低甲醛释放量脲醛树脂的制备与性能研究

讨论了可用于制备低甲醛释放刨花板与胶合板的脲醛（UF）树脂制备参数，该UF树脂制备经过4个pH值（1.5,9.0,4.5,8.0)阶段，最后阶段加入尿素的量对UF树脂游离甲醛的含量有着重要的影响。在弱酸阶段随着甲醛与尿素摩尔比和pH值的下降，通过亚甲基键连接的尿素和高分子质量树脂含量增加，而通过亚甲基醚键连接的尿素的含量下降；在碱性条件下甲醛与尿素摩尔比相同的树脂，较高的pH值可以降低游离甲醛的含量和释放量，当添加2%-5%的胶粘剂时，可提高低摩尔比的UF树脂对木材的胶合性能当甲醛与尿素摩尔比达到1：1时，刨花板与胶合板的甲醛释放量可达E1级标准要求。     

生产工艺条件对杨木胶合板甲醛释放量的影响

主要对用无醛胶粘剂 (API)生产杨木胶合板生产过程中各因素对杨木胶合板甲醛释放量的影响进行了试验研究 ,结果表明 ,即使用API生产杨木胶合板 ,同样可以检测到甲醛的存在。用API生产杨木胶合板的同时 ,通过调整其工艺条件 ,使杨木胶合板的甲醛释放量有较大的降低。     

pH值对酚醛树脂性能的影响

为了探究pH值对酚醛树脂(PF)理化性能及其压制的胶合板性能的影响,实验分别合成了pH值为10、11、12和13的四种PF树脂,并重点分析了树脂的游离甲醛、游离苯酚、凝胶时间、胶合强度和甲醛释放量的变化规律。通过FT-IR和~(13)C-NMR对不同pH值的PF树脂进行了结构表征,利用旋转流变仪研究了树脂的固化速度。实验结果表明随着树脂的pH值升高,PF树脂的游离苯酚和游离甲醛的含量均呈下降趋势,凝胶时间先缩短后变长,固化速度先加快再变慢。当pH值为12时,PF树脂和胶合板的性能达到最佳。     

应用气候箱法测定胶合板的VOC释放

采用气候箱模拟室内气候环境,研究胶合板的甲醛释放规律,分析环境因素对处于稳定释放期的胶合板甲醛及其他VOC释放机理的影响.研究发现:在模拟的空气环境条件下,胶合板甲醛释放呈现的规律为:在较短时间内急速上升,达到最大值后逐渐衰减,直到趋于稳定值;在稳定释放状态,环境因素对甲醛及某些VOC散发有显著作用.同时对VOC作了化学成分的检测,受试胶合板主要释放有8种VOC.     

测试方法对胶合板甲醛释放量测定结果的影响

以试件封闭情况、取样位置、含水率为影响因子,对杨木胶合板的甲醛释放量进行了检测,探讨胶合板释放甲醛的规律和主要途径.结果表明,①胶合板释放甲醛主要集中在边部端面,与边部端面面积有关,表面封闭与否对其释放甲醛的影响不大;②取样位置对甲醛释放检测值的影响不显著,板材边缘和中心位置的试件的甲醛释放量较大,其余部位相差不大;③胶合板含水率对甲醛释放量的影响显著,在含水率较低时,随着含水率的增加试件甲醛释放量增大.     

应用BL-环保阻燃剂开发B1级阻燃环保胶合板

简要介绍了胶合板阻燃的重要性以及国际上阻燃剂发展趋势.分析了使用BL-环保阻燃剂压制环保阻燃胶合板过程中,热压温度、热压时间和单板浸渍时间对胶合板阻燃环保性能的影响,并检测了甲醛释放量和浸渍剥离性能.研究表明:使用BL-环保阻燃剂生产环保阻燃胶合板是切实可行的,并提出了最佳工艺条件.     

低毒环保型脲醛树脂的研制

以UF树脂压制多层胶合板的甲醛释放量和湿胶合强度为指标,通过正交试验确定合成工艺的主要参数:F/U的终摩尔比、缩聚阶段pH值、加成阶段三聚氰胺(M1)的质量分数,探讨了它们与甲醛释放量以及湿胶合强度的关系,优化出最优方案。压制出七层杨木胶合板性能达到GB/T9846—2004中Ⅱ类指标要求,同时甲醛释放量达到E_0级要求。     

国内外胶合板甲醛散发研究

从胶合板甲醛散发测试方法、影响因素及控制方法3方面,概述了国内外胶合板甲醛释放的研究。建议在国内系统深入地开展相关研究,以期推动国产胶合板甲醛散发控制的标准化和工业化,与国际接轨。     

E1胶合板用低成本脲醛树脂胶粘剂的研究

以尿素和甲醛为原料,在特定配方和工艺条件下合成脲醛树脂胶粘剂,根据它们的不同性能分别作为主体树脂、甲醛捕捉剂和强化剂。通过实验设计将三者进行了复配。研究结果表明:在主体树脂中加入10％的甲醛捕捉剂、5％-15％的强化剂和20％的面粉可以制得E1胶合板用胶粘剂。该胶粘剂成本较低,能显著提高胶合板的胶合性能,降低甲醛释放量。     

用改性VAE作胶粘剂生产胶合板的工艺

在胶合板工业中脲醛树脂由于制造简单,使用方便,价格低廉,色浅,耐水性、胶合强度等性能较好,因此得到了广泛应用。据统计在我国胶合板工业中,脲醛树脂用量占80％左右。但是,由于脲醛树脂的基本原料为尿素和甲醛,因此在脲醛树脂制备及胶合板热压过程中都有大量的甲醛释放,另外在胶合板成品使用过程中也会不断地释放出少量游离甲醛。释放出的甲醛不仅污染空气,而且更重要的是对生产者和消费者均有不同程度的影响,严重地影响了人体的健康。现世界各国都对游离甲醛释放量严格控制,并对带有游离甲醛的产品使用场合严格限     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.