水稻红莲-粤泰不育系花粉与药隔组织Ca~(2 )的分布

用焦锑酸钾沉淀法研究了水稻红莲-粤泰不育系及其保持系花药发育过程中Ca2+的分布变化。结果表明：二核期前后，可育花粉和败育花粉表面均积累较多Ca2+的沉淀颗粒；可育花粉内充满浓密细胞质和淀粉粒，无Ca2+沉淀颗粒分布；败育花粉在其细胞质的液泡中积累大量Ca2+沉淀颗粒，胞质中出现液泡化网状结构，并逐步解体成空泡。保     

软枣猕猴桃花药发育过程中主要激素及矿质元素含量特征分析

本试验以软枣猕猴桃雄株可育花药、雌株不育花药为试验材料,采用高效液相色谱以及原子吸收分光光度法,分析花药发育过程中内源激素和矿质营养的变化,以从生理角度进一步揭示软枣猕猴桃雌株小孢子败育与其的联系,并获得了以下试验结果:雌株不育花药IAA(吲哚乙酸)含量显著低于雄株可育花药;可育花药和不育花药ABA(脱落酸)含量随着花粉发育进程,经过四分体和单核期,差异达到显著水平,ABA含量在达到一定值后抑制了花粉发育的进程,导致了雌株花粉不育的发生;单核期不育花药GA3(赤霉素)含量低于可育花粉,而且可育花药ZR(细胞分裂素)含量高于不育花药,且差异显著。低含量的细胞分裂素类抑制了细胞分裂和组织分化,从而导致了雌株小孢子的败育;软枣猕猴桃雄株可育花药和雌株不育花药矿质元素含量在花粉母细胞时期、单核期以及成熟期差异呈显著水平。     

热分析法研究水稻花发育过程及其动力学

植物花发育是植物个体发育过程中的一个重要组成部分。在此过程中，花药物质和组成下断变化，呈现出显著的动态过程。关于花药发育过程中物质和组成变化的研究，人们已经做了很多工作。     

厚轴茶雄性不育株花药败育的生物学特性和细胞学研究

为明确厚轴茶(Camellia crassocolumnaH. T. Chang)雄性不育株花器发育形态、花药和花粉败育时期及兵细胞学特征,利用体视显微镜、石蜡切片技术、染色体制片和DAPI染色法,对厚轴茶雄性不育株和可育株开花迚程、花器形态、花药发育过程、花粉母细胞减数分裂及小孢子发育过程比较观察。结果显示,厚轴茶花属于完全花,花药其四室、呈蝶形,花药壁发育为基本型,绒毡层细胞其双核,于四分体时期形成分泌型细胞,单核花粉期开始降解,花粉母细胞经过减数分裂Ⅰ、减数分裂Ⅱ和胞质分裂后形成四面体型四分体,小孢子呈三角形,成熟花粉为二细胞型花粉。花蕾发育早期,不育株雄蕊发育正常,与可育株无明显差异。花蕾发育后期,不育株花丝弯曲,花药粘连、干瘪、褐化、坏死,不裂药。不育株减数分裂期绒毡层细胞异常增生、排列混乱,单核至双核花粉期绒毡层延迟降解。不育株花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中存在环状单价体、滞后染色体、染色体桥、染色体缺失、不均等分离、微核和多分体等异常现象。不育株小孢子胞质紊乱,单核期花粉粒相互粘附,花粉壁皱缩变形,花粉细胞质和细胞核模糊不清,成熟花粉细胞空瘪凹陷。研究结果表明,厚轴茶雄性不育花...     

