酸和有机质对土壤镉影响的研究

有机酸、无机酸及有机质都对土壤起酸化作用。一般认为，在酸性条件下，土壤中镉的有效性比较高，作物吸收利用的比较多，对作物的危害也比较大。但由于土壤的差异对作物吸收镉也表现出明显的差异。防治土壤酸化能有效抑制镉进入植物体内，进而防止毒害人类。     

公路附近茶园土壤中铅和镉的化学形态

研究了浙江省各地采集的公路附近茶园土壤中铅和镉的化学形态。结果表明,表层土壤中铅和镉总量和各形态组分的含量因采样地和土壤性质的差异可有很大的差别。土壤剖面中铅和镉从下至上有规律地显著增加,表明表土中积累的铅和镉的主要为外源铅镉。土壤中残余态、氧化物结合态、有机质结合态铅和镉的含量主要与土壤中铅、镉积累有关;而生物有效性较高的交换态和水可溶态铅、镉受土壤pH有很大的影响。因此,长期植茶导致的土壤酸化可能是土壤中铅和镉活度增加的主要原因,并可增加茶树对铅和镉的吸收。     

水稻镉吸收及其在各器官间转运积累的研究进展

随着土壤和大气沉降物中重金属污染的问题日益严峻,农作物重金属超标时有发生.土壤中的重金属难以降解,容易被植物根部吸收,在作物中积累;大气中的重金属沉降到叶片上,通过叶片吸收进入作物中,最终通过食物链被人类食用,危害人体健康.水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物,大米中存在镉超标问题.镉(Cd)是水稻的非必需元素,主要借助其他金属...     

不同吸镉能力油菜各器官累积镉的差异

对筛选出的高吸镉能力和低吸镉能力油菜品种进行全生育期土培盆栽实验,研究两个油菜品种各器官吸收累积镉特征及体内镉分配差异。试验结果表明,两个不同吸镉能力油菜品种全生育期地上部总吸镉量与苗期地上部吸镉量高低一致,地上部不同器官累积镉量两个品种存在显著差异。随土壤镉含量的增加,高吸镉能力油菜朱苍花籽地上部吸收的镉主要转运至叶中,而低吸镉能力油菜川油Ⅱ—93则主要转运至茎中。在土壤镉含量大于1 mg.kg-1时,高吸镉能力油菜籽粒中镉含量显著高于低吸镉能力油菜,当土壤镉含量小于1mg.kg-1时则相反。两个油菜品种地上部吸收的镉主要累积在茎和叶中,各器官中镉含量两品种均表现为叶>茎>角果壳>籽粒。     

硅和磷配合施入对水稻植株体内Cd含量的影响

以水稻为供试作物,通过盆栽试验研究硅和磷单独及配合施用对外源Cd污染土壤的改良作用。试验结果表明:向土壤中添加硅酸钠和磷酸二氢钠后,随单一改良剂用量的增加,水稻各部位镉含量呈现降低的趋势,且水稻对镉的吸收主要集中在根部,而向地上部位迁移降低。硅和磷单独及配合施用对水稻吸收Cd具有一定的抑制作用,降低水稻根、茎叶和糙米中Cd含量。     

土壤酸化对作物生长发育的影响及改良措施

综述了土壤酸化现状及分布情况,分析了发生酸化的原因,阐述了土壤酸化对作物生长发育的影响,提出了农业生产上土壤改良与应用的措施.     

叶面肥对农作物阻镉效应机制研究进展

叶面肥以其可溶性高、吸收好、缓解重金属吸收效果明显等优点而逐渐成为抑制作物吸收重金属研究的新热点。目前不同种类叶面肥对农作物的阻镉机理主要是通过拮抗吸收,抑制含镉的金属酶活性,降低作物的蒸腾效率以阻碍Cd的向上运输,促进抗氧化物质的形成,对重金属离子具有吸附及螯合作用,以及增加作物营养物质的叶面吸收从而增加作物胞内盐浓度以此抑制作物对根系环境及空气中重金属的吸收等。本文对此进行了综述。     

寒地水稻分蘖盛期对镉的吸收与筛选研究

试验处理药剂为硫酸镉(3CdSO4·8H2O)和氯化镉(CdCl2·5/2H2O),镉处理浓度分别为0、0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0 mg/kg,采用土培盆栽方法研究12份水稻品种在分蘖盛期对镉的吸收特征差异。试验结果表明:根系含镉量受周围土壤镉含量影响较大,不能作为筛选低镉吸收水稻品种的鉴定指标;土壤中的镉含量只能作为筛选低镉吸收品种的间接指标,其镉残存量与处理浓度之间为二次回归关系,回归方程为y=-0.015x2+0.4001x+0.0874。植株体内镉含量,是最佳的可直接用于鉴定筛选低镉吸收品种的指标,处理浓度与植株体内含镉量呈极显著二次回归关系,回归方程为y=0.7431x2+0.3666x-0.0366。由间接和直接鉴定指标判定龙粳16、龙粳14、龙粳12及龙粳21为低镉吸收品种。     

