热应激蛋鸡适宜钙磷水平研究

我国是世界蛋鸡养殖和鸡蛋大国,近年来商品代蛋鸡占世界存栏量的40％～45％,且逐渐增加。伴随产业化进程的加快,优良生产性能和蛋壳质量对禽蛋生产企业的重要性日益突显。热应激会干扰动物体内钙磷代谢,并导致蛋鸡生产性能降低和蛋壳质量下降等问题,进而对蛋品质造成不良影响。但关于热应激时蛋鸡钙磷需要量却鲜有报道。本试验拟用不同钙磷水平饲粮饲喂笼养蛋鸡,探讨在热应激条件下其对笼养蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、血清中钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶的影响,以期为提高夏季蛋鸡生产性能,改善蛋品质提供理论依据。     

刺五加浸膏对热应激蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

在夏秋高温季节,研究蛋鸡日粮中添加0、100、200和300 mg/kg的刺五加浸膏对蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、血液生化指标和激素的影响。结果表明:100、200和300 mg/kg的刺五加处理组产蛋率分别比不添加的对照组提高10.6%(P<0.05)、11.7%(P<0.05)和8.6%(P<0.05);饲料转化率分别比对照组提高低11.6%、12.3%和11.3%;破软壳蛋率显著(P<0.01)下降;蛋壳厚度和蛋壳相对重显著提高(P<0.05)。刺五加显著提高乳酸脱氢酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性(P<0.05);血钙显著提高(P<0.05);添加刺五加浸膏的3个处理组雌二醇含量分别提高47.38%(P<0.01)、44.98%(P<0.01)和30.2%(P<0.01)。T3均显著(P<0.05)上升,但对T4含量影响不显著。     

中药冲剂抗蛋鸡热应激药效学研究

为探讨中药冲剂抗蛋鸡热应激的药效学特征,按0.6 g/(只·d)剂量经口给予热应激蛋鸡中药冲剂,考察其对蛋鸡生产性能及血液生化指标的影响。结果表明,中药冲剂抗蛋鸡热应激效果良好,平均产蛋率比对照组提高10.08%(P0.01),饲料报酬提高26%(P0.01),并能调节热应激蛋鸡血液p H值、血浆钙含量、血浆皮质醇含量至正常水平。     

杂交野猪适宜日粮磷水平与钙磷比例的研究

选用纯种野公猪与杜洛克母猪的杂交后代含50%野猪血缘的42日龄杂交野猪36头,随机分成9组,试验为双因子3水平(3×3)析因安排分组,完全随机区组设计,每个因子3个水平,共9个处理。结果显示,不同磷水平与钙磷比例对各处理组的平均日耗料量、平均日增重、料重比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。不同钙磷比例水平下对血清钙的影响差异极显著(P<0.01),日粮磷和钙磷比例互作效应对血清钙影响差异极显著(P<0.01)。不同日粮钙磷比例对血清磷水平差异显著(P<0.05),日粮磷和钙磷比例互作效应对血清磷影响显著(P<0.05);0.4%的日粮磷水平与0.6%的磷水平对血清AKP活性影响差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

蛋鸡饮水中添加维生素C对缓解热应激的效果分析

夏季，在产蛋鸡饮水中添加维生素Ｃ缓解热应激，并对多项血液生化指标进行了分析。结果表明添加剂量为２００μｇ／ｇ的维生素Ｃ可以起到较好的作用，提高产蛋率９．１６％；分别提高血糖、血脂、总蛋白、血钙达２２．７２％、１０６．５８％、１３．７３％、２５．９９％，使处于热应激状态的鸡的血液成份有趋向适温的显著变化。     