水稻雄性不育机理的研究进展

水稻雄性不育在农业生产上具有十分重要的意义,可以用来生产杂交种子,开展轮回选择和创造基因库.近年来,对于水稻雄性不育进行了遗传学、细胞学和解剖学以及生理生化等多方面的研究,取得了一定进展. 从生理学角度上讲,水稻雄性不育是属于功能性不育,小孢子在发生过程中出现败育,不能形成有活力的花粉.研究花药的生理生化过程,由于难于采集材料,加之花药体积小,要分析花药各层中发生的这些过程目前还有技术上的困难.由于应用放射性同位素示踪、细胞化学方法、电镜技术等,对花粉发育的生理生化过程(核酶和蛋白质合成)已有了一般认识[1],研究水稻雄性不育株花药的生理生化过程可以丰富这方面的知识.有关水稻雄性不育的生理生化研究通常是采用比较分析的方法研究雄性不育株花药与可育株花药之间的差异.这种比较分析过去往往只测定某一个时期,而不是在花粉发育过程中连续地进行生理代谢分析,所得到的资料很有限.近年来在生理生化研究中结合对供试材料的细胞学检查,鉴定花粉的发育时期,在小孢子发生过程的每个时期对雄性不育株花药和可育株花药进行生理生化分析.因而对水稻雄性不育的机理有了进一步认识.     

同核异质水稻雄性不育系花粉和花药发育的细胞形态学观察

本文是分析比较同核异质的水稻雄性不育系“红莲—华矮15”和“野败—华矮15”的花粉和花药发育过程中的细胞形态学表现。实验结果表明:同为水稻华矮15的细胞核,经过核代换而转育到不同类型的细胞质中,虽经过多代的回交和培育,但二者在花粉和花药发育过程中,细胞形态学上的表现是存在差异的。     

雄性不育和可育大麦花药和花粉的细胞学比较研究

本文对大麦雄性不育和可育花药形态和花粉发育进行了细胞胚胎学比较研究,结论如下: 1.可育和不育大麦的花药在外部形态上有明显区别,主要在于不育花药基部成为戟形,且开花时花药变得瘦小。 2.可育大麦的花粉发育类同于一般的禾本科植物。而不育花粉不能发育到二核期,并很快解体形成“无花粉型”花粉;其小孢子和雄配子体发育过程中有几种异常现象:(1)早期发生异常;(2)绒毡层过早退化;(3)属绒毡层解体较晚者,小孢子能发育到二细胞阶段,但形态扭曲,内含物贫乏。 3.可育的药壁发育正常同于单子叶型,直到2细胞花粉粒时期绒毡层才全部退化。而雄性不育药壁发育异常,主要体现在绒毡层早期退化或药壁分化不完全。     

普通小麦T型,V型和K型细胞质雄性不育系花粉败育机理的细胞学研究

从细胞学的角度对小麦８３（２１）３５核背景的Ｔ型、Ｖ型和Ｋ型细胞质雄性不育系的花粉败育机理进行了研究。发现三类不育系的小孢子发生过程基本正常，Ｔ型不育系的花粉主要在小孢子后期发生败育，以典败型和圆败型为主；Ｖ型不育系的花粉主要在小孢子后期至二细胞花粉期败育，以圆败型和浅染败型为主；而Ｋ型不育系的花粉主要在二细胞花粉后期至三细胞花粉期败育，以浅染败型和深染败型为主。药室合并现象普遍发生是Ｔ型不育系花药的一个突出特点，而Ｖ型和Ｋ型人育系花药各壁层的发育是正常的。核质发育关系不协调是不育系花粉败育的根本原因。细胞学观察结果可以作为不育细胞质类型划分的一项参考指标。     

CM_(268)诱导水稻雄性不育的效果及作用机理研究

CM2 68 是中国水稻研究所植物激素研究室新研制的水稻化学杀雄剂 ,经 1994～ 1997年试验表明 CM2 68具有较高的选择杀雄活性 ,在水稻花粉母细胞减数分裂期使用 ,诱导水稻雄性不育效果明显 ,自交败育率可达 95%～ 10 0 % ,化杀制种产量在 1.0～ 1.5t/ hm2 。进一步研究表明 ,CM2 68通过干扰花药中淀粉及蛋白质的积累 ,抑制植物营养体向花药运输脯氨酸及花药自身合成脯氨酸 ,并降低花药中脯氨酸的利用率 ,引起花药营养匮缺 ,导致花粉败育。     

光敏胞质不育小麦花药发育过程中ATP酶的定位研究

采用磷酸铅沉淀法(酶孵育离子为Mg2+)研究了不同日照条件下光敏胞质不育 小麦花药发育过程中ATPase分布的变化。 结果表明： 短日照条件下花粉可育, 单核早 期ATPase主要分布在花粉表面和细胞核中, 花粉外壁、 质膜及细胞质中有少量的ATPas e 分布; 随着花粉的发育, 其表面、 外壁、 内壁、 质膜及细胞质内ATPase进一步增     

