaho to determine the effects of hill shape on yield and field-green tuber yields and quality along with stolon length and tuber spatial orientation for two potato cultivars, 'Defender' and 'Summit Russet.' Plots were planted in late April to early May. Prior to emergence four hill shapes were formed: 1) plant-and-drag, 2) broad, 3) normal, and 4) peaked. Defender had higher total yield with the broad hill, but there were no differences among the remaining three hill shapes. For Defender, U.S. No. 1 yield was lower with the plant-and-drag hill shape, and the normal and peaked hills produced lower field-green tuber yield. Hill shape had no effect on total, U.S. No. 1, or field-green tuber yields of Summit Russet. The peaked hill resulted in a deeper uppermost tuber for Defender, while the uppermost tuber was deeper in the normal and peaked hills for Summit Russet. The broad hill resulted in a larger average tuber size for Defender, but hill shape had no effect on tuber size for Summit Russet. Total number of tubers per plant, stolon length and tuber spatial orientation were not affected by hill shape for either cultivar. Hill shape and height are important considerations in maximizing yield of saleable tubers, so needs to be customized according to cultivar-dependent stolon length and tuber orientation characteristics.     

Economic Optimum Nitrogen Fertilization Rates and Nitrogen Fertilization Rate Effects on Tuber Characteristics of Potato Cultivars

The objective of the research was to determine the economic optimum nitrogen (N) fertilization rates and to determine the effects of N fertilization rates on tuber characteristics and fresh mass loss after storage under cold and ambient conditions of four potato cultivars, Ágata, Asterix, Atlantic, and Monalisa. The experiments were, simultaneously, conducted in the same area and similar experimental conditions during the fall/winter period in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. In each experiment, five N fertilization rates (0, 50, 100, 200, 300 kg ha^?1) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design. For all cultivars, increasing N fertilization rate increased total and marketable yields and tuber dry matter yield up to a maximum following a quadratic model. Increasing N fertilization rate linearly increased the tuber protein concentration of Atlantic and Monalisa and had no effect on tuber pH. N fertilization rate effects on tuber mass, tuber titratable acidity, and fresh mass loss during storage were cultivar-dependent. N use efficiency (tuber yield divided by N fertilization rate) decreased with increase in N fertilization rate. The economic optimum N fertilization rates ranged from 147 to 201 kg ha^?1 depending upon cultivar and relative prices of N and potato tubers. Depending on the cultivar, under favorable price conditions (low N price and high tuber price), the economic optimum N fertilization rates to be applied by potato growers were 92–95% of the estimated N fertilization rate for obtaining the maximum potato yield, whereas under unfavorable conditions (high N price and low potato tuber price) the economic optimum N fertilization rates to be applied should be decreased to 86–92% of the rates for maximum yield.     

Effect of Nitrogen Rate on Growth,Yield, Economics and Crisps Quality of Indian Potato Processing Cultivars

A field study was conducted during 2000–2001 and 2001–2002 at the Central Potato Research Institute Campus, Modipuram, India, in order to increasing the processing-grade tuber yield of India’s first ever developed processing potato cultivars, Kufri Chipsona-1 and Kufri Chipsona-2. Tuber yield and post-harvest quality characteristics were evaluated in response to five N levels (0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 kg N ha^-1). The crop growth traits (stem number, plant height and compound leaf number) responded positively to N application, whereas the effect of N fertilization on processing-grade tuber number, total tuber number per ha and tuber number per plant was quadratic. There was a steady increase in tuber weight per plant, processing-grade tuber yield, total tuber yield and biomass yield in response to N application. Kufri Chipsona-1 produced a 23.6% higher tuber yield per plant than Kufri Chipsona-2. Agronomic N use efficiency decreased linearly with increased N doses. Specific gravity and tuber dry matter percentage responded positively to N application, while crisps colour (at harvest and after storage) and reducing sugars remained unaffected. Cultivar was the major factor that influenced the tuber quality parameters (specific gravity, crisps colour). Higher values of these quality traits were observed in Kufri Chipsona-2 as compared to Kufri Chipsona-1. Net income and benefit cost ratio (B:C) indicated that Chipsona cultivars should be fertilized with 270 kg N ha^-1 for realizing higher processing-grade yields and desirable quality tubers.     

