The effect of propofol on acid-base balance and ionic composition of venous and arterial blood in goats

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of propofol on acid-base balance and ionic composition of arterial and venous blood in clinically healthy goats. The experiment was performed on ten adult goats. Propofol was administered intravenously at bolus dose of 6 mg/kg bw. The heart and breath rate, acid-base balance (pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, BE, O2SAT, ctCO2) and ionic composition (Na+, K+, Cl-) of arterial and venous blood were measured before injection and 3, 6 and 15 min. after. The propofol infusion induced increase of heart rate, decrease of breath rate and compensated respiratory acidosis in venous and arterial blood. It was found that changes of acid-base balance parameters in arterial blood arose faster than in venous blood. The levels of sodium and chloride ions in both types of blood were similar, whereas the level of potassium ions was higher in venous blood during entire experiment.     

Dynamics of the acid-base balance of venous and arterial blood in clinically healthy calves]

Values of the acid base balance were examined in both venous and arterial blood of healthy calves (n = 6) of the Slovak Spotted breed aged, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, and 24 weeks, respectively. Until week 4 of age the animals were fed milk only, until the age of 9 weeks a milk-roughage transition fodder and from week 10 on they were given classical herbage. Blood samples were taken from the V. jugularis and A. carotis communis or A. axillaris, respectively. The results achieved were corrected to a body temperature of 39 degrees C. During the examination period the following values were stated for both arterial and venous blood: actual acidity (pH) 7.391 +/- 0.014 and 7.362 +/- 0.013 logmolc, pCO2 6.35 +/- 0.15 and 7.35 +/- 0.11 kPa, HCO3-28.38 +/- 1.42 and 30.32 +/- 1.02 mmol. l(-1), ABE 3.57 +/- 1.44 and 4.34 +/- 1.09 mmol. l(-1); pO2 12.63 +/- 1.15 and 5.21 +/- 0.73 kPa, SAT 95.8 +/- 1.03 and 61.2 +/- 9.59%, respectively. A gradual increase in most indices of the acid base balance could be stated both in arterial and venous blood. The trends either revealed a parallel increase (HCO3-, pH) or they were more pronounced either in venous blood (SAT) or in arterial blood (ABE, pO2). Some trends were almost balanced (pCO2 and pO2 in venous blood and SAT and pCO2 in arterial blood). Thus pH, pO2 and SAT indices of the acid base balance were higher in arterial blood as compared to venous blood while pCO2, HCO3- and ABE values were higher in venous blood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of dietary electrolyte balance on growth and acid-base status in swine

The effect of dietary electrolyte balance on pigs fed lysine- or tryptophan-adequate or tryptophan-deficient diets was investigated in four experiments using 8- to 12-wk-old pigs. Electrolyte balance, expressed as Na+K-Cl in meq/kg of diet, was varied by altering dietary levels of Na and Cl while holding all other minerals constant. In two experiments in which the basal diet contained a balance of 135 meq/kg, simple lysine or tryptophan deficiences caused depressed growth, feed intake and efficiency of feed utilization, but none of these responses was altered by dietary supplementation with NaHCO3. In one experiment in which the electrolyte balance of the basal diet was 61 meq/kg and in which both lysine and tryptophan were limiting. NaHCO3 supplementation significantly increased growth and feed intake. This did not occur if the diet was also supplemented with tryptophan. A final experiment was conducted to determine the response of pigs to a range of electrolyte balance (-85 to 341 meq/kg) in a practical corn-soy diet containing adequate levels of all amino acids. Growth and feed intake appeared to be maximal for balances of 0 to 341 meq/kg Na+K-Cl, but were decreased at -85 meq/kg (P less than .05). Acid-base balance was adversely affected at 0 meq/kg. The results suggest that the response of lysine-deficient pigs to sodium bicarbonate is dependent upon the electrolyte balance of the diet, and also is influenced by other dietary amino acids.     