饲粮中添加甜菜碱对热应激蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加甜菜碱对热应激蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响。选用健康的22周龄商品代罗曼褐蛋鸡600只,随机分成5组,每组8个重复,每个重复15只鸡。Ⅰ组为正对照组,饲喂基础饲粮,正常温热环境,温湿指数(THI)介于64.9~68.9;Ⅱ组为负对照组,饲喂基础饲粮,热应激环境,THI72;Ⅲ~Ⅴ组分别在基础饲粮中添加200、400和600 mg/kg甜菜碱,均为热应激环境,THI72。试验期为14周。结果表明,各组间平均日采食量、料蛋比和破蛋率差异不显著(P0.05)。与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组显著降低了入舍母鸡产蛋率、入舍母鸡产蛋重及血清总蛋白(TP)含量、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性(P0.05),显著提高了血清中谷草转氨酶(GOT)、肌酸激酶(CK)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性(P0.05)。与Ⅱ组相比,Ⅳ组入舍母鸡产蛋率、入舍母鸡产蛋量和血清TP含量均显著提高(P0.05),Ⅴ组入舍母鸡产蛋量及血清TP、白蛋白(ALB)含量也显著提高(P0.05),而Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组的血清CK、GPT活性却显著降低(P0.05),且Ⅴ组的血清甘油三酯(TG)含量也显著降低(P0.05)。综上所述,热应激可使产蛋鸡的新陈代谢和生理机能发生变化,导致生产性能下降,而饲粮中添加甜菜碱可以提高入舍母鸡产蛋率和入舍母鸡产蛋重,并改善热应激对蛋鸡的损伤,饲粮中甜菜碱的适宜添加量为400 mg/kg。     

中型褐壳产蛋鸡饲粮钙适宜水平的研究

用 2 0周龄的商品代北京红鸡 1 5 0只 ,按完全随机设计以体重随机分为 5个处理组 ,分别喂以含钙水平为 2 .5 %、3.0 %、3.5 %、4.0 %和 4.5 %及非植酸磷水平均为 0 .2 5 %的玉米 豆粕型饲粮 2 0周 ,研究中型褐壳产蛋鸡在 2 0～ 40周龄产蛋阶段的饲粮钙适宜水平。饲粮钙水平对产蛋率、蛋重、产蛋量、耗料量、饲料效率、蛋形指数、哈夫单位、蛋壳百分率和血浆钙含量无明显影响 (P >0 .1 0 ) ,而显著影响了蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、蛋壳重、骨灰及蛋壳钙含量 (P <0 .0 5 )。随着饲粮钙水平的增加 ,蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度和蛋壳重均呈曲线型增加 ,当饲粮钙水平升至 4.0 %时均增至最大。本次研究结果表明 ,蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度和蛋壳重是评价中型褐壳产蛋鸡饲粮钙营养需要量的敏感指标 ;北京红中型褐壳产蛋鸡在 2 0～ 40周龄产蛋阶段的玉米 -豆粕型饲粮中钙水平以 4.0 %(实测值为 3.94%,每日钙进食量为 4.1 8g)为宜 ,比美国现行NRC( 1 994)对中型褐壳产蛋鸡饲粮钙建议需要量 ( 3.2 7%钙 ,每日钙进食量为 3.60g)的高     

热应激条件下补充不同油脂对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响

文章旨在探讨热应激条件下补充不同油脂对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响.试验将576只产蛋率一致的30?w海兰褐壳蛋鸡随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复32只.在为期5周的饲养试验中,各组分别饲喂基础日粮(不添加油脂)、2％大豆油日粮和2％猪油日粮,试验期间环境温度为32℃.结果:日粮添加不同类型的油脂对热应...     

饲粮磷水平对热应激奶牛生产性能和血液指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮磷水平对热应激奶牛生产性能和血液指标的影响。试验采用单因素试验设计,选用体重、泌乳天数、胎次、产奶量相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛15头,随机分成3组,每组5头,分别饲喂磷水平为0.29%、0.35%和0.42%的饲粮(干物质基础)。结果表明:1)饲粮磷水平对热应激奶牛的干物质采食量影响不显著(P0.05);0.29%组产奶量显著低于0.35%组和0.42%组(P0.05)。2)0.29%组的乳脂率显著低于0.35%组和0.42%组(P0.05),但对于乳糖率、乳蛋白率、乳非脂固形物率和饲料转化率各组间均无显著差异(P0.05)。3)血清磷含量随饲粮磷水平的提高而极显著上升(P0.01);0.29%组血清羟脯氨酸含量、碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于0.35%组和0.42%组(P0.05)。4)随饲粮磷水平的升高,血清甲状旁腺素和骨钙素含量逐渐升高,0.35%组和0.42%组极显著高于0.29%组(P0.01);血清降钙素含量逐渐降低,0.42%组极显著低于0.29%组和0.35%组(P0.01)。本试验条件下,综合考虑血液指标和生产性能,热应激奶牛的适宜饲粮磷需要量为0.35%。     