高淀粉马铃薯品种块茎大小与淀粉含量之间的关系

在同一地点以不同高淀粉马铃薯品种为试验材料,对各品种的总块茎产量、不同级别块茎产量、淀粉含量和淀粉产量等进行了研究。结果表明:高淀粉马铃薯品种单位面积上淀粉产量取决于总块茎产量和淀粉含量。不同大小块茎的淀粉含量受品种影响较大,有些品种各级别块茎的淀粉含量相对一致,有些品种的差异则较大。分别测定不同级别块茎淀粉含量,用加权平均方法得到某品种的淀粉含量,比随机取样得到的淀粉含量更准确。     

Effect of Potato Microtuber Size on the Growth and Yield Performance of Field Grown Plants

Abstract

To examine the effect of the size of the potato microtuber (MT) produced in vitro on the posterior field performance, we examined the growth and yield of the late maturity cultivar Norin 1 using four sizes of MT: 0.3–0.5 g, 0.5–1 g, 1–3 g and 3–5 g, and conventional seed tubers (CT) (approximately 50 g). The experiment was conducted at Hokkaido University, Sapporo Japan in 1998 and 1999. The tubers were planted in May of each year, in a randomized block design with three replications. Plants from MT lighter than 0.5 g showed a slower initial leaf and tuber growth than heavier MT, but around the full flowering stage there was no significant difference with the MT size in leaf or tuber growth. CT plants showed higher initial leaf and tuber growth compared with MT plants, especially in 1999. No differences in growing period, number of tubers, and tuber fresh and dry yield were observed with the MT size. However, in 1999, the growing period was longer and tuber fresh and dry yields at harvest were higher in CT plants. MT of all sizes used in the study can be used for direct field planting, but more studies are needed to increase the yield stability of MT plants.     

原原种的块茎大小对马铃薯的农艺性状、繁殖系数和产量的影响

选用早熟品种‘荷兰15号’和中晚熟品种‘克新13号’的脱毒原原种为试验材料,分别探讨原原种块茎大小对马铃薯的农艺性状、繁殖系数和产量性状的影响。研究结果表明:‘荷兰15号’原原种,株高对种薯总产的直接作用最大;‘克新13号’原原种,保苗率和株高对种薯总产的直接作用最大。‘荷兰15号’原原种的块茎大小在10~20 g时,繁殖系数最高,原原种的块茎大小在5~20 g时,其种薯的商品薯产量和总产最高。‘克新13号’原原种的块茎大小在7~15 g时繁殖系数、商品薯产量和总产均最高。     

原原种的块茎大小对马铃薯的农艺性状、繁殖系数和产量的影响

选用早熟品种‘荷兰15号’和中晚熟品种‘克新13号’的脱毒原原种为试验材料,分别探讨原原种块茎大小对马铃薯的农艺性状、繁殖系数和产量性状的影响。研究结果表明：‘荷兰15号’原原种,株高对种薯总产的直接作用最大;‘克新13号’原原种,保苗率和株高对种薯总产的直接作用最大。‘荷兰15号’原原种的块茎大小在10－20 g时,繁殖系数最高,原原种的块茎大小在5－20 g时,其种薯的商品薯产量和总产最高。‘克新13号’原原种的块茎大小在7－15 g时繁殖系数、商品薯产量和总产均最高。     

不同氮肥用量对冬种马铃薯产量、品质和氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间试验研究不同氮用量对珠三角地区冬种马铃薯生长、产量、氮素利用率和品质的影响。结果表明,180~300 kg N/hm2时马铃薯叶绿素含量、叶面积、株高和茎粗优于其它处理;在240 kg N/hm2时产量和经济效益最高。氮素收获指数和氮素吸收利用率分别介于0.57~0.66和12.65%~28.13%之间,随氮用量的增加而降低;而氮素农学利用率和氮素生理利用率则呈先升高后下降的趋势,在240 kg N/hm2时达最大值,分别为55.56、48.07 kg/kg。马铃薯块茎粗蛋白含量和可溶性糖含量分别在180 kg N/hm2和120 kg N/hm2时达到最大值,而氮用量对维生素C和淀粉含量无明显影响。建议珠三角地区冬种马铃薯氮用量以240 kg N/hm2为宜。     

