生物柴油产业发展的现状及前景

生物柴油是一种环保、高效、多功能、可再生能源.概述了生物柴油的周途优越性.及国外对生物柴油的研究现状,指出了我国在生物柴油研发和生产应用上存在的问题,展望了生物柴油产业的发展前景,并且提出了发展生物柴油的一些战略措施.     

生物柴油特性分析

生产生物柴油的主要原料是可再生的生物资源,生物柴油含氧而基本不含硫和芳香烃,具有良好的燃料品质和环境友好性,从能源战略角度分析,生物柴油是最为重要的代用燃料之一。柴油机不需改动即可使用生物柴油,柴油机使用生物柴油不仅利于改善燃料结构,而且可以降低有害排放。本文对比了生物柴油与矿物柴油的燃料特性,分析了柴油机燃用生物柴油的好处,废物利用,指出发展生物柴油的发展前景,对我国生物柴油的发展提出建议。     

选育高油高产油菜品种,大力发展油菜生物柴油

生物柴油具有空气污染物排放少、润滑性好、生物降解完全等优点,但生物柴油的成本高是制约其发展的瓶颈。根据柴油和菜籽油的脂肪酸组成特点,结合我国国情对油菜在生产上的地位和发展前景进行分析,认为油菜的种植面积和总产量居世界第一,且油菜资源丰富、适应范围广、原料充足,是我国发展生物柴油的理想原料。按照当前技术,利用植物油脂原料生产生物柴油,原料成本占生产总成本的70%～90%,油脂原料是决定生物柴油价格的最主要因素。所以,关键是培育出高产或者高产油量的油菜品种,以降低生产成本。     

林木生物柴油研发现状与发展策略

中国现有木本油料林总面积超过600多万hm2,主要油料树种果实年产量在200多万t以上,其中不少是可以转化为生物柴油的原料,如麻疯树、黄连木、光皮树、乌桕、油桐、油茶等林木生物柴油植物资源。通过对林木生物柴油植物资源在我国分布现状、国内外生物柴油研发现状的介绍,分析了中国发展中存在的问题和发展林木生物柴油应注意的问题,提出了林木生物柴油发展策略。     

我国发展生物柴油的优势及开发利用方略

生物柴油是一种新型的生物质能源.本文介绍了生物柴油的优点和我国发展生物柴油产业的优势,并提出了发展建议.     

北方生物柴油——生物质工程前沿与关键技术

阐述了我国北方发展生物柴油的意义和必然性、国内外生物柴油发展的现状和技术趋势；分析了生物柴油发展的限制因素和关键技术、生物柴油市场需求；讨论了生物柴油产业化前景以及对相关技术及产业的带动作用。     

国内外生物柴油研究进展

介绍生物柴油的优点、制备方法以及国内外研究发展现状,指出油葵作为生物柴油原料的优势及我国发展油葵生物柴油产业中存在的问题和解决措施,以为生物柴油的研究及应用提供参考。     

樟树籽油生物柴油理化特性的优越性分析

对樟树籽油生物柴油的密度、粘度、十六烷值等理化特性进行了测定,并与我国生物柴油标准、0号柴油标准、美国生物柴油标准及一般所含C_(16)和C_(18)脂肪酸甲酯的生物柴油理化特性进行了分析对比,显示出樟树籽油生物柴油理化特性的优越性,为樟树籽油资源优势转化生物柴油产业化提供重要参考。     

香叶树作为生物柴油原料树种的研究现状及其开发前景

生物柴油作为一种可再生的燃料,用来替代传统能源、缓解能源危机已变得越来越重要,开发利用林业生物质能源资源是解决我国生物柴油发展原料短缺问题的重要途径之一。香叶树广泛分布于我国南方,尤其在西南有比较集中的野生资源,其果实含油率达41%~47%,是加工生物柴油的良好原料。介绍了当前国内外的生物柴油原料,香叶树的研究现状,展望了香叶树在生物柴油开发利用方面的前景,并根据现阶段存在的问题,提出了一些建议。     

生物柴油新原料文冠果的生物学特性及应用前景

当前生物柴油的生产已成为世界各国关注的焦点,它是一种清洁的优质石油代用品,具有空气污染物排放少、润滑性好、生物降解完全等优点,但成本过高一直制约其发展,因此,研究开发廉价优质的原料用于生产生物柴油将是产业发展的关键.我国不具备欧美等国家专门种植大豆、油菜等油料作物发展生物柴油的条件,研究可再生含油木本能源植物为原料制取生物柴油成为发展生物柴油的关键.通过对生物柴油国内外研究现状、发展生物柴油原料的状况以及木本植物文冠果生物学特性和文冠果制备生物柴油的研究进行论述,为进一步大力开发和利用生物柴油新原料文冠果提供了科学基础.     

