农业减排温室气体的技术描述

大气中温气体含量的不断增加是影响今后气候变化的重要因素,如何减少温室气体的排放是当今世界各国十分关注的问题,本文根据当前我国农业生产及农村经济状况,研究了农业减排温室气体各种可能途径,并初步分析了各种途径的减排潜力及存在的问题,为我国政府及有关部门应因气候变化的决策工作提供依据。     

“气候变化、温室气体减排与土壤固碳固氮”专题征文通知

农业碳氮循环是全球碳氮循环中的重要组成部分,农业温室气体的减排对应对全球气候变化有重大意义。为了交流我国在农业碳氮循环领域的最新研究成果,本刊将集中刊登气候变化、温室气体减排与土壤固碳固氮方面的研究论文,包括：（1）农业温室气体减排的潜力与措施;（2）农业土壤固碳固氮新技术与措施;     

中国农业响应全球气候变化的策略问题

本文对“中国农业响应全球气候变化的策略问题”进行了探讨和研究，指出在保证我国经济增长和社会发展的同时，努力减少温室气体排放和保护生态环境昌我们的基本原则，在此基础上探讨了提高农业产量增强对气候变化的适应能力、农业减排温室气体（二氧化碳ＣＯ２，甲烷ＣＨ４，氧化亚氮Ｎ２Ｏ）的各项对策措施，以及争取国际资金援助及技术转让的必要性等具体问题。     

“气候变化、温室气体减排与土壤固碳固氮”专题征文通知

农业碳氮循环是全球碳氮循环中的重要组成部分,农业温室气体的减排对应对全球气候变化有重大意义。为了交流我国在农业碳氮循环领域的最新研究成果,本刊将集中刊登气候变化、温室气体减排与土壤固碳固氮方面的研究论文,包括：（1）农业温室气体减排的潜力与措施;（2）农业土壤固碳固氮新技术与措施;（3）农业生态系统中（种植业、养殖业、农业固废堆放等）碳氮循环规律与机理等。专辑征文请从学报网站上注册投稿（学报网址：www．aes．org．cn）,     

“气候变化、温室气体减排与土壤固碳固氮”专题征文通知

农业碳氮循环是全球碳氮循环中的重要组成部分,农业温室气体的减排对应对全球气候变化有重大意义,为了交流我国在农业碳氮循环领域的最新研究成果,     

低碳农业

农业生产与全球气候变化紧密相关,农业是全球温室气体排放的第二大重要来源,同时,气候变化义影响着农业的发展.面对全球气候变暖,农业作为国民经济的基础产业,在节能减排中应当有所贡献.本文通过农业低碳发展的必然性,提出了低碳农业发展的领域、可能途径以及发展机制,为响应低碳经济,应对全球气候变化提供科学决策,促进现代农业由高碳...     

气候变化对我国农业发展的影响及对策

我国是农业大国,随着CO2等温室气体浓度的增加,气候变化将使我国农业可持续发展面临严重的挑战。本文详细叙述了气候变化对我国农业生态环境及农业生产的影响,并探讨了相应对策,提出应对气候变化应采取减缓温室气体排放、构建农业循环经济体系、培育高产优质品种、加大农业基础设施建设力度等措施。     

温室气体减排的土地利用经济机制与政策

农业是温室气体的主要排放源.就碳减排途径来看,在元素循环过程中增加土壤碳汇则更具有可操作性.通过农地转化将不适于耕作的农地退耕还林还草、控制水土流失可以减少我国的土壤碳储量损失,并使植物碳储量也得到增加.成本-收益分析表明,排放政策应以不妨碍经济增长、不减少农户收入为前提.实证表明,构建具有我国特色的温室气体减排的土地利用经济机制,其前提就是保证农民收入的稳定增长,才会具有较好的可操作性.建立完善的补偿机制是温室气体减排长效机制的基本保障.农业温室气体减排必须建立激励型生态补偿机制,从根本上提高农户温室气体减排的积极性.文章最后提出了温室气体减排的土地利用经济机制的相关配套措施.     

