A neural mechanism for working and recognition memory in inferior temporal cortex

Inferior temporal (IT) cortex is critical for visual memory, but it is not known how IT neurons retain memories while new information is streaming into the visual system. Single neurons were therefore recorded from IT cortex of two rhesus monkeys performing tasks that required them to hold items in memory while concurrently viewing other items. The neuronal response to an incoming visual stimulus was attenuated if it matched a stimulus actively held in working memory, even when several other stimuli intervened. The neuronal response to novel stimuli declined as the stimuli became familiar to the animal. IT neurons appear to function as adaptive mnemonic "filters" that preferentially pass information about new, unexpected, or not recently seen stimuli.     

谈提高农业信息服务的效果

本文结合三年多来烟台市农业信息化实践的经验 ,围绕如何提高农业信息服务的效果 ,从三方面加以阐述。一是以抓好网络基础设施建设、网站信息资源建设和机构队伍建设为主 ,打牢农业信息服务的基础 ,二是从农业信息服务的需求分析入手 ,探索创新农业信息传递与服务的“五大模式” ,从而把握农业信息服务的发展方向 ,以提高服务效果。三是探讨了如何推动农业信息服务向纵深方向发展     

我国政府信息门户网站建设现状及重构

2005年是电子政务建设关键的一年,也是我国第十个五年计划的最后一年,电子政务在世界各国积极倡导的“信息高速公路”的五个应用领域中,被列为第一位,因此可以说政务信息化是社会信息化的先导,电子政务是信息化社会发展的必然。本文介绍了我国政府信息门户网站建设的一些现状和存在的问题．提出采用网站标准重构政府网站。对电子政务的发展有一定的现实意义。     

高校图书馆在教育信息化发展中的对策研究

教育信息化成为高等教育发展的方向,高等教育的发展决定着高校图书馆的未来,本文指出高校图书馆必须建立教育信息化资源保障体系,建立“以读者为本”的管理模式,拓展图书馆的教育职能,适应教育信息化的发展趋势。     

Unsupervised natural experience rapidly alters invariant object representation in visual cortex

Object recognition is challenging because each object produces myriad retinal images. Responses of neurons from the inferior temporal cortex (IT) are selective to different objects, yet tolerant ("invariant") to changes in object position, scale, and pose. How does the brain construct this neuronal tolerance? We report a form of neuronal learning that suggests the underlying solution. Targeted alteration of the natural temporal contiguity of visual experience caused specific changes in IT position tolerance. This unsupervised temporal slowness learning (UTL) was substantial, increased with experience, and was significant in single IT neurons after just 1 hour. Together with previous theoretical work and human object perception experiments, we speculate that UTL may reflect the mechanism by which the visual stream builds and maintains tolerant object representations.     

运用信息技术提高英语教学

英语教育是我国教育学科组成中非常重要的一个分支，而中学阶段是英语学习的基础阶段，应该根据中学生的自身特点，采取灵活富有时代特色的教学方式。如何更好的利用多媒体信息技术的趣味性、互动性和表现形式多样性来为英语口语教学服务，是很多教育工作者所思考的课题。本文对信息技术与英语教育的整合进行了理论和实践上的分析和探讨。首先从理论对信息技术与英语教学整合做出分析，并结合本人实践，谈谈如何实践信息技术与英语课程。最后提出了信息技术与英语教学整合后。对英语教师提出的新要求。     

吉林省(星火)农村科技信息化现状及发展思路

本文详细介绍了吉林省(星火)农村科技信息化现状,重点分析了“吉林省星火农村信息服务平台”系统建设、运行机制以及具有显著区域特色的吉林省东部山区(星火)农村科技信息化建设情况,提出了吉林省农村科技信息化面临的主要问题及今后的发展方向。     

High-resolution x-ray imaging of a globular cluster core: compact binaries in 47Tuc

We have obtained high-resolution (approximately 1") deep x-ray images of the globular cluster 47Tucanae (NGC 104) with the Chandra X-ray Observatory to study the population of compact binaries in the high stellar density core. A 70-kilosecond exposure of the cluster reveals a centrally concentrated population of faint (Lx approximately 10(30-33) ergs per second) x-ray sources, with at least 108 located within the central 2' x 2.5' and greater, similar half with Lx approximately 10(30.5) ergs per second. All 15 millisecond pulsars (MSPs) recently located precisely by radio observations are identified, though 2 are unresolved by Chandra. The x-ray spectral and temporal characteristics, as well as initial optical identifications with the Hubble Space Telescope, suggest that greater, similar50 percent are MSPs, about 30 percent are accreting white dwarfs, about 15 percent are main-sequence binaries in flare outbursts, and only two to three are quiescent low-mass x-ray binaries containing neutron stars, the conventional progenitors of MSPs. An upper limit of about 470 times the mass of the sun is derived for the mass of an accreting central black hole in the cluster. These observations provide the first x-ray "color-magnitude" diagram for a globular cluster and census of its compact object and binary population.     