镉胁迫对草莓氮代谢及果实品质的影响

采用土壤盆栽试验,以"丰香"草莓品种为材料,研究镉胁迫对草莓氮代谢及果实品质的影响.结果显示,镉降低了草莓叶和根中的含氮量及叶中水解氨基酸总量,但各种水解氨基酸的变化趋势有一定的差异.镉胁迫下,草莓根中的游离脯氨酸含量和叶可溶性蛋白含量随镉处理浓度增加而增加.镉抑制草莓叶硝酸还原酶的活性,而使草莓叶中核糖核酸酶的活性升高.镉处理使草莓果实中的某些矿质元素及维生素C含量降低.更重要的是,镉被草莓吸收后,会积累在草莓果实中.草莓果实中镉的含量与土壤中镉的浓度的相关达极显著水平.在本实验条件下,当土壤中镉浓度超过0.267 mg/kg时,草莓果实的镉含量就将超过国家食品卫生标准,表明土壤中添加镉对草莓果实的品质也有影响.     

茶园土壤-茶树-茶叶-茶汤中镉转移规律及安全性评价

为论证镉污染土壤种植茶树的安全性与可行性,通过盆钵茶园试验研究了湖南9个主栽茶树品种在不同镉含量土壤中对镉的吸收积累特性和茶汤中镉元素的浸出率。结果表明,在pH值4.1的土壤中,通过根系吸收的镉元素从根系到主干,再到侧枝枝干和茶树叶片的转运过程中,各器官的镉含量依次递减,茶树嫩芽(叶)中镉的富集系数仅0.13~0.24;茶树种植在土壤镉含量低于3.0 mg/kg的土壤中,茶叶没有出现镉超标现象;镉元素在茶汤中的平均浸出率为9.87%,利用膳食暴露风险评估模型对茶叶和茶汤中的镉含量进行风险评估,表明供试茶叶样品中的镉不会对人体健康产生威胁。     

Fatty Acid Content of Seed at Different Development Stages in Canola on Different Soil Types with Low Organic Matter

Abstract

Physical and chemical properties of vegetable oils and consequently their use, depend on the composition of fatty acids that accumulate in storage lipids during seed development. The objective of this study was to determine the combined effects of seed development stages and organic matter content of soil on oil fatty acid composition of canola. The experiments were carried out under field conditions on four soils with different organic matter contents. To evaluate seed oil content and fatty acid composition of canola, we harvested plants at six growth stages (GS), GS 75, GS 79, GS 83, GS 87, GS 92 and GS 99 including development of seed, ripening and senescence. The synthesis of oil and fatty acids were largely influenced by seed maturity and soil type. Seeds had maximum content of stearic and palmitic acids at GS 75 (50% of pods reach final size). The seed yield, oil content of seeds and oleic acid percentage of seed oil significantly increased with increasing rate of soil organic matter in canola. This study addresses the organic matter content in poor soils should be ameliorated not only to obtain higher crop yields but also quality production.     

Effects of Soil Moisture Conditions before Heading on Growth of Wheat Plants under Drought Conditions in the Ripening Stage: Insufficient Soil Moisture Conditions before Heading Render Wheat Plants More Resistant to Drought during Ripening

Abstract

Plants growing on soil with insufficient moisture need deep and dense roots to avoid water stress. In crop plants, the production of dry matter during ripening of grains is critically important for grain yield. We postulated that shoot growth would be suppressed but root growth would continue under an insufficient soil moisture condition before heading, while shoot growth would be more vigorous than root growth under a sufficient soil moisture condition. We anticipated that the plants growing under an insufficient soil moisture condition before heading would produce more dry matter and grain under an insufficient soil moisture condition during ripening. In order to examine our hypotheses and to determine the fundamental conditions for improving grain yield and efficient use of irrigated water under limited irrigation, we grew wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Ayahikari) in pots (30 cm in diameter, 150 cm in height) with insufficient soil moisture (PD-D pots) or sufficient soil moisture (PW-D pots) for six weeks before heading followed by full irrigation, and then insufficient soil moisture condition during ripening. The growth of shoots was suppressed significantly but that of roots was not before heading in PD-D plants, with a higher resultant ratio of root to shoot than in PW-D plants. The former retained a high leaf water potential and, therefore, were able to produce more dry matter and grain during soil moisture depletion during ripening as compared with the latter plants. We also obtained similar results with field-grown plants.     