附红细胞体自然感染对猪红细胞的影响

选择临床健康的 2月龄附红细胞体自然感染仔猪 1 5头 ,每周采血一次 ,连续 4次 ,观察红细胞的形态 ,并测定RBC、红细胞脆性 (最小脆性和最大脆性 )、红细胞ATPase和SOD活性、红细胞C3b受体 (E_C3bRR)率和红细胞免疫复合物花环 (E_ICR)率。检测结果 :随着猪附红细胞体感染强度的增强 ,所测定指标的变化无明显规律性或无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但红细胞脆性增高、红细胞ATPase和SOD活性及E_C3bRR率和E_ICR率均有降低趋势。表明猪感染附红细胞体后 ,红细胞易破裂而溶血、红细胞内外阳离子平衡失调、红细胞抗氧化能力降低、红细胞免疫功能下降。     

The effect of arterial blood sampling sites on blood gases and acid-base balance parameters in calves.

In 21 healthy calves, 1-6 months old, the interrelationship and comparability of acid-base balance variables (pH, HCO3-, BE) and blood gases (pCO2, pO2, and sat-O2) were evaluated in arterial blood collected from a larger, centrally localised (the a. axillaris) and a smaller peripheral artery (the a. auricularis caudalis). Sampling was done by direct puncture of the vessels without local anaesthesia. Except for blood pH, significant differences were observed in the average values of pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, sat-O2 (P < 0.001), and BE (P < 0.05). Analyses of blood from the a. axillaris showed higher pH, pO2, and sat-O2 values, and lower pCO2, HCO3-, and BE values compared with that from the a. auricularis caudalis. Despite statistically significant differences between some variables, in all indices high and significant correlation relationships were recorded (R = 0.928-0.961; P < 0.001). Therefore, from the biological and clinical point of view, these differences are unimportant and the presented method of peripheral arterial blood sampling can be considered suitable for evaluating blood gases and acid-base status.     

Assessment of acid-base status and plasma lactate concentrations in arterial,mixed venous,and portal blood from dogs during experimental hepatic blood inflow occlusion

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of extended experimental hepatic blood flow occlusion (ie, portal triad clamping [PTC]) in dogs by measuring acid-base status and plasma lactate concentrations in arterial, mixed venous, and portal blood and evaluating the relationship between metabolic and concurrent hemodynamic changes. ANIMALS: 6 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURE: During anesthesia with isoflurane, cardiac output and arterial blood pressure were measured. Arterial, mixed venous, and portal blood samples were collected simultaneously for blood gas analyses and plasma lactate measurements before PTC and at 8-minute intervals thereafter. RESULTS: PTC resulted in severe hemodynamic and metabolic alterations. Eight minutes after PTC, significant decreases in cardiac index from a baseline value of 3.40 +/- 0.27 to 1.54 +/- 0.26 L/min/m2 and in mean arterial blood pressure from a baseline value of 74 +/- 6 to 43 +/- 6 mm Hg were recorded. After PTC, results indicative of lactic acidosis were found in portal blood at 16 minutes, in mixed venous at 32 minutes, and in arterial blood at 48 minutes. Significant differences in measured variables were also found between arterial and portal blood samples, between mixed venous and portal blood samples, and between arterial and mixed venous blood samples after PTC, compared with differences at baseline. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Analysis of mixed venous blood is preferable to analysis of arterial blood in the assessment of metabolic derangement. In a clinical setting, occluded portal blood is released to the systemic circulation, and the degree of reperfusion injury may depend on the metabolic status of pooled portal blood.     

Interstitial lactate,lactate/pyruvate and glucose in rat muscle before,during and in the recovery from global hypoxia

Background

Hypoxia results in an imbalance between oxygen supply and oxygen consumption. This study utilized microdialysis to monitor changes in the energy-related metabolites lactate, pyruvate and glucose in rat muscle before, during and after 30 minutes of transient global hypoxia. Hypoxia was induced in anaesthetised rats by reducing inspired oxygen to 6% O₂ in nitrogen.