Scale errors offer evidence for a perception-action dissociation early in life

We report a perception-action dissociation in the behavior of normally developing young children. In adults and older children, the perception of an object and the organization of actions on it are seamlessly integrated. However, as documented here, 18- to 30-month-old children sometimes fail to use information about object size and make serious attempts to perform impossible actions on miniature objects. They try, for example, to sit in a dollhouse chair or to get into a small toy car. We interpret scale errors as reflecting problems with inhibitory control and with the integration of visual information for perception and action.     

浅议农业信息化进程中人才建设问题

随着信息技术的飞速发展,作为我国国民经济的农业也迈出了信息化的步伐,而“人”无疑是信息化中核心的要素。文章从信息化的人才要素出发,探讨了农业信息化过程中的信息人才的建设问题。     

The development of guidelines for implementing information technology to promote food security

Food insecurity, and its extreme form, hunger, occur whenever the accessibility to an adequate supply of nutritional and safe foods becomes restricted or unpredictable. They are recurring problems in certain regions of the US, as well as in many parts of the world. According to nation-wide surveys conducted by the US Bureau of the Census, between 1996 and 1998 an estimated 9.7% of US households were classified as food insecure (6.2% being food insecure without evidence of hunger, and 3.5% being food insecure with moderate to severe hunger). This means that approximately 10 million households each year did not always have access to enough food to meet basic needs. A potential tool in the fight against food insecurity and hunger is information technology (IT), since its use and range of application continue to grow at astonishing rates. The study presented here examined the question of how information technology, particularly the Internet, can be used to promote food security. The study used an action science research approach, and a case study strategy, with the food security system of Oktibbeha County, Mississippi selected as the case for study. The research design was a two-phase process. Phase one consisted of a needs assessment among food assistance organizations in Oktibbeha County, and included interviews of key food assistance personnel. Phase one also included a survey of IT subject matter experts to seek their opinions about the current state of Web-based information technology. Phase two involved an analysis of various IT implementation issues, as well as the development of a Web-based food security information system prototype tool. The needs assessment results indicated that (a) certain food security system and information needs existed among the food assistance organizations in Oktibbeha County, and (b) appropriate information technologies existed that could be applied to these needs. The food security needs related to better communication and coordination of information, such as program information, food site inventory information, client history information, food donation information, and nutrition education information. In regard to technology development, a variety of scenarios were examined. These included client-side approaches, server-side approaches, simple e-mail-based systems, Java-based systems, systems based on the Common Gateway Interface (CGI), and commercial database systems. In applying the needs assessment and survey results, the researcher developed a prototype Web site (including a series of online database tools) that could be used to promote food security in counties such as Oktibbeha County. The results of this research show that appropriate, Internet-based, IT holds promise for the reduction of certain social problems, such as food insecurity and hunger.     

论我国农村信息化可持续发展的战略任务

本文从农村信息化的概念和内涵入手 ,简述农村信息化发展对解决“三农”问题的促进作用 ,提出了农村信息化可持续发展的六大战略任务 ,即夯实一个资源基础 ;抓好乡村二级示范 ;完善教育、指标和采集等三个体系 ;打造省、县、乡和村四级平台 ;利用传统和现代五种媒体、开展信息服务 ;开发六类应用系统     

Precisely forecasting population dynamics of agricultural pests based on an interval type-2 fuzzy logic system: case study for oriental fruit flies and the tobacco cutworms