生物质能源作物——能源甜菜的开发利用

随着全世界能源物质的不断扩展,可再生的生物质能源将是21世纪主要的能源物质。能源甜菜是新兴的可再生能源作物,它具有生物学产量高,乙醇转化率高,含糖量适中等特点,是取之不尽、用之不竭的环保能源,对环境几乎没有污染;同时又是糖饲兼收的作物。利用能源甜菜通过酒精发酵创造乙醇燃料新能源,可以减轻或消除与粮食争地的矛盾,是保证粮食安全和能源安全的双赢举措。     

Energy conservation

We can no longer afford to ignore the serious potential consequences of our lavish use of energy. Continuation of the present rate of increase, particularly with the trend to imported fuels, will lead in short order to a level of dependency on imports which is disturbing for both the national security and the balance of payments. The inevitable rise in the price of energy will presumably lead to some increases in the domestic energy supply. But our reserves, particularly in the preferred forms of petroleum, gas, and even low-sulfur coal, are finite. Thus, the energy problem must also be attacked from the standpoint of energy conservation. The forthcoming rise in fuel prices will, of course, make more attractive some forms of conservation which at present are economically marginal. Nevertheless, consumers, industry, and government will have to make difficult choices in the years ahead: between greater convenience and lower energy bills, between the high capital costs of energy conservation measures and the long-term dollar savings from increased energy efficiency, and between environmental protection and the availability of needed energy supplies. Existing capabilities and technology, on which short- and midterm improvements must be based, appear to offer substantial possibilities for reducing U.S. energy consumption within the next decade (11). Long-term solutions to the energy problem, however, will depend to a considerable extent on the continuing appearance of new technological capabilities for increased efficiency of energy utilization and increased integration of energy applications. The capacity for continuing technological advances is, of course, dependent in turn on a strong relevant scientific base. A word of caution is necessary. Recent experience has shown that technological advances alone will not solve the problem. The problem spans not only the traditional physical and engineering sciences but also those sciences which deal with human attitudes and actions, that is, the social sciences, and includes a more fundamental understanding of underlying economic principles. The challenge to all sectors of American science should be clear.     

Solar energy utilization by physical methods

On the basis of the estimated contributions of these differing methods of the utilization of solar energy, their total energy delivery impact on the projected U.S. energy economy (9) can be evaluated (Fig. 5). Despite this late energy impact, the actual sales of solar energy utilization equipment will be significant at an early date. Potential sales in photovoltaic arrays alone could exceed $400 million by 1980, in order to meet the projected capacity buildup (10). Ultimately, the total energy utilization equipment industry should attain an annual sales volume of several tens of billion dollars in the United States, comparable to that of several other energy related industries. Varying amounts of technology development are required to assure the technical and economic feasibility of the different solar energy utilization methods. Several of these developments are far enough along that the paths can be analyzed from the present time to the time of demonstration of technical and economic feasibility, and from there to production and marketing readiness. After that point, a period of market introduction will follow, which will differ in duration according to the type of market addressed. It may be noted that the present rush to find relief from the current energy problem, or to be an early leader in entering a new market, can entail shortcuts in sound engineering practice, particularly in the areas of design for durability and easy maintenance, or of proper application engineering. The result can be loss of customer acceptance, as has been experienced in the past with various products, including solar water heaters. Since this could cause considerable delay in achieving the expected total energy impact, it will be important to spend adequate time at this stage for thorough development. Two other aspects are worth mentioning. The first is concerned with the economic impacts. Upon reflection on this point, one will observe that largescale solar energy utilization will not cause a greater impact than other new energy sources, based on the reasoning that a self-consistent set of conditions will have to be fulfilled in order to achieve such large-scale use. Without cost competitiveness, other energy resources would fill the requirements, or, if their resource and cost structure also would create severe problems, the economic forecasts simply cannot be fulfilled. We also should not think of a "solar-only" energy future. First, there is still enough coal to last for several hundred years. Second, there should be enough fissionable fuel available to operate breeder reactors for a similar time span, and geothermal energy could satisfy some requirements for a long time. And finally, there may be fusion. It would be unlikely that any one of the available options should play a really dominant role. Rather, we should expect to be using an energy mix, just as we do now, with each energy source supplying the requirements which it can satisfy in the most suitable way, and solar energy should play an important role in this long-range future.     

新疆甜高粱开发利用研究

甜高粱是一种新型绿色可再生高能作物,生物产量高,开发用途广,利用价值大.利用新疆独特的自然资源,开发再生性能源和相关化工产品,逐步建立新能源产业和新的经济增长点,是促进新疆可再生能源、畜牧业、化工产品等相关产业发展,农民增收的有效途径.发展甜高粱生产,将有效缓解能源危机,具有良好的经济、社会和生态效益.     