“气候变化、温室气体减排与土壤固碳固氮”专题征文通知

农业碳氮循环是全球碳氮循环中的重要组成部分,农业温室气体的减排对应对全球气候变化有重大意义。为了交流我国在农业碳氮循环领域的最新研究成果,本刊将集中刊登气候变化、温室气体减排与土壤固碳固氮方面的研究论文,包括：（1）农业温室气体减排的潜力与措施;（2）农业土壤固碳固氮新技术与措施;（3）农业生态系统中（种植业、养殖业、农业固废堆放等）碳氮循环规律与机理等。专辑征文请从学报网站上注册投稿（学报网址：www．aes．org．cn）,经专家审阅合格的稿件将于2009年第12期（2009年12月20日）出版,欢迎各有关单位和专家踊跃投稿,征文截止时间为2009年9月15日。     

减缓农业生产中温室气体排放的对策及其经济可行性初探

探讨了减缓农业生产中温室气体排放的各种可能途径，如：改进土地利用格局，减少农业系统碳Ｃ分离，增加生物燃料生产，提高饲料质量，开发沼气生产，加强稻田水肥管理等等，并初步讨论了实施这些减排措施的经济可行性问题。     

Implications of climate change for tillage practice in Australia

The world is experiencing climate change that in no way can be considered normal, and the challenge that this brings to agriculture is twofold. The first challenge relates to the continuing need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that generate the changes to climate. Australia's National Greenhouse Gas Inventory estimates that agriculture produces about one-quarter of Australia's total greenhouse gas emissions (including land clearing). The main gases emitted are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. These gases are derived from high-value components within the agricultural production base, so reducing emissions of greenhouse gases from agriculture has the potential to provide production and financial benefits, as well as greenhouse gas reduction. Methane essentially derives from enteric fermentation in ruminants. Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide, on the other hand, are strongly influenced, and perhaps even determined by a range of variable soil-based parameters, of which the main ones are moisture, aerobiosis, temperature, amount and form of carbon, organic and inorganic nitrogen, pH, and cation exchange capacity. Tillage has the potential to influence most of these parameters, and hence may be one of the most effective mechanisms to influence rates of emissions of greenhouse gases from Australian agriculture. There have been substantial changes in tillage practice in Australia over the past few decades – with moves away from aggressive tillage techniques to a fewer number of passes using conservative practices. The implications of these changes in tillage for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases from Australian agriculture are discussed.

The second challenge of climate change for Australian agriculture relates to the impacts of climate change on production, and the capacity of agriculture to adapt where it is most vulnerable. Already agriculture is exposed to climate change, and this exposure will be accentuated over the coming decades. The most recent projections for Australia provided by the CSIRO through the Australian Climate Change Science Programme, indicate that southern Australia can expect a trend to drying due to increased temperatures, reduced rainfalls, and increased evaporative potentials. Extremes in weather events are likely also to become more common. We anticipate that climate change will become an additional driver for continued change in tillage practice across Australia, as land managers respond to the impacts of climate change on their production base, and governments undertake a range of activities to address both emissions reduction and the impacts of climate change in agriculture and land management.     

新阶段农业气象学发展面临的形势与研究展望

当前,中国进入了建设农业强国的新阶段,农业气象面临前所未有的挑战与发展机遇。针对农业生产智慧化、粮食安全、气候变化、绿色可持续发展等新形势,农业气象迫切需要建立气候要素与农业生产的定量关系,科学合理利用和提高气候资源利用率。农业气象学的重要任务包括深化研究内容、拓展研究视野、创新理论方法;重要研究方向在农业气象基础、气候变化适应、温室气体减排、农业气候资源高效利用、农业气象灾害与风险应对、农业小气候调控、气候智慧型农业等方面。作为一门农业基础学科,农业气象学需要加快发展,走在其他农业科学的前面。     