Results

Basal values for lactate, the lactate/pyruvate ratio and glucose were 0.72 ± 0.04 mmol/l, 10.03 ± 1.16 and 3.55 ± 0.19 mmol/l (n = 10), respectively. Significant increases in lactate and the lactate/pyruvate ratio were found in the muscle after the induction of hypoxia. Maximum values of 2.26 ± 0.37 mmol/l for lactate were reached during early reperfusion, while the lactate/pyruvate ratio reached maximum values of 35.84 ± 7.81 at the end of hypoxia. Following recovery to ventilation with air, extracellular lactate levels and the lactate/pyruvate ratio returned to control levels within 30–40 minutes. Extracellular glucose levels showed no significant difference between hypoxia and control experiments.

Conclusions

In our study, the complete post-hypoxic recovery of metabolite levels suggests that metabolic enzymes of the skeletal muscle and their related cellular components may be able to tolerate severe hypoxic periods without prolonged damage. The consumption of glucose in the muscle in relation to its delivery seems to be unaffected.     

Arterial blood gases and acid-base balance in geriatric dogs

To compare arterial blood gas pressures and acid-base balance in geriatric and young adult dogs, 23 clinically healthy aged dogs (>10 years old) and 16 young adult dogs (two to four years old) were studied. Blood gases (PaO₂ and PaCO₂), pH, Na, K, Ca and Cl were measured in arterial blood samples using selective electrodes. Haemoglobin was quantified with a co-oximeter. Total proteins and phosphorus were measured by spectrophotometry in plasma. The alveolar to arterial PO₂ gradient (P(A-a)O₂), bicarbonate, anion gap and the base excess of blood were calculated. Quantitative analysis of acid-base balance was carried out by calculating unidentified anions. Old dogs had significantly higher P(A-a)O₂ than young dogs (2·5±0·3 versus 1·4±0·3 KPa). Although the differences were not significant, aged dogs also had a lower PaO₂. No differences were detected in PaCO₂, pH, Na, K, Ca, Cl, haemoglobin, phosphorus, bicarbonate and base excess of blood. Plasma proteins were higher in old dogs than in young dogs (7·1±0·2 versus 6·5±0·2 g dl⁻¹). Anion gap was increased in aged dogs; however, no changes were found in unidentified anions. In conclusion, an increase in P(A-a)O₂ has been identified in a group of geriatric dogs. No major changes have been found in the acid-base balance of aged dogs.     

Prognostic value of blood lactate, blood glucose, and hematocrit in canine babesiosis

Canine babesiosis typically causes hemolytic anemia but also can result in multiple organ dysfunction. Human patients with severe disease often have persistent hyperlactatemia, and blood lactate concentration is correlated with survival rate. In dogs, blood lactate concentration has been shown to be of prognostic value in patients with gastric dilatation-volvulus and in dogs admitted to intensive care units. Serial blood lactate and glucose concentrations and hematocrit on admission were determined in 90 dogs with naturally occurring, severe or complicated canine babesiosis. Forty-five dogs (50%) had hyperlactatemia (blood lactate concentration >22.5 mg/dL) and 20 (22.2%) had hypoglycemia (blood glucose concentration <59.4 mg/dL) at presentation. Measurements significantly associated with mortality were hypoglycemia on admission, blood lactate concentration >45 mg/dL on admission, blood lactate concentration >22.5 mg/dL at 8, 16, and 24 hours after admission, and increase or <50% decrease in blood lactate concentration within 8 and 16 hours after admission. Blood lactate concentration persistently >40 mg/dL indicated a very poor prognosis. We conclude that serial blood lactate measurements are useful in predicting survival in dogs with severe and complicated canine babesiosis.     

An indirect hemagglutination test for the diagnosis of Eperythrozoon suis infection in swine.

An indirect hemagglutination test was developed to detect naturally occurring eperythrozoonosis in swine and to follow experimentally induced infections serologically. The antigen used was prepared from the plasma of acutely infected, splenectomized pigs. The test was specific and reliable in detecting swine latently infected with the disease.     