云南干旱地区芒果园生草栽培对土壤肥力的影响

为提高云南干旱地区芒果园管理技术和水平,通过田间试验研究不同豆科植物行间间作后土壤养分的变化。结果表明：生草间作两年后,0～60 cm土壤有机质降低;20～60 cm土壤全氮和全磷增加,0～60 cm土壤全钾增加;新诺顿豆和大翼豆将20～60 cm土壤pH从酸性提高至中性;饭豆＋绿肥提高了0～60 cm土壤碱解氮和速效磷,饭豆＋绿肥、饭豆以及田箐提高了0～60 cm土壤速效钾。试验所选生草可以增加20～60 cm土壤全氮、全磷和全钾的积累,饭豆＋绿肥轮作可以有效提高0～60 cm土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾     

腐殖酸保水剂用量对白浆土养分及玉米产量性状的影响研究

腐殖酸富含亲水基团,以此为核心成分的保水剂施入土壤后会增加土壤蓄水保墒能力,发挥较好的保肥效应。以不施肥(CK)为空白对照,研究不同腐殖酸保水剂用量(33、44、55、66 kg/hm~2)对白浆土养分及玉米产量性状的影响。结果表明,施用33~66 kg/hm~2腐殖酸保水剂可有助于玉米生育性状(玉米出苗率、灌浆期展开叶片数、株高、单叶叶面积、穗粒数)及产量的提高。与不施保水剂相比,施用44~66 kg/hm~2腐殖酸保水剂可有利于白浆土酸化过程的缓解。与拔节期相比,施用55 kg/hm~2保水剂能够使玉米历经生育期仍能确保全氮含量的增加;施用腐殖酸保水剂33 kg/hm~2能使白浆土有机质含量的消耗程度达到最大,在此基础上继续增加保水剂用量可有效缓解有机质含量的消耗。     

THE PERFORMANCE AND SURVIVAL OF CONTRASTING NATURAL POPULATIONS OF WHITE CLOVER WHEN PLANTED INTO AN UPLAND FESTUCA/AGROSTIS SWARD

A technique is described for the assessment of white clover populations implanted as rooted cuttings into an upland Festuca/Agrostis sward.
Five natural populations of white clover, taken from widely different soils and habitat conditions, were tested by this technique on an acid soil, low in calcium and phosphate and just outside the natural limits of clover distribution.
Throughout the experiment, populations from acid upland soils showed a superior performance and a lower percentage mortality than did populations from lowland calcareous soils and from medium-fertility soil at a very high altitude.
After two years, plants of the acidic populations alone remained alive, and of these only 19–25% of the number originally planted.
The order of performance in the natural sward was an almost complete reversal of the order of performance as spaced plants on a high-fertility lowland soil.
The results indicate that the differential response to soil fertility factors, previously shown to exist between natural populations of white clover by soil- and sand-culture techniques and by field fertilizer trials of spaced plants, became even more marked when the plants were subject to competition from native species.
The possibility of breeding white clover varieties adapted to acid upland conditions is discussed, particularly in relation to compatibility with native species.     

Effects of Soil Temperature on Growth and Root Function in Rice

Abstract

The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of soil temperature in the stage from late tillering to panicle initiation (SI) and during the grain-filling stage (SII) on grain setting, dry matter production, photosynthesis, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC), xylem exudation and abscisic acid (ABA) levels in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari). Rice plants were exposed to four different soil temperatures during SI or SII: 17.5, 25, 31.5 and 36.5°C (ST18, ST25, ST32 and ST37, respectively). The yield, yield components, grain filling and quality in SI were negatively influenced by high soil temperature of 37°C. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in those characters among temperature treatments in SII. The root/shoot ratio was smallest in the ST37 plants in both SI and SII, mainly due to their lighter root weight. At 7 days after initiation of treatment (DAT) in both SI and SII, the photosynthetic and xylem exudation rate tended to increase slightly as soil temperature increased up to 32°C. At 21 DAT, however, the photosynthetic rate was lowest in ST37, with concurrent decrease of diffusion conductance and SPAD value. In addition, decrease of NSC concentration in stem and xylem exudation rate, and increase of ABA level in leaves and xylem exudate were observed in ST37 plants at 21 DAT. These results suggested that high soil temperature before heading especially influenced yield, grain quality and plant growth. Possible mechanisms of the effect of soil temperature are discussed.     

Effects of Pre-Flowering Soil Moisture Deficits on Dry Matter Production and Ecophysiological Characteristics in Soybean Plants under Well Irrigated Conditions during Grain Filling

Summary

Summer field crop plants in Japan would develop large shoots but poor root systems during the rainy season called “Baiu”. This might have adverse effects on dry matter production in summer thereafter even when they grow under sufficient soil moisture conditions. The effects of pre-flowering soil moisture conditions on dry matter production and ecophysiological characteristics were investigated.