现代烟草农业的碳效应核算与分析——以陕西省烟草合作社为例

通过构建烟草农业碳效应核算体系,运用调研获取的陕西省烟草专业合作社393户烟农数据,对农户在烟草种植各个环节产生的碳排放量、碳汇量、碳效率、碳密度和碳强度等多项综合碳效应指标进行测算与分析,探究陕西省烟草农业碳效应水平,更具针对性地制定减排政策,以促进烟草农业的低碳化发展。研究结果表明：调研区域烟农种植的641.17 hm²烟田总计碳排放量为3 276.27 t,每公顷碳排放量5.11 t。其中农用能源消耗排放量最大,占碳排放总量的68.21%;其次是农资投入环节,占碳排放总量的24.88%;农业废弃物处理、农田管理以及农田耕地土壤N₂O排放所产生的碳排放量所占比重较低。各地区每公顷碳排放量由大到小依次为宝鸡、商洛、安康、汉中。调查烟田的总碳汇量为1 361.86 t,每公顷碳汇量2.12 t。通过秸秆还田、免耕、化肥与有机肥合理配施等措施引致的土壤固碳占总碳汇量的81.12%。各地区每公顷碳汇量排序为商洛、宝鸡、汉中、安康。总净碳汇量为-1 914.41 t,每公顷净碳汇量-2.99 t。研究区烟草农业总碳排放量大于碳汇量,呈现负的净碳汇效应。此外,汉中烟草专业合作社通过采取调整管理经营模式、优化农户投入结构、提高农资利用效率、改进烟草农业技术和转变农户耕作方式等措施,使其碳效率、碳强度和碳密度等综合碳效应均呈现为最优,每公顷净碳汇量最大。     

利用作物模型研究气候变化对农业影响的发展过程

模型模拟是研究气候变化对农业生产影响的有效途径,得到了广泛关注和应用。本文着重介绍了利用作物模型研究气候变化对农业生产影响的发展过程,即从最初通过人为改变气候参数模拟气候变化对农业的可能影响,到与气候情景结合模拟未来气候变化对农业的可能影响及近年来与其它模型结合综合模拟未来气候变化对农业的影响,并通过对气候变化农业影响模型模拟研究中经验模型与机理模型、站点尺度与区域尺度、确定性气候情景与概率气候情景几个关键问题的评述,指出了存在的问题及未来发展趋势。     

农业生物质能温室气体减排潜力

中国拥有丰富的农作物秸秆和畜禽粪污等农业废弃物资源。农业生物质能技术是促进农业废弃物资源有效利用的重要途径,既能够解决农业废弃物的环境污染问题、减少因焚烧或无序堆放排放温室气体,又能够替代化石能源减排CO2、提升土壤固碳能力,未来在\     

Soil erosion from sugar beet in Central Europe in response to climate change induced seasonal precipitation variations

This study estimates the implications of projected seasonal variations in rainfall quantities caused by climate change for water erosion rates by means of a modeling case study on sugar beet cultivation in the Central European region of Upper-Austria. A modified version of the revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney erosion model was used to assess soil losses in one conventional and three conservation tillage systems. The model was employed to a climatic reference scenario (1960–89) and a climate change scenario (2070–99). Data on precipitation changes for the 2070–99 scenario were based on the IPCC SRES A2 emission scenario as simulated by the regional climate model HadRM3H. Weather data in daily time-steps, for both scenarios, were generated by the stochastic weather generator LARS WG 3.0. The HadRM3H climate change simulation did not show any significant differences in annual precipitation totals, but strong seasonal shifts of rainfall amounts between 10 and 14% were apparent. This intra-annual precipitation change resulted in a net-decrease of rainfall amounts in erosion sensitive months and an overall increase of rainfall in a period, in which the considered agricultural area proved to be less prone to erosion. The predicted annual average soil losses under climate change declined in all tillage systems by 11 to 24%, which is inside the margins of uncertainty typically attached to climate change impact studies. Annual soil erosion rates in the conventional tillage system exceeded 10 t ha^− 1 a^− 1 in both climate scenarios. Compared to these unsustainably high soil losses the conservation tillage systems show reduced soil erosion rates by between 49 and 87%. The study highlights the importance of seasonal changes in climatic parameters for the discussion about the impacts of global climate change on future soil erosion rates in Central Europe. The results also indicate the high potential of adaptive land-use management for climate change response strategies in the agricultural sector.     