施氮量对马铃薯氮素积累分配及利用率的影响

合理的施肥技术是提高马铃薯产量的主要措施之一。氮肥在马铃薯增产中作用巨大,但是氮肥的不合理施用通常造成马铃薯产量降低、品质下降、氮肥利用率降低。为合理施用氮肥,提高马铃薯产量和氮肥利用率,以鲜食品种‘东农09-33069’为试验材料,研究不同氮肥施用量对马铃薯氮素积累分配规律及其利用率的影响。结果表明,马铃薯植株氮含量、氮素积累量随施氮量的增加而升高。随生育期的推移,马铃薯植株氮素积累量呈先增加后降低的趋势,氮素在茎和叶片中分配比例逐渐降低,块茎中氮素分配比例逐渐升高至成熟期的57%~78%。当施氮量超过10 kg/667m2时,块茎中氮素积累量增加不明显,块茎氮素分配比例不再增加。马铃薯产量在施氮量13.3 kg/667m2时达到最大值,氮素吸收利用率、偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥生理利用率在施氮量3.3 kg/667m2时取得最大值。     

施氮量对超级早稻产量形成与氮利用效率的影响

以株两优819和陆两优996为材料,研究了施氮量对超级早稻产量形成、稻米品质与氮利用效率的影响.结果表明：（1）施氮使超级早稻显著增产,株两优819增产的原因是提高了每穗粒数,而陆两优996增产的原因是提高了每穗粒数和千粒重;（2）两组合N 225 kg/hm2处理较N 150 kg/hm2处理显著减产;（3）两组合稻米蛋白质含量随施氮量增加而升高,直链淀粉含量随施氮量增加而降低;（4）超级早稻产量与叶面积、干物质积累量呈正相关,与粒叶比呈负相关;（5）随施氮量增加,两组合的氮素累积量显著提高,氮肥利用率、氮肥效率、氮素吸收效率、氮生理效率、氮素利用效率显著降低.本试验条件下,施N150 kg/hm2能使超级早稻获得较高产量,同时获得较高氮肥利用率、氮素吸收与利用效率.     

Fumigation and Fertilizer Nitrogen Source Effects on Potato Yield,Quality, and Early Dying

Research has shown that while fumigation and use of ammonium N can both reduce the severity of verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), the use of the two practices together raises concerns over feeding the crop only ammonium N under reduced nitrification conditions. To assess the validity of this concern, we conducted two 3-year field split-plot experiments with both using metam sodium fumigant (none, fall or spring applied) as the main plot. For the first experiment, N source (134 kg N ha^?1 as ammonium sulfate, urea, or ammonium nitrate) was the split, whereas for the second trial in-season N rate (0, 67, 134, or 202 kg N ha^?1 all as ammonium sulfate) was the split. For both trials, in 2 of the 3 years, fumigation significantly increased tuber yield by an average of 9.9 Mg ha^?1 and decreased late-season verticillium severity ratings from 77 to 45%. In some years, fumigation also increased the proportion of U.S. No. 1 tubers and tubers >170 g. No differences in crop yield or quality were observed between the various N sources applied. This was true even on spring-fumigated areas with the highest rate of ammonium N applied. These experiments confirm that the choice between in-season potato N fertilizer should be based on factors such as potential for benefits or N losses, cost, and convenience of use rather than concern over an interaction between fumigation and ammonical N. While both fumigation and N rate reduced verticillium severity ratings in some years, the lack of interaction suggests these factors are functioning independently.     