Soybean plants were grown under sufficient (W plot) and deficient (D plot) soil moisture before flowering in the field. Under sufficient soil moisture conditions after flowering, the plants in the D plot produced higher dry matter due to higher net assimilation rate (NAR) and higher grain yield due to higher pod-flower set ratio and a heavier seed than in the W plot. The higher NAR in the D plot was attributed to (1) a lower resistance to water transport in plants, which is necessary to maintain a high leaf water potential and high photosynthetic rate during the daytime and (2) delayed senescence. The plants in the D plot had a well developed root system, and had roots with high physiological activity represented by a large amount of exudation from the basal cut end of the stem. The development of physiological activity of the root system maybe reflected in higher capacity of root functions, the higher pod-flower set ratio and the delay in the senescence. Improved cultivation practices such as drainage during the rainy season and breeding of the plants with well-developed root system during the rainy season may be necessary to increase the yield of summer crops in Japan. Irrigation during the summer may not be so effective for the plants with a poorly developed root system.     

土壤调理剂配施配方肥对土壤有机质及交换性能的影响

土壤有机质和盐基饱和度是评价土壤肥力的重要指标。为了探究土壤调理剂与配施化肥对热带地区酸化土壤有机质和土壤交换性能的影响,明确土壤调理剂配施配方肥改良酸性土壤和提升土壤肥力的最佳方案,本研究在海南省儋州市木薯园开展田间试验,采用有机无机复合型土壤调理剂并配施不同梯度配方肥的改良方式,对比分析不施肥、常规施肥和土壤调理剂与化肥配施对木薯地土壤有机质和土壤交换性能的影响,从而为改良酸性土壤、减肥增效、缓解土壤环境等问题提供理论依据和科学参考。结果表明：与CK（不施肥）相比,土壤调理剂配施配方肥（100%、75%、50%）处理的pH分别提高了0.29、0.24和0.44（P<0.05）,土壤有机质分别提高了20.82%、22.04%和20.49%（P<0.05）,交换性盐基总量分别提高了20.62%、21.25%和48.75%（P<0.05）,土壤交换性酸含量分别降低了17.65%、15.38%和30.43%（P<0.05）,在所有处理中以Tr50（土壤调理剂+50%配方肥）处理的改良效果最好。因此,在土壤改良中推荐施用土壤调理剂+50%配方肥的改良方案。     

玉米花生带状间作对植株氮吸收和土壤微生物群落的影响

为探明玉米花生带状间作模式下植株氮吸收利用和土壤微生物群落特征,设置玉米单作（SM）、花生单作（SP）和玉米花生间作（IMP）三种种植模式,系统分析了不同种植模式下氮素吸收利用规律,并采用16S/ITS测序技术明确玉米花生带状间作系统下根际土壤细菌/真菌群落结构变化。结果表明,间作玉米边行优势明显,地下和地上部干物质积累量和氮积累量显著高于单作玉米和间作玉米中间行。间作玉米和间作交互区根际土壤细菌和真菌多样性和丰富度降低,而间作花生根际真菌多样性和丰富度增加,其中变形菌门、担子菌门、子囊菌门等有益菌最为显著富集。土壤中细菌和真菌存在复杂的相关性,变形菌门与子囊菌门正相关。间作丰富了物种功能多样性,参与氨基酸运输、代谢和碳水化合物代谢的细菌和腐生营养型真菌的显著富集,改善了植物养分吸收,促进了植株生长发育。可见,玉米花生间作可通过优化土壤微生物的群落结构,促进植株对氮素的吸收和利用,本研究为玉米花生带状间作氮营养互促吸收提供了科学依据。     

Influence of agricultural practices on fruit quality of bell pepper

An experiment was carried out under plastic house conditions to compare the effect of four fermented organic matter sources (cattle, poultry and sheep manure in addition to 1:1:1 mixture of the three organic matter sources) in which 4 kg organic matter m(-2) were used, with that of the conventional agriculture (chemical fertilizers) treatments on Marvello red pepper fruit quality, by using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates. Pepper fruits characteristics cultivated in soil supplemented with manure were generally better than those from plants grown in soil only. Addition of animal manure increased bell pepper fruit content of soluble solids, ascorbic acid, total phenols, crude fibre and intensity of red color as compare with conventional agriculture that produced fruits with higher titratable acidity, water content, lycopene and bigger fruit size. In most cases of animal manure treatments, best results were obtained by the sheep manure treatment that produced the highest TSS, while the worst results were obtained by the poultry manure treatment that produced the smallest fruit and lowest fruit lycopene content.