美国濒危物种保护制度及其对我国的启示

美国的濒危物种保护法律制度是极有特色和卓有成效的，其主要内容包括：立法目的和政策、法律实施机构、列名单制度、危险制度、夺取违法制度、栖息地保护方案制度和公民诉讼制度等。而重视对栖息地的保护、政府机构对濒危物种保护负有法定义务以及重视公众参与和司法实施则是对我国物种保护法制建设的重要启示。     

加强学术交流促进畜牧兽医事业发展——中国畜牧兽医学会2008年学术交流会在广州落幕

11月15-17日,由中国畜牧兽医学会主办,华南农业大学承办的第一届中国兽医临床大会,璧第六届全国畜牧兽医青年科技工作者学术研讨会、中国畜牧兽医学会2008年学术年会在广州天虹宾馆隆重召开。来自全国各地的畜牧兽医学界的专家、教授以及青年学者千余名代表齐聚天虹宾馆,共飨畜牧兽医学术盛宴。     

Centrality of the Ranching Lifestyle and Attitudes Toward a Voluntary Incentive Program to Protect Endangered Species

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 has served as the defacto biodiversity policy in the United States; however, heavy-handed implementation early in the act's history led private landowners to avoid managing land to benefit endangered species. By reducing costs and increasing benefits to landowners, voluntary incentive programs (VIPs) potentially bridge the gap between a policy that discourages beneficial land management on private lands and the need to enhance recovery efforts. However, the effectiveness of VIPs is bound to landowner participation. With the use of a sample of rangeland landowners in central Texas, we examined the potential for private landowners to enroll in an incentive program to protect and maintain habitat for endangered songbirds. First, we characterized landowners based on the centrality of production-oriented agriculture to their lifestyle. This measure of lifestyle centrality was comprised of self-identification as a rancher/farmer, dependence on land for income, and rootedness to the land. Second, we examined the relationship between lifestyle centrality, attitude, and participation in a VIP. With the use of structural-equation modeling, we found attitude toward enrolling mediated the relationship between centrality and a landowner's intention to enroll in a VIP. In addition to demographic analyses, social variables such as attitudes, beliefs, and motivations are needed to understand fully the multiple underlying reasons for participation and nonparticipation in a VIP and to design effective interventions to enhance participation.     

Veterinary Work in the Field with Fish and Other Aquatic Species

Veterinarians who work with fish and other aquatic species often must perform examinations, diagnostic investigations, and treatments away from the clinic or laboratory. Careful planning is important, and attention to biosecurity is essential. Various items of equipment form part of the field kit for such work and range from measuring scales to surgical instruments and anesthetic agents. Excellent recordkeeping at the site is essential.     

Forest Service Grazing Permittee Perceptions of the Endangered Species Act in Southeastern Arizona

This study reports the results of a survey of Coronado National Forest grazing permittees about their attitudes regarding the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the management of threatened and endangered (T&E) species on grazing allotments in southeastern Arizona. A majority of respondents perceived negative impacts from ESA implementation. However, the degree of impact remained independent of the number of listed species on allotments and of the potential for restrictions on those allotments. Perceptions of negative impact and attitudes toward T&E species policies were more related to attitudes toward federal regulation. Permittees broadly supported the idea of species conservation and expressed willingness to work with federal agencies but did not perceive the federal agencies as having the same responsiveness to their concerns. A more proactive agency strategy with science-based, focused recovery objectives coupled with economic incentives could improve support for species recovery efforts.     

野生动物粪便在濒危物种遗传结构研究中的应用

粪便DNA提取的质量与动物的取食、样品采集地的环境温度、粪便的保存方法有着密切的关系。对于含纤维素较高的食物通过动物的肠道时会有较多的肠道细胞脱落，因此可以提高样品中DNA的含量；当样品采集地的环境温度较高时容易使粪样中的DNA降解，将会降低样品中DNA的含量；然而生活在不同生境类型内的动物，应采取不同的粪便保存方法，这样可以提高样品的质量。在粪便DNA提取方法中，常规法是一种简单、省时、经济的方法。随着粪便DNA分析技术的发展，这项技术在将来的濒危物种遗传结构的研究中会得到广泛的应用。     

Common Influences on the Success of Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act

Over half of the endangered species in the United States depend on private lands for habitat. In 1982, Congress amended the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to address the conservation of endangered species on private lands through the introduction of Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs). HCPs enable landowners to comply with the ESA and can foster creative partnerships between the federal government and local stakeholders. Researchers have investigated the scientifically biological merits of HCPs, but comparatively little attention has been given to social aspects despite an emphasis on stakeholder involvement in HCPs. We explore stakeholder perceptions of HCP development through 19 semi-structured key informant interviews. Findings include the influence of interpersonal themes, shared understanding and capacity on process outcomes, and the importance of the external context in which HCP development occurs. Our research highlights the central role of understanding social dimensions to achieve the desired outcomes from collaborative conservation planning processes.     