Temperature regulation of soil carbon dioxide production in the Humid Pampa of Argentina: estimation of carbon fluxes under climate change

Our objectives were to quantify the effect of abiotic factors on CO₂ emissions in the Humid Pampa of Argentina and estimate the potential increase in CO₂ fluxes from this agricultural soil as a consequence of climate change. The experimental site was located at Pergamino (33°56'S, 60°34'W), on a fine, illitic, thermic Typic Argiudoll soil. In situ CO₂ production presented an exponential relationship with air temperature. C liberated annually by mineralization was estimated by integration of monthly respiration measurements and amounted to 8.4 t C ha^-1 year^-1. Future monthly CO₂ fluxes were calculated for the climate change scenario (doubled atmospheric C concentration) using mean monthly temperatures predicted for Pergamino. An increase of around 50% in CO₂ emission from agricultural soils in the Humid Pampa could be expected as a consequence of climate change. The effect of the climate change scenario projected by the global climate models for the Humid Pampa indicates a reduction of the biomass production of cereal crops. Consequently, the predicted decrease in C inputs to soil for this region and an important increase in soil C mineralization would result in marked future C losses.     

稻田CH4和N2O排放对大气CO2浓度升高响应的研究进展

大气CO₂浓度升高是全球气候变化的主要驱动力,可直接或间接影响陆地生态系统碳氮循环。阐明稻田生态系统CH₄和N₂O排放对大气CO₂浓度升高的响应及其机制,是农业生产应对全球气候变化的重要组成部分。本文综述了国内外不同大气CO₂浓度升高模拟技术平台条件下稻田CH₄和N₂O排放的响应规律,进一步讨论分析了大气CO₂浓度升高影响CH₄和N₂O排放的相关机制,并展望了今后稻田CH₄和N₂O排放对大气CO₂浓度升高响应的主要研究方向,以期为应对全球气候变化提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

三峡库区农业发展现状及农田CH_4和N_2O排放与减排对策

全球气候变暖的主要原因在于大气中的温室气体含量的急速增加。以低碳为特征的新发展模式成为目前减少温室气体排放、应对全球气候变暖的根本途径。农业生态系统作为最大的人工生态系统,成为温室气体的第二大来源。因此,农业活动与气候变暖关系密切。以三峡库区为例,在分析了库区农业发展面临的问题的基础上,初步估算了库区水田CH4及耕地(含水田和旱地)N2O温室气体的排放量。2008年库区水田CH4及农田N2O的排放量分别为5.5×104~6.5×104 t、8500~10000 t,提出推广免耕等保护性耕作法、改变传统种植模式,合理施肥、改进稻田生产管理技术、对稻田生产系统的时间和空间差异进行管理。     

农作措施对中国稻田氧化亚氮排放影响的研究进展

农业是全球最主要的温室气体排放源之一,稻田不仅是全球重要的甲烷(CH4)排放源,亦是氧化亚氮(N2O)的重要排放源。灌溉、施肥、耕作等农作措施能够改变稻田生态系统土壤微环境,影响土壤硝化与反硝化过程,进而影响N2O的排放。目前,关于农作措施对农田生态系统N2O排放特征研究很多,但系统地综述农作措施对稻田N2O排放影响的研究还比较少。该文着眼于中国的农业发展趋势,基于稻田灌溉、施肥及耕作等方面的新技术,综合分析新型农作措施对中国稻田生态系统N2O排放的影响及其机制,为相关研究提供参考。在此基础上,提出了中国稻田生态系统N2O排放深入研究的方向:1)加强研究新型农作措施下稻田N2O产生及排放途径;2)系统研究稻田生态系统直接与间接N2O排放的影响及其机制;3)开展农作措施集成技术对稻田生态系统N2O排放影响的研究;4)加强模型模拟的调参验证并进行相关预测分析。