Inheritance of the black hackle of the Indian Game bantam.

1. An investigation was conducted among the progeny from crosses between pea-combed Indian Game and single combed double-laced Barnevelder bantams in an effort to determine the inheritance of the black hackle phenotype of the former. 2. The double-laced feather pattern phenotype of both breeds has been shown to depend upon homozygosity of both the linked eumelanin extension melanotic ML*M and the feather pattern arranging gene PG*P. However the hackles of the Indian Game are black, whilst those of the Barnevelder are partially striped, which suggests the presence of an extra eumelaniser in the genome of the Indian Game. This could not be due to variation at the extended black-E*-locus since the Indian Game and the Barnevelder have been shown respectively to depend upon the wheaten E*WH and brown E*B alleles; the former normally less heavily eumelanised. 3. A mating of a Barnevelder male with an Indian Game female produced 11 chicks, all of which were black in hackle. The mating of 2 F1 males with 5 Barnevelder females produced 35 chicks in the backcross to the double recessive, all of which were of parental phenotype. These comprised 18 peacomb, black in hackle and 17 single comb, partially striped hackle; classification being clear injuvenile plumage. 4. The absence of crossovers in the backcross suggest allelism or extremely close linkage between the loci of peacomb and the dominant eumelanin extension which causes the black in hackles. 5. The eumelanin extension isolated in this work appears therefore to be allelic to, if not a further manifestation of the well-established charcoal CHA*C gene.     

Inheritance of the laced plumage pattern of the blue Andalusian bantam

1. Crosses between Blue Andalusian and Gold-Laced Wyandotte bantams were made in an effort to determine the inheritance of the black-laced blue plumage pattern of the former. 2. The laced phenotype of the Gold-Laced Wyandotte had been shown to depend upon homozygosity of the linkage of a eumelanin intensifier, melanotic (Ml), with a pattern gene (Pg) in the presence of eumelanin restrictor, columbian (Co), and the brown (eb) allele at the E-locus; whilst the Blue Andalusian is homozygous for the extended black (E) allele at the E-locus and heterozygous for the eumelanin dilution, blue (Bl). 3. All patterned fowl in the F2 generation were laced, indicating an absence of segregation at the Co, Ml and Pg loci, and therefore that the genotype of the laced plumage pattern of the Blue Andalusian is E/E Bl/bl+ Co/Co (Ml-Pg)/(Ml-Pg).     

The relationship of several genes suppressing plumage colour with body weight, food intake and feather loss of laying hens

1. Growth rate, egg number, egg and adult body weight, plumage condition, food intake and efficiency of laying hens were compared in birds differing in plumage colour genotype at five loci (C, I, S, Ig, B). 2. Laying rates of the different genotypes were not different. 3. Growth rate and adult body weight of females were significantly less in loci C and I white females as compared with the corresponding coloured females; there was a similar tendency in adult weight for the other loci, and in egg weight. Differences in body weight were more marked in birds kept in cages than in those kept on the floor. 4. For all loci the genotype suppressing colour was associated with less plumage deterioration, this being highly significant for loci C and S. 5. Food intake, adjusted for body weight and egg production, was less in locus I white hens, in agreement with previous data concerning the C locus. 6. Pleiotropic effects associated with colour were suggested and their consequences on efficiency of egg production are discussed.     

Microstructure of white and dark Turkey meat batters as affected by pH

1. The effect of increasing the pH (4.5 to 7.5) of white and dark comminuted turkey meat on the microstructure of cooked batters was studied.

2. Both scanning and transmission electron micrographs revealed that low pH caused the formation of a dense aggregated gel matrix while increasing the pH resulted in more open structures.

3. At pH 7.5 both the white and dark meat exhibited superior water holding capacity (both raw and cooked) compared to the low pH treatments; all adjusted to 14% protein.

4. The high pH also resulted in a higher gel strength, while the low pH (4.5) produced a soft and crumbly texture. As pH was raised, gel strength gradually increased reaching a maximum at pH 7.5. Decreasing the pH resulted in lighter meat batters in both the white and dark turkey meat.