绵刺土壤种子库特征及动态

通过对东阿拉善-西鄂尔多斯珍稀濒危植物绵刺(Potaninia mongolica Maxim.)的种子生产、土壤种子库结构、数量动态和分布格局等进行研究,结果表明:绵刺1年结实2次,10月平均单株产饱满种子652粒,千粒重1.1128g,发芽率83%,质量均高于6月所产种子;土壤种子库较丰富,最小时也达127粒/m²,种子散布后的存活力随着时间的变化逐渐下降,属于短寿型种子;种子散布格局为集群型分布,成熟种子大部分散布在母株冠幅内,并形成r型繁殖对策.     

The incidence of gastroenteritis diagnosis among sick dogs presented to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital correlated with meteorological data

The number of sick dogs diagnosed with and without gastroenteritis presented to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital situated north of Pretoria is reported from counts extracted from the records of the Outpatients clinic for 6 years, 1988 to 1993. The average percentage of sick dogs diagnosed with gastroenteritis was 11.51% and the average percentage of sick dogs that were admitted to the parvovirus isolation hospital ward was 2.8%. A strong correlation exists between the number of dogs admitted to the parvovirus ward and average monthly wind speed and inverse humidity values.     

猪场兽医防疫体系的建立

改变疫病控制的传统观念,克服防疫存在的问题,摸清猪场疫病的种类和流行规律,加强对疫病的普查、核查和监控工作,对猪场疫病预防和控制有重要意义。1更新兽医防疫观念猪场兽医防疫要从传统的临床兽医学(治疗型兽医)转变为预防兽医学(预防和保健型兽医),     

CAC关于兽药最大残留限量在不同动物间外推的方法及示例

兽药最大残留限量(MRL)在不同动物间的外推最早是通过讨论不同有鳍鱼类间外推而提出的,后来延伸到反刍动物间、非反刍哺乳动物间、禽类间的外推等。2021年国际食品法典兽药残留委员会(CCRVDF)第25届会议讨论了兽药MRL在不同动物间的外推方法,国际食品法典委员会(CAC)第44届会议同意并采纳了这一方法。兽药MRL外推对世界各国尤其是发展中国家建立本国限量标准,保护公共健康和促进贸易有着十分重要的意义。本文就CAC关于兽药MRL在不同动物间外推的术语定义、方法和示例、限量标注等内容进行介绍,以期推动我国兽药MRL的科学制定。     

Sperm Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress in the Retuertas Endangered Horse

In order to determine whether the high level of inbreeding of the Retuertas endangered Horses may increase the vulnerability to oxidative stress of the sperm, the susceptibility to lipid peroxidation (LPO) of sperm membranes was evaluated in cooled extended ejaculates. Extended ejaculates (INRA 96) from four Retuertas horses and nine ejaculates from pure Spanish horses were received within 24 hours of collection at our laboratory. An aliquot was analyzed and served as time 0 control. The rest of the ejaculates were split into two additional aliquots: the first aliquot served as an incubation control and the second aliquot received an oxidative insult (Fe₂SO₄). Membrane LPO, motility parameters, membrane integrity, and mitochondrial membrane potential were evaluated. The oxidative insult induced a significant increase in the percentage of sperm with LPO in the Retuertas horses (P < .05). Total and progressive motility were not affected by the oxidative insult in both groups. However, curvilinear velocity (VCL), average velocity (VAP), straightness index (STR), and amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) were significantly affected by the treatment (P < .05) in the Retuertas horse population. The membrane integrity of sperm in this group was also affected: the percentage of sperm with intact membranes decreased (57.31% ± 7.76% vs. 47.52% ± 8.28%); and the percentage of necrotic sperm increased (33.27% ± 7.83% vs. 44.85% ± 9.16%) (P < .05). Finally, the oxidative insult increased the population with low mitochondrial membrane potential in these wild horses. We concluded that the high level of inbreeding of this particular breed apparently leads to a higher susceptibility to lipid peroxidation.