Can crop science really help us to produce more better-quality food while reducing the world-wide environmental footprint of agriculture?

This paper reviews recent developments in crop science that can be the basis of a revolution in the global food system but it is also emphasized that such a revolution requires more than changes in food production and supply. We must more effectively feed a growing global population with a healthy diet while also defining and delivering the kinds of sustainable food systems that will minimise damage to our planet. There are exciting new developments in crop production biology but much existing crop science can be exploited to increase yields with the aid of a knowledge exchange (KE) framework requiring the use of new technology now available to most people across the globe. We discuss novel approaches at both the plant and the crop level that will enhance nutrient and water productivity and we also outline ways in which energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be reduced and labor shortages combatted. Exploitation of new biology and new engineering opportunities will require development of public-private partnerships and collaborations across the disciplines to allow us to move effectively from discovery science to practical application. It is also important that consumers contribute to the debate over proposed changes to food and farming and so effective KE mechanisms are required between all relevant communities.     

中国新农村建设中的能源保障问题分析

能源是社会主义新农村建设的基础条件。从中国农村能源的供求现状分析,农村能源保障存在着供应、生态和投入的危机,不加节制的用能习惯和传统的用能技术将会使农村能源需求超过中国全部可供的常规能源量,农村能源问题将成为制约农村经济与社会发展的主要因素。必须寻求可持续发展的途径。根据农村可再生资源的潜力和利用途径分析,生物质能与太阳能相结合的综合利用方式,特别是培育生物质能产业可能是解决农村能源保障问题的根本出路。     

高校图书馆建筑新走向

近几年来,图书馆人在图书馆建筑的建设方面有了一些新的理念。不仅将以人为本、人与环境和谐统一的概念融入新馆建设中,环保与节能也成为了非常重要的一个方面。另外,由于图书馆馆藏资源的珍贵性和人员流动量大,图书馆建筑还要考虑如何预防地震、火灾等灾害。因此,当前高校图书馆新馆建设既要考虑到人文关怀,又要达到环保节能的要求,还要有一定的抗震防灾的功能才能适应时代的发展。     

CHESS: The New Synchrotron Radiation Facility at Cornell

A new synchrotron radiation laboratory, CHESS, will soon be completed at Cornell University. The facility will operate in a mode parasitic to high energy physics experiments on the new 8-billion-electron-volt electron-positron storage ring (CESR) at Cornell. Electron and positron beams have already been stored and the first photons have been extracted. When completed, the laboratory will be available to the scientific community nationally and will provide the most intense tunable source of high energy x-rays in the country.     

Re-examining Geos Neighbourhood for Its Energy Self-sustained Ability Through Ecological Footprints,Net Energy,and Life Cycle Assessment Tools

There are mounting evidences that human consume significant quantities of resources and have a major impact on the environment. Some research indicates that since the 1980 s human demands on the biosphere have exceeded its regenerrative capacity. One way to solve this problem is to minimize the inappropriate exploitation from environment.This essay will focus on energy self-sustained project, which is a specific way to reduce energy requirements. Energy self-sustained project refers to that energy production is equal to the amount consumed. Three concepts are quoted in the following to assess whether the project achieve zero-energy or not. First, ecological footprint, which provides an indication of the human load on the biosphere, is utilized to measure the inputs and outputs of the bioregion, which is also beneficial for defining the potential energy. Another one is life cycle assessment, which evaluates environmental load that relates to the entire life periodic system of a product, is helpful to measure the products used in the energy self sustained project. In addition, net energy, and gross resource abundance, definitions for selection, or hierarchy of different energy resources, can evaluate the new energy resources in project.Geos Neighbourhood, located in colorado, was planned as the largest net-zero energy neighbourhood in the United States. To meet the energy self sustainability,earth and sun power completely sustain the community's energy needs, and replace all fossil fuels. Compared with the traditional communities, Geos Neighbourhood minimize the adverse impact on the environment. As tools for assessment,ecological footprint, life circle assessment, and net energy, are all used to analyse the planning and design principles in the neighbourhood. By the research, the design principles and energy use in Geos Neighbourhood will be re-examined that whether the zero energy project achieves the reduction of ecological footprint, and energy self sustainability. In addition, life circle assessment will re-examine the materials used in the community also. Finally, the concept of ‘net energy' will test solar energy and earth power which is the major energy used in Geos Neighbourhood.     

甜高粱能源化利用优势的分析

随着生物能源开发利用研究的不断深入,越来越多的能源作物成为开发生物质能的新原料。甜高粱是1种新的能源作物,具有生物产量高、抗逆性强、种植范围广、乙醇转化率高、转化成本低和综合利用价值高等优势。今后,甜高粱将成为能源作物中的主力军,为人们提供源源不断的可再生能源。