5. Muscle fibre microstructure appeared to be better preserved at the low pH treatments.     

Inheritance of the barred plumage pattern of the Silver Campine Fowl, together with its relationship to other patterned fowl.

1. An investigation was conducted among the progeny from a cross between a Silver Campine male and a Silver Spangled Hamburgh bantam female into the inheritance of the autosomal transverse barring of the Campine. 2. Both parental breeds possess the marble chickdown phenotype which has been shown to depend upon homozygosity of 3 genes; the birchen allele E*R at the E-locus, the eumelanin restrictor DB*B and the feather pattern arranging gene PG*P whilst the spangled feather pattern of the Silver Spangled Hamburgh has been attributed to homozygosity of E*R, DB*B, ML*M and PG*P, where ML*M is the eumelanin extension melanotic. 3. Examination in F1 and F2 generations of both chickdowns and adult plumage demonstrate that of the 4 loci, segregation occurs only for ML*M and hence the genotype of the Silver Campine to be homozygous E*R, DB*B, ML*N and PG*P. 4. The relationships between the genotypes of the Campine and those of other breeds with autosomal transversely barred plumage and between the Campine and those of other patterned fowl based on the E*R allele are discussed and presented in tabular form. In addition patterned fowl based on alleles other than E*R at the E-locus are included in order to demonstrate the effect of substituting E*R.     

The relationship between the concentration of metals and the rate of liquefaction of thick egg white

The thick white fraction of eggs obtained from mature hens contains less magnesium and liquefies more rapidly than the corresponding thick white gels obtained from eggs laid by young hens.     

猪胎盘效率与生长肥育性能的关系

采集77头纯种大白母猪的469个仔猪胎盘性状和生长性状资料．应用个体动物模型和MTDFREML，软件进行了遗传统计分析，估计了胎盘效率(初生重与胎盘重的比率)和遗传力及其与生长性状的遗传相关。结果表明，胎盘效率有较高遗传力0．46；胎盘效率与断奶重、达100kg日龄、日增重和背膘厚的遗传相关分别为0．03、-0．45、0．37和0．12，选择胎盘效率对生长性状的影响较小。     

Effects of recessive white plumage colour mutation on hatchability and growth of quail hatched from breeders of different ages

1. A total of 1200 eggs were obtained from two pure line stocks of 'wild' and 'recessive white' quail of the Pharaoh strain (Coturnix coturnix Pharaoh), with two different breeder ages (17 or 34 weeks). The recessive white line was derived from mutant birds, which appeared spontaneously within the wild-type quail colony. 2. The analysis included plumage colour and breeder age as main effects together with their interaction. There were no significant effects for apparent fertility but hatchability of total and fertile eggs was affected by plumage colour variant and breeder age. 3. Body weight was affected by plumage colour throughout the growing period, whereas the differences attributable to breeder age were significant from 21 to 42 d only. 4. Main effects and their interaction were significant for feed conversion ratio until the end of the growing period, except at the age of 7 d for the effect of breeder age. 5. It was concluded that the hatchability and growth performance of the recessive white-type was not as good as the wild-type. The young breeders (17 weeks old) had the best hatchability and subsequent growth performance.     

Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and esophagus in a Japanese bantam rooster

Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and esophagus was diagnosed in an adult Japanese bantam rooster. Grossly, a cauliflowerlike mass with irregular edges was found involving the ventrolateral surfaces of the caudal portion of the oropharynx and cervical portion of the esophagus. The large volume of the mass almost occluded the lumen of the alimentary passage. Histologically, the tumor consisted of irregular cords of pleomorphic epithelial cells that showed a disorganized pattern of growth and invaded the adjacent tissues. Keratinized epithelial cells and moderate numbers of keratin pearls were readily observed. The mitotic index was low, and, although the tumor was locally invasive, we found no evidence of vascular invasion or metastasis.     