光皮树小孢子发育及其对花药愈伤组织诱导的影响

为了构建光皮树花药组织培养技术体系,以光皮树优良无性系湘林G1小孢子不同发育时期的花药为外植体进行愈伤组织诱导,结合对其小孢子不同发育时期中花的形态特征观察和叶片中GA、IAA、ZR、ABA内源激素变化研究,综合分析小孢子不同发育期对花药愈伤组织诱导的影响。结果表明：光皮树优良无性系湘林G1小孢子在花粉母细胞、四分体、单核细胞和双核细胞4个时期的花药愈伤组织诱导具有显著差异,其中处于单核靠边时期能获得较高诱导率;花药愈伤组织诱导率与小孢子不同发育时期叶片中内源激素GA、IAA、ZR、ABA的含量存在一定的相关性,其中与ABA的含量成显著负相关性。     

小麦质不育系及其保持系花药中SOD同工酶和脂质过氧化作用初步研究

对小麦Ｔ型和Ｐ型细胞质雄性不育系及保持系花药中ＳＯＤ活性、ＳＯＤ同工酶及脂质过氧化作用的研究结果表明，单核期不育系花药中的ＳＯＤ活性比保持系略低，ＳＯＤ同工酶带数与保持系相同。到二核期和三核期不育系花药中缺少一条ＳＯＤ同工酶带，ＳＯＤ活性也比保持系明显降低。不育系花药在三个发育时期的ＭＤＡ含量均明显高于保持系。同时发现在三核期不育系旗叶减少一条ＳＯＤ同工酶带。体内活性氧清除能力降低及脂质过氧化用加     

Anther and pollen grain culture of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary Factors favouring callus proliferation and subsequent regeneration of plants from pollen grains of rice anthers (Oryza sativa L., cvx. Bahia, Girona, Balilla × Sollana and Sequial) were determined. Cultivar differences in response were found, such as a high rate of haploid plant regeneration.In addition, isolated pollen grain culture was used to induce tissue proliferation outside the anther walls. The frequency of callus formation from isolated pollen grains was very low. It was necessary to preculture the anthers before pollen grain separation, in order to accomplish a successful development later. Root differentiation was observed in some of the obtained callus.     

Cytological screening of rice TGMS lines

An investigation was undertaken to develop new stable thermo‐sensitive genic male sterility (TGMS) rice lines in intermated progenies (IMPs) of TGMS lines by using an anther clearing technique. The results indicate that both pre‐ and post‐meiotic genetic systems operate during anther development for the expression of sterility in TGMS lines. In all the TGMS lines, sterile anthers were small with empty pollen grains of irregular shape, except for TS 16, which showed pollen‐free anthers. This indicates that the sensitive stage of TS 16 is around stage IV (stamen and pistil primordia) of panicle development. Distinct differences were observed between sterile and fertile phases with respect to anther size, shape and colour of the pollen grains in TS 18 and TS 29. The pollen grains at the sterile phase were small and irregular in shape while in the fertile phase they were plump and larger with a yellow colour, establishing that the occurrence of sterility in TS 18 and TS 29 is post‐meiotic. Three distinct classes of pollen fertility percentage viz. <20%, 50‐70% and >90% were observed in IMPs. Anther clearing in IMPs showed distinct developmental patterns of pollen production with respect to distinct classes of pollen fertility. Less than 20% pollen fertility was observed in hybrids such as TS 15 × TS 16, TS 15 × Co 47, TS 18 × TS 16 and TS 18 × Co 47 which hold promise for developing new TGMS lines with a good plant type and acceptable quality.     