减氮对不同氮效率小麦品种花后光合物质生产力和产量的影响

为明确不同氮效率小麦品种对减氮的响应特点,以前期筛选出的氮高效品种扬麦25、宁麦21和氮低效品种扬麦22、扬麦20为材料,研究减氮模式对产量、氮肥利用效率、光合生产能力和干物质积累量的影响。结果表明,氮高效品种扬麦25和宁麦21的籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率显著高于氮低效品种扬麦22和扬麦20,氮高效品种的平均籽粒产量和平均氮肥利用效率较氮低效品种分别高10.9%和23.9%。与常规施氮处理(CK)模式相比,减氮20%并采用基肥和拔节肥各施氮90 kg·hm~(-2)(M4)模式下,氮高效品种开花期LAI、旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率及乳熟期旗叶SPAD值和净光合速率均未显著降低,且乳熟期平均LAI提高16.0%,进而使花后干物质积累量增加,从而实现产量稳定和氮肥利用效率的提高;而氮低效品种花后光合生产能力、籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率随施氮量降低而出现不同程度的降低。这说明,氮高效品种较氮低效品种有着更多的减氮潜力,前者在适量减氮和合理施肥方式下,可通过延缓花后叶面积衰减、保持较强的花后光合能力和增加花后物质生产力,实现产量稳定和氮肥利用效率提高。     

The Effect of MSW Compost and Fertilizer on Extractable Soil Elements, Tuber Yield, and Elemental Concentrations in the Plant Tissue of Potato

Municipal solid waste (MSW) compost is readily available in eastern Canada and may be a good source of fertility. A 3-year experiment evaluated the effects of MSW compost and fertilizer on soil fertility, elemental composition and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown in a sandy loam soil. Three rates of compost (MSW1, MSW2, and MSW3), one rate of fertilizer (NPK), and one mixture of 1/2 MSW1 compost and 1/2 NPK fertilizer were applied annually to plots in a three-crop rotation; each year the MSW1 rate attempted to match the rate of P applied in the NPK treatment. Mehlich-3 extracts were evaluated for 11 elements at two soil depths (0?C15 and 15?C30 cm). Potato shoots and roots or whole plants were assessed for 16 elements. Treatments had no consistent significant influence on marketable tuber yields although the NPK treatment produced mathematically the highest yields. After 3 years, treatments had influenced soil concentrations of K, Ca, S, Cu, Zn, and Na in Mehlich-3 extracts at the 0?C15 cm depth, but only the concentration of Na at the 15?C30 cm depth. The concentration of Mg in the plant tissue was consistently highest in plants fertilized with NPK; this treatment also produced higher Mn concentrations in the last 2 years. Shoot Cu concentrations were highest in the MSW3 plots. The compost did not increase heavy metal concentrations in shoot, root or whole-plant tissue and would be safe to use at agronomic rates of application.     

应用效应函数研究旱地马铃薯氮磷配合效果及经济施肥指标

通过对旱地马铃薯配合施用氮磷化肥增产效果、规律及获取利润的研究 ,提出了科学合理的N、P2 O5施用量及配合比例 ,确定了旱地马铃薯生产的经济施肥指标 ,对同类干旱地区的马铃薯产业发展具有较大的指导意义。     

Effects of Presprouting, Planting Date, Plant Population and Configuration on Late Blight and Yield of Organic Potato Crops Grown with Different Cultivars

In organic systems of agriculture, integrated control strategies are necessary for the management of late blight. Agronomic treatments such as presprouting of seed tubers, planting early and in different populations and spacings should be considered for inclusion. They may delay and/or decrease infection and help to ensure that acceptable marketable yields are achieved before the disease prevails. Individually, their efficacy may be limited, but in combination with other components the integrated strategy may be more successful. Experiments in the UK and the Netherlands tested some potential components of such a strategy: presprouting (chitting) and early planting of seed tubers, which should encourage early bulking and evasion of the disease; choice of plant population and configuration to make the crops’ microclimate less favourable for infection. Both early planting and presprouting (chitting) gave higher yields earlier in the season, before late blight put an end to crop growth, and were most effective in years with a short growing season (e.g., when the disease started early). Plant population and spacings within commercially acceptable limits had marked effects on canopy architecture but no effects on late blight infection. However, the effects on tuber size grading were large. At lower densities, tubers were larger on average. This was an advantage when blight infection was early, but could result in the production of too many oversized tubers if it was delayed or absent, unless the crop was defoliated.