Microsatellite-based diversity analysis and genetic relationships of three Indian sheep breeds

The genetic structure of three Indian sheep breeds from two different geographical locations (Nali, Chokla from north‐western arid and semi‐arid region; Garole from eastern saline marshy region) of India was investigated by means of 11 ovine‐specific microsatellite markers as proposed in FAOs MoDAD programme. Microsatellite analysis revealed high allelic and gene diversity in all the three breeds. Nali sheep showed higher mean number of alleles and gene diversity (6.27 and 0.65) than Chokla (5.63 and 0.64) and Garole (5.63 and 0.59). High within population inbreeding estimates observed in the three breeds (F_IS, Chokla = 0.286, Nali = 0.284, Garole = 0.227) reflected deficit of heterozygotes. The overall estimates for F‐statistics were significantly (p < 0.05) different from zero. High values of F_ST (0.183) across all the loci revealed substantial degree of breed differentiation. Based on pair wise F_ST and N_m between different breeds, Nali and Chokla (F_ST = 6.62% and N_m = 4.80) were observed to be the closest followed by Garole and Nali (F_ST = 20.9% and N_m = 1.80), and Garole and Chokla (F_ST = 21.4% and N_m = 1.71). In addition, genetic distance estimates, phylogeny analysis and individual assignment test used to evaluate interbreed genetic proximity and population structure also revealed substantial genetic differentiation between Garole and the other two Rajasthani (Nali and Chokla) sheep. This divergent status of Garole sheep indicated genetic uniqueness of this breed suggesting higher priority for its conservation.     

白三叶种质资源形态变异与地理起源的关系

分析了原产于1.02°~55.8° N,87.12° E~8.9° W,海拔2～2 804 m,分属于29个国家的68份白三叶（Trifolium repens）种质资源的形态特征变异及其与地理起源的关系。结果表明,1）供试白三叶叶片大小变异最大,其次是单位面积花序数和株高,而生殖枝高度和每花序小花数变异较小;2）Mantel检验表明,株高、单位面积花序数、每花序小花数3个性状变化存在显著（P＜0.05）的空间关联性,而生殖枝高度和叶面积与空间的相关性不显著;3）聚类分析显示,白三叶形态变异与地理起源呈较密切的相关性,而不同起源的白三叶亦出现了相似的遗传分化,原产欧洲的白三叶形态朝不同方向的进化趋势明显。     

皖西白鹅微卫星DNA遗传多样性分析

从9对微卫星引物中筛选出6对引物对49只皖西白鹅的DNA多态性进行检测，分析等位基因组成，计算各座位的基因杂合度和多态性信息含量。结果表明，6对微卫星引物共扩增出16个等位基因，基因频率分布在0．0392-0．9608之间。6个微卫星位点的平均杂合度为0．3809，平均多态性信息含量为0．3285。     

15个白三叶品种的ISSR和ITS遗传多样性分析

利用ISSR标记和ITS序列分析在我国大面积推广应用的15个白三叶(Trifolium repens)品种的遗传多样性与地理来源关系,试图为我国白三叶新品种的选育提供遗传理论支持。结果表明,15个白三叶品种明显分为两大类,第Ⅰ类有10个白三叶品种,主要来源于丹麦、澳大利亚、新西兰和荷兰;第Ⅱ类有5个白三叶品种,主要来源于美国、中国和阿根廷。白三叶品种聚类具有一定的地域性分布规律,ISSR和ITS均能有效地对白三叶品种进行遗传多样性分析,且ISSR可以更加细致地对其进行分类。     

5个白鹅群体的遗传结构和进化分析

应用微卫星标记对我国5个白鹅品种资源群体(太湖鹅、四川白鹅、织金白鹅、伊犁鹅、皖西白鹅)的遗传结构和进化进行了研究。结果表明:(1)5个白鹅群体的平均杂合度都较高,反映了各鹅种群体内的遗传变异较大,各鹅种的适应性较强;(2)通过计算DS遗传距离和UPG-MA聚类,发现5个白鹅群体间的遗传距离较远,分化时间较长,5个白鹅群体分别独自为一类,聚类结果反映了5个鹅品种的进化与它们的选育历史及地理分布关系密切。应加强对我国现有鹅种资源的保护力度和开发力度。     