Influence of the stage for anther excision and heterostyly in embryogenesis induction from eggplant anther cultures

In this work we address two aspects of eggplant flower biology potentially involved on the efficiency of anther culture: the selection of the best floral stage to extract anthers for culture, and the effect of heterostyly in the identification of suitable buds and anthers. For 12 different accessions, we determined morphological criteria (length ranges) to identify buds and anthers enriched in vacuolate microspores and young bicellular pollen, the stages most responsive to embryogenesis induction. While these microspore/pollen stages were the most responsive when isolated and cultured in liquid medium, we observed that culture of anthers containing these stages is not the best choice. Instead, the highest response was found for younger anthers, containing mostly young and mid microspores. We analyzed eggplant anther walls and found that their particular thickness may be behind this apparent discrepancy, since they may delay the diffusion of inducing factors to the anther locule, reducing their effect over inducible microspores. Thus, the culture of younger anthers would allow for younger microspores to grow up to the inducible stages while factors are entering the locule. We also analyzed the embryogenic response of short and long-styled buds present in Cristal, a heterostylic cultivar. Our results demonstrated that each floral morph produced buds and anthers of different lengths, but equally useful for anther culture, since similar amounts of embryos were produced. The practical application of these results may improve the efficiency of anther culture not only in these cultivars, but in others also presenting thick anther walls and heterostyly.     

一个水稻开颖不育突变体ohs1(t)的遗传分析及基因定位

我们在明恢86的转基因后代中发现了一个水稻花器官发育突变体,暂命名为开颖不育(open hull sterile 1,ohs1(t)))突变体.ohs1(t)突变体表现颖花开裂,内外稃片变细,内稃微弯向外稃,有雌雄蕊分化,但雌雄蕊较野生犁株的小,大多数花药没有花粉,少数花药中含有不育花粉,雌雄配子均不育.突变体ohs1(t)分别与明恢86、R527、93-11和中花16号杂交后代遗传分析表明,ohs1(t)是一个隐性基因控制的突变体.以ohs1(t)和93-11杂交F2群体中突变个体作为初步定位群体,采用已报道的SSR标记将OHS1(t)初步定位在1号染色体的长臂端RM493和RM5638两个标记间.随后利用已公布的水稻基因组序列(http://rgp.dna.affrc.go.jp/E/index.html)及93-11和日本晴间SSR标记数据库(http://www.gramene.org/),新开发和筛选了SSR和InDel标记,并以ohs1(t))和中花16号杂交F2群体中突变个体作为新定位群体,将OHS1(t)基因进一步定位在NSSR0115和InDel0102之间,遗传距离分别为0.2 cM和0.3 cM,物理距离约66 kb.     

The Distribution Features of Polysaccharides and Lipids in the Development of Tomato Anthers

The regulation of nutrient transportation and transformation in developing anthers is very complex. We analyzed the distribution and features of polysaccharides and lipids in the developing anthers of tomatoes using histochemical methods. Some starches appeared in the connective somatic tissue of anthers during the sporogenous cell stage. Before meiosis of the microspore mother cell,a thick polysaccharide callose wall was formed,accompanied by a reduction in the connective tissue starches. During the tetrad stage after meiosis,the polysaccharide material in the anther did not change. At the early microspore stage,the starches in the connective cells again increased,and polysaccharide material appeared in the partial intine of pollen. At the late microspore stage,a large vacuole formed that did not contain lipids or starches,and only the pollen wall contained red polysaccharides. At this stage,the connective somatic cell starch amounts decreased,and the tapetal cells changed shape and degenerated. After microspore division,abundant lipids appeared in the bicellular pollen,and starches accumulated following pollen development. As the anthers matured,many lipids and some starches accumulated in the epidermal cells. Nutrient metabolism within the tomato pollen characteristically accumulated lipids first and then starches,while the mature pollen accumulated starches and lipids simultaneously. This characteristic pattern of nutrient metabolism in tomato pollen shows species specificity among plants.     

小麦不同胞质不育系花粉败育的细胞学比较研究

以５种小麦同核异质胞质雄性不育系为材料，观察其花药及小孢子的形成与发育过程，对各个材料进行比较，结果表明：１．小孢子败育发生在小孢子发育的各个时期，小孢子母细胞时期与单核期为两个败育高峰期。２．单核期以前出现小孢子母细胞粘连、大型细胞、多核质团及整个花药败育等现象；单核期发生大量败育，以小孢子胞质稀薄式解体为主，兼有部分绒毡层异常；单核期以后存留极少数小孢子，可继续进行有丝或无丝的核分裂，形成２￣