Blood concentrations of amino acids, glucose and lactate during experimental swine dysentery

The aim of this study was to examine blood concentrations of amino acids, glucose and lactate in association with experimental swine dysentery. Ten pigs (approximately 23kg) were orally inoculated with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Eight animals developed muco-haemorrhagic diarrhoea with impaired general appearance, changes in white blood cell counts and increased levels of the acute phase protein Serum Amyolid A. Blood samples were taken before inoculation, during the incubation period, during clinical signs of dysentery and during recovery. Neither plasma glucose nor lactate concentrations changed during the course of swine dysentery, but the serum concentrations of gluconeogenic non-essential amino acids decreased during dysentery. This was mainly due to decreases in alanine, glutamine, serine and tyrosine. Lysine increased during dysentery and at the beginning of the recovery period, and leucine increased during recovery. Glutamine, alanine and tyrosine levels show negative correlations with the numbers of neutrophils and monocytes. In conclusion, swine dysentery altered the blood concentrations of amino acids, but not of glucose or lactate.     

The acid-base status of venous blood and erythrocyte hemolysate in the dog

Determination of intracellular acid-base status is reported in this paper by the example of erythrocytic haemolysate in dog. The difference between intracellular and extracellular acid-base ratios is highly significant and is of clinical relevance. Differences between species and the need for further experimental verification of the method are discussed in some detail. Reference values are suggested for orientation, on the basis of 20 experimental dogs.     

Changes in blood gas and acid-base values of bovine venous blood during storage

The stability of blood gas and acid-base values in bovine venous blood samples (n = 22) stored on ice for 3, 6, 9, or 24 hours was studied. Values studied include pH, PO2 and PCO2 tensions, base excess, standard base excess, bicarbonate concentration, standard bicarbonate concentration, total carbon dioxide content, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin. The results indicate that, except for PCO2, changes in blood gas and acid-base values during 24 hours of storage and differences between cattle of differing ages, rectal temperatures, and acid-base status were too small to be of clinical significance. Therefore, bovine venous blood samples stored up to 24 hours on ice are of diagnostic utility.     

The effect of a pre‐anesthetic infusion of amino acids on body temperature,venous blood pH,glucose, creatinine,and lactate of healthy dogs during anesthesia

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of preanesthetic, intravenous (IV) amino acids on body temperature of anesthetized healthy dogs.Study designRandomized, experimental, crossover study.AnimalsEight mixed-breed dogs approximately 2 years of age weighing 20.7 ± 2.1 kg.MethodsDogs received 10% amino acid solution (AA) or 0.9% saline (SA) IV at 5 mL kg⁻¹ over 60 minutes. Body temperature (BT) was recorded at 5 minute intervals during infusions. Dogs were then anesthetized with sevoflurane for 90 minutes. BT was recorded at 5 minute intervals during anesthesia. Jugular blood samples were analyzed for pH, glucose, creatinine, and lactate concentrations at baseline, after infusion, after anesthesia and after 24 hours.ResultsBT at conclusion of infusion decreased -0.34 ± 0.42 °C in group AA and -0.40 ± 0.38 °C in group SA and was not different between groups (p = 0.072). BT decreased 2.72 ± 0.37 °C in group AA and 2.88 ± 0.26 °C in group SA after anesthesia and was different between groups (p < 0.05). Creatinine in group AA was increased immediately after infusion (p < 0.0001) and at 24 hours (p < 0.0001). There were no differences between groups for other parameters. Values for both groups were never outside the clinical reference ranges.Conclusions and clinical relevanceIn healthy dogs, preanesthetic IV infusion of amino acids attenuated heat loss compared to controls, however, the amount attenuated may not be clinically useful. Further studies are warranted to determine if nutrient-induced thermogenesis is beneficial to dogs undergoing anesthesia.     

The effect of Eperythrozoon suis infection on the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes]

Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes was tested in weaned pigs experimentally infected with Eperythrozoon (E.) suis. Acute eperythrozoonosis of splenectomized pigs led to an increase of osmotic fragility. It is supposed that E. suis infection causes a structural change in erythrocyte membrane. Possible mechanisms of this cell membrane injury are discussed.