鸡蛋、乌鸡蛋、鹌鹑蛋营养成分的测定比较

禽蛋是人们生活中的重要营养源,是天然食物中最理想的蛋白质。本试验测定了鸡蛋、乌鸡蛋和鹌鹑蛋中的水分、脂肪、蛋白质、磷脂、胆固醇、维生素B2和氨基酸的含量,通过数据对比分析,得到如下结果:乌鸡蛋具有较高的营养价值,鹌鹑蛋由于含有很高的胆固醇,并不适合老年人的食用。鸡蛋的蛋白质、磷脂和氨基酸含量均低于乌鸡蛋和鹌鹑蛋,其营养价值最低。     

Segment-based coancestry,additive relationship and genetic variance within and between the Norwegian and the Swedish Fjord horse populations

ABSTRACT

The Fjord horse originates from Norway but forms a global population due to several small populations in foreign countries. There exists no information about the additive relationship and the genetic variance between these subpopulations. By collecting blood samples from Norwegian and Swedish Fjord horses, a sample of 311 Norwegian and 102 Swedish horses gave 485,918 SNPs available for analysis. Their inbreeding coefficients were calculated and compared to the pairwise coancestry and the shared genomic segments. The effective population size was almost similar with the two methods in the Norwegian Fjord horse population (63 and 71), but very different in the Swedish population (269 and 1136) and unprecise due to a much smaller number of observations. The study showed that coancestry from shared genomic segments can be used to estimate additive genetic relationship and genetic variation within and between the global populations of the Fjord horse.     

黄羽肉鸡与四川山地黑羽乌骨鸡杂交试验

用四川山地乌骨鸡作父本,黄羽肉鸡作母本进行杂交,杂交后代在生长速度、１２周龄累计料肉比等方面体现了极显著的杂种优势。屠宰性能得到普遍改善,胸腿肌率得到了显著提高,说明黄羽肉鸡能与四川山地乌骨鸡配套进行仿土鸡的商品生产。     

Analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of red deer subspecies in XinJiang,China

Polymorphisms for seven microsatellite loci in three red deer subspecies (9 populations) found in XinJiang were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 12% nondenaturation polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the Sanguinetti silver staining method. Numbers of alleles, average effective numbers of alleles (E) and the average rate of homozygosity, allelic frequencies of seven microsatellite loci, polymorphism information content (PIC), mean heterozygosity (H) and genetic distances among the populations were calculated for each population. Dendrograms were constructed based on genetic distances by the neighbor‐joining method (NJ), utilizing molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software PHYLIP (3.6). The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on allelic frequencies using maximum likelihood (ML); the bootstrap value was estimated by bootstrap test in the tree. Lastly, phylogenesis was analyzed. The results showed that four of the seven microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic, but BMS2508 and Celjp0023 showed no polymorphism and BM5004 was a neutral polymorphism. It is our conclusion that the four microsatellite loci are effective DNA markers for the analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among the three red deer subspecies. The mean PIC, H and E‐values across the microsatellite loci were 0.5393, 0.5736 and 2.64, which showed that these microsatellite loci are effective DNA markers for the genetic analysis of red deer. C.e. songaricus populations from Regiment 104, 151 and Hami are clustered together. C.e. yarkandensis populations from Regiment 35, Xaya and Alaer are clustered together. These two clusters also cluster together. Lastly, C.e. sibiricus populations from Burqin, Regiment 188 and the first two clusters were clustered together. The phylogenetic relationship among different red deer populations is consistent with the known origin, history of breeding and geographic distributions of populations.     

Heterosis,recombination effects and genetic variability of egg composition in inbred lines of white leghorns and their crosses

1. Positive heterosis effects for the proportion of yolk, and negative heterosis for the proportion of albumen were found in crosses of six inbred Leghorn lines.

2. Three‐way crosses showed no consistent change in egg composition when compared with matched two‐way crosses.

3. Large differences in egg composition were found between inbred lines.

4. The egg composition of two‐way crosses was highly predictable from the performance of their parents, while specific combining effects as measured by deviations from offspring—parent regression were relatively unimportant.