复方生石膏对热应激蛋鸡生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

将300只体质良好、平均体重为1585 g、60周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为5组,在试验组日粮中分别添加0.5%、1%、1.5%的复方生石膏及0.04%的维生素C,观察热应激蛋鸡生产性能和血液生化指标的变化情况.结果与对照组相比,复方生石膏高浓度组(1.5%)可显著增加日采食量4.41 g/d(P<0.05),提高产蛋率4.38%(P<0.05),增加蛋壳厚度0.022mm(P>0.05),提高血糖浓度3.02 mmol/L(P<0.01),提高总蛋白浓度19.48 mmol/L(P<0.01)、白蛋白浓度2.70 mmol/L(P<0.01);降低甘油三酯1.20 mmol/L(P<0.01)、总胆固醇含量0.32 mmol/L(P<0.01).结果显示,复方生石膏高浓度组(1.5%)对热应激蛋鸡生产性能和血液生化的改善效果最佳.     

Influence of dietary calcium and phosphorus on metabolism and production in laying hens

1. The effects of different dietary concentrations of calcium (24 to 56.9 g/kg) and phosphorus (4.5 to 14.2 g/kg) on production and some aspects of metabolism were studied in laying hens.

2. Treatments did not affect egg numbers, food consumption, conversion efficiency of food to egg, bodyweight gain or mortality.

3. Increasing dietary calcium (Ca) significantly increased plasma Ca and inorganic phosphorus (P), breaking strength at the radius and egg specific gravity and significantly decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase and egg weight.

4. Increasing dietary phosphorus increased plasma P and decreased egg specific gravity significantly.

5. Plasma Ca, P and alkaline phosphatase and radius breaking strength were suitable indices of the Ca status of the hens.     

The calcium and phosphorus requirements of laying hens

Two experiments were carried out with a modern hybrid laying strain to establish the calcium requirement for maximum egg production. The first experiment, with three calcium concentrations of 1.7, 2.8 and 3.9 per cent indicated that with 0.55 Per cent dietary phosphorus the requirement for calcium was between 1.7 per cent and 2.8 per cent. Dietary phosphorus supplements added to the mixed cereal diets containing 0.55 per cent phosphorus were without effect on production or the conclusions reached. In a subsequent experiment with four dietary calcium concentrations between 2.3 and 3.3 per cent there was no significant improvement in egg production above 2.6 per cent calcium.

In both experiments the lower production at the lower levels of calcium concentration was associated with reduced food intake. Measurements made in the first experiment showed an increasing shell thickness round the equator of the egg with increasing dietary calcium. In this experiment also a small practical test concerned with cracking of the egg shell in boiling water, indicated that incidence of cracks did not alter as the laying cycle progressed and that resistance to cracking was greatest at the highest dietary calcium concentration.     

Effect of excess dietary sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus on excreta moisture of laying hens

1. Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium or phosphate on the water intake and excreta moisture of laying hens. A fifth experiment examined the effect on these variables of increasing amounts of 2 different sodium salts (chloride or bicarbonate) and the interactions with 2 levels of dietary phosphorus. 2. All experiments involved individually caged laying hens fed on diets varying in 1 or 2 minerals in replacement for washed sand. The experimental diets contained mineral concentrations that either met or exceeded the expected requirement of the hens. The diets were given for a 7 or 8 d feeding period and food and water intakes were measured and excreta were collected for the last 48 h of each feeding period. These data were corrected for evaporative water loss to the environment during the collection period. 3. Increasing dietary concentrations of sodium, potassium or phosphorus gave linear increases (P<0.001) in the water intake of the laying hens and linear increases (P<0.01) in the moisture content of their excreta. Each 1 g/kg increase in dietary mineral increased the moisture content of the excreta by 9.04 (+/- 1.57), 11.95 (+/- 2.02) and 5.59 (+/- 0.31) g/kg (+/- standard error) for sodium, potassium and phosphorus, respectively. Increasing concentrations of dietary calcium did not significantly affect the water intakes or excreta moisture levels of the laying hens. 4. The fifth experiment showed that, although there was a sodium x phosphorus interaction (P<0.05), the effects of the 2 mineral additions were approximately additive. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in water intakes or excreta moisture contents due to the 2 different sodium salts (chloride or bicarbonate).     