Traditional pest control approaches rely mostly on the experience of farmers, which may not be effective due to lack of scientific information regarding the environment where crops grow. Farmers can initiate a more effective integrated pest management program when precise and quantified results of forecasting pest population outbreaks are provided. Previous studies generally utilize long-term data to predict pest populations, but such a prediction approach might not be useful for farmers who grow fruit and vegetables with shorter life cycles. This paper therefore proposes an interval type-2 fuzzy logic system (IT2FLS) with short-term data to forecast the population dynamics of the oriental fruit fly (OFF, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)) and the tobacco cutworm (TC, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)). Two automatic monitoring systems are used to collect the data of the population dynamics of OFFs and TCs and the environmental parameters in farming areas. A univariate fuzzy time series forecasting model with difference-based intervals (UFTSFM_DI) and a bivariate fuzzy time series forecasting model with difference-based intervals (BFTSFM_DI) are developed, and integrated into the proposed IT2FLS. It is found that the BFTSFM_DI model yields better performances of forecasting OFF and TC populations when the atmospheric temperature data are employed. With the forecasting results, farmers will have a better understanding of the population dynamics of the OFF and TC in farming areas, so they can take proper measures, such as bagging their fruits and spraying pesticides, before pest outbreaks occur.

     

加强农村信息资源开发推进农村信息化进程

农业信息化是农业现代化的前提，要推进农村信息化的进程，建立农村信息服务体系，需构建包括农业生产决策信息系统(农业生物信息系统、农业环境信息系统、农业技术信息系统、农业经济信息系统)、农村社会经济生活信息系统在内的农村信息资源保障体系；开拓多种信息传播渠道，形成一个快速有效的农村信怎资源传播网络，即通过计算机农业信息站点网络、农村远程信息服务系统、语音服务系统、人工信息站点网络等多种传播手段，为农业、农村、农民提供信息服务。     

信息资源共享是城乡图书馆协调发展的出路

农村图书馆事业的发展水平低下,一直是我国图书馆事业发展中的一个瓶颈,而城市图书馆在馆藏资源、信息技术和专业人才等方面具有明显的优势.在网络信息技术发展的今天,城市图书馆应该利用其优势和乡村图书馆建立"1 X"的信息服务模式或建立信息资源共享的区域性图书馆联盟,以城市图书馆为中心,以乡村图书馆为网点,建立城乡图书馆信息资源共享的服务网络,为构建和谐社会和社会主义新农村服务.     

A virus reveals population structure and recent demographic history of its carnivore host

Directly transmitted parasites often provide substantial information about the temporal and spatial characteristics of host-to-host contact. Here, we demonstrate that a fast-evolving virus (feline immunodeficiency virus, FIV) can reveal details of the contemporary population structure and recent demographic history of its natural wildlife host (Puma concolor) that were not apparent from host genetic data and would be impossible to obtain by other means. We suggest that rapidly evolving pathogens may provide a complementary tool for studying population dynamics of their hosts in "shallow" time.     

农业信息化的发展方向与途径

农业信息化是指利用现代信息技术和信息系统为农业生产、供销及相关的管理和服务提供有效的信息支持 ,并提高农业的综合生产力和经营管理效率。农业信息化是一个内涵深刻 ,外延广泛的概念。在农业生产、分配、交换、消费的四个环节中。农业信息化通过普遍采用信息技术和电子信息装备 ,更有效、更合理地开发利用各种农业资源 (包括自然资源、人才资源和其它信息资源等 ) ,从而促进农业产业的现代化水平 ,推动农村经济发展 ,社会进步的动态演进过程     

"农业减灾技术信息化成果推广"网站的开发

为了更好地推广农业减灾技术信息化成果。使其在农业生产上更好地发挥减灾防灾的作用．推动农业科研成果的转化,我们对农业减灾专家系统进行了整合,采用B／S结构,MICROSOFT ACCESS 2000数据库．使用ASP技术,HTML、VBScript／JavaScript语言开发了“农业减灾技术信息化成果推广”网站和后台管理系统。开发出的网站和后台管理系统具有信息资源丰富、智能化、互动性强、易维护的特点。     

农业信息化的创新发展

论述了农业信息化需要注意的若干问题,关键是农村信息化,创新机制、软硬并举,创新信息服务模式,推动农村信息技术应用,让农业信息贴近农民,并要正确处理好有关农业信息化的五个关系。     

农业信息化与农村贫困群体能力建设

农业信息化具有高投入性、开放性、高效性、差异性、挑战性等特点。我国农业信息化与国外发达国家相比有明显差距。推进农业信息化能解决物质贫困、信息贫困问题和提高农民的信息能力,推进农业信息化与农村贫困群体能力建设是相辅相成的辨证关系。开展农村贫困群体能力建设可以从基础设施、个体能力、群体能力以及营造良好的农业信息化环境等方面入手。