Re-evaluation of calcium and phosphorus requirements in aged laying hens

1. A series of 5 trials was conducted with 401- to 650-d-old Lohmann, Yafa (local breed with brown eggshells) and Yarkon (local breed with white eggshells) hens fed for 56 to 84 d with diets containing 25 to 50 g/kg calcium (Ca) and 4.5 to 7.6 g/kg phosphorus (P). 2. Increasing dietary Ca from 24-25 to 36-40 g/kg improved egg production, shell weight (SW) and shell thickness (ST), and decreased mortality. 3. Increasing dietary Ca to 48 to 50 g/kg did not affect egg production but increased SW and/or ST. In one out of the 4 trials, this effect was not significant, most likely because of the high shell quality of the eggs from the Yafa hens used for this trial. 4. Dietary P content of 4.5 g/kg (1.0 g/kg added inorganic P) appears to be sufficient for maintaining egg production and shell quality in aged laying hen given 36 to 40 g/kg Ca. 5. Increasing dietary Ca above 40 g/kg may require a higher dietary P content.     

日粮维生素水平对生长期蛋鸡影响的研究

选用4因素3水平正交试验设计，研究日粮维生素A、D3、E对生长期蛋鸡的影响。结果如下：6周末体重随VE水平的提高而提高，但差异不显著。14周末体重受VE的显著影响。高水平（100mg／kg）组显著大于低水平（10mg／kg）组与中水平（40mg／kg）组（P＜0．01），中、低水平之间差异不显著。血清新城疫抗体效价随VA水平的提高而显著提高（P＜0．05）。高水平VA和高水平VE组合组显著高于其它组（P＜0．05）。胫骨中的钙含量随VA水平的提高显著提高（P＜0．01）。VD3对体重、抗体滴度和胫骨Ca含量无显著影响。     

热应激对产蛋鸡群的危害及防治措施

产蛋鸡最适宜的环境温度是15～25℃，在这种环境下，产蛋鸡才有可能最大限度地发挥其生产性能。当环境温度超过28℃时，产蛋鸡体内代谢就会发生变化，表现出采食量降低，产蛋率下降，蛋个变小，沙皮蛋增多，鸡群死亡率增加，给养殖户造成很大的经济损失——这就是热应激对鸡群的危害。     

Optimal dietary concentration of vitamin E for alleviating the effect of heat stress on egg production in laying hens.

1. The effects of different dietary concentrations of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol acetate) were investigated on laying hens exposed to chronic heat stress at 32 degrees C from 26 to 30 weeks of age. 2. Diets containing 5 dietary concentrations of vitamin E (a control diet containing 10 mg alpha-tocopherol/kg or this diet supplemented to contain 125, 250, 375 and 500 mg alpha-tocopherol/kg) were fed to 335 birds. Half of the birds received the supplemented diets for only 4 weeks before the heat stress period (short supplementation duration, SSD) and were fed on the control diet for a further 12 weeks. The remaining birds were fed on the supplemented diets throughout the experiment, 4 weeks before, 4 weeks during and 8 weeks after the heat stress period (long supplementation duration, LSD). 3. Egg production was significantly higher during (80-6 vs 68.9%, P<0.02) and after (75.3 vs 62.7%, P<0.02) the period of stress in the LSD group fed on the diet containing 250 mg vitamin E/kg compared with the group fed on the control diet. LSD birds given 375 and 500 mg vitamin E/kg also had higher egg production than control birds during heat stress but the differences failed to reach significance (74.6 vs 68.9% and 77.1 vs 68.9% respectively). In the SSD groups, mean egg production of the birds given the diets supplemented with 125 mg vitamin E/kg or more was significantly different from the control group after heat stress (70.3 vs 62.7%, P<0.05). Egg weight and food intake were similar in all the groups. 4. Plasma and liver vitamin E concentrations were proportional to the vitamin E intake before the stress period, dropped during heat stress in the SSD groups but were maintained at concentrations closer to those observed before heat stress in the LSD groups. 5. It is concluded that a dietary supplement of 250 mg vitamin E/kg provided before, during and after heat stress is optimum for alleviating, at least in part, the adverse effects of chronic heat stress in laying hens.