Short‐term transport of cadmium during a heavy‐rain event simulated by a dual‐continuum approach

The transport of solutes in soils, and its intensification due to preferential flow, plays crucial role when problems related to the groundwater pollution are dealt with. The objective of this study was to examine transport of cadmium (Cd) in response to an extreme rainfall event for three different soils using numerical modeling. The ^115mCd²⁺ concentration profile had been measured in the Bodiky reference site (Danubian Lowland, Slovakia) by the radioactive‐tracer technique and used for the calibration of the dual‐continuum model S1D. The Cd transport during a single rain event was predicted with the S1D model for light, medium‐heavy, and heavy soil in the same region. The Cd transport through the soil profile was simulated by the one‐dimensional dual‐permeability model, which assumes the existence of two pore domains: the soil‐matrix domain and the preferential‐flow domain. The model is based on Richards' equation for water flow and advection‐dispersion equation for solute transport. A modified batch technique enables to distinguish process of adsorption in the matrix domain and the preferential pathways. Modeling with classical single‐permeability approach and dual‐continuum approach without considering the particle‐facilitated transport led to negligible Cd penetration. The rainfall event with extremely high rainfall intensity induced deep penetration of Cd in the medium‐heavy and heavy soil, which may indicate increased vulnerability to shallow groundwater pollution for the respective sites in Danubian Lowland region. The highest Cd leaching was predicted for heavy clay soil, where the preferential particle‐facilitated transport of Cd through the soil profile was significant due to the contrasting properties of the soil‐matrix domain and the preferential‐flow domain. The results of the sensitivity analysis suggested only slight effect of the transfer rate coefficients on simulated Cd leaching.     

Investigating flow mechanisms in a forest soil by mixed‐effects modelling

Uniform and preferential flow produces typical infiltration patterns. We made three tracer experiments in a Norway spruce forest soil and qualitatively identified the dominant flow regime based on stained patterns. We analysed soil texture, fine root density and soil bulk density from preferential flow paths and the soil matrix by means of linear mixed‐effects models. These models can account for dependences in the data structure caused by hierarchical sampling and can deal with missing values. There were between 44% (topsoil) and 76% (subsoil) larger root densities in preferential flow paths than in the soil matrix. No significant differences in soil texture were detected. The bulk density was greater in the soil matrix by 0.12 g cm⁻³, which is probably because of a greater soil organic matter content of preferential flow paths. Using flow patterns and model results we identified the dominant flow mechanisms. At this study site, roots constituted the main preferential flow paths and induced macropore flow, especially in the topsoil. In the subsoil, root density decreased and inhomogeneous infiltration from preferential flow paths into the soil matrix caused unstable flow.     

金沙江干热河谷冲沟区优先流影响下的土壤力学特性

为探究金沙江干热河谷冲沟区优先流与土壤力学的相关机理，揭示优先流影响下土壤抗剪强度特征规律，丰富干热河谷冲沟发育区沟侵蚀机理，为该地区进一步开展沟蚀治理提供理论依据。在典型冲沟发育区选择完整冲沟为研究对象，基于染色示踪、土壤理化、原状土直剪试验，利用RDA等统计方法分析优先流与土壤力学指标间的相关性，明晰优先流和抗剪强度的关系。结果表明：(1)由于冲沟发育使冲沟内由集水区到沟底优先流发育程度逐渐降低。土壤含水率、容重、总孔隙度、有机质含量均呈优先流区大于基质流区，机械组成分形维数整体上基质流区(2.680～2.874)大于优先流区(2.746～2.893)。(2)冲沟区优先流通过影响土壤黏聚力和内摩擦角进而对抗剪强度产生影响，一定程度上会降低土体抗剪强度。集水区、沟头抗剪强度大于沟床和沟底。优先流区黏聚力(1.24～2.65 kPa)小于基质流区黏聚力(1.91～4.27 kPa),优先流区内摩擦角(19.52°～22.47°)略大于基质流区内摩擦角(17.68°～22.35°),优先流区抗剪强度(36.66～43.68 kPa)整体小于基质流区抗剪强度(38.74～47.32 kPa...     

干旱区绿洲农业生态系统土壤优先流量化方法可行性综述

归因于多孔介质的空间变异性和各向异性,非饱和带中土壤水流运动与溶质运移对优先流响应机制的研究十分具有挑战性。绿洲农业生态系统作为新疆主要经济支柱,如果忽略土壤优先流现象,可能会降低灌溉用水利用效率,减少土壤吸附污染物时间,进而导致地下水污染,最终制约农业发展。因此,该研究以新疆干旱绿洲区121团场的棉花种植区作为研究对象,旨在探明与探究在干旱绿洲区中可能导致优先流发生的潜在因素以及适合该地区观测优先流现象的量化技术。总体而言,在121团场,冻融循环,残膜现象,深耕棉秆还田的耕作方式以及土壤盐渍化会影响并改变土壤耕层孔隙度与结构,形成大孔隙式的优先入渗路径,进而引发大孔隙流。与此同时,因为该地区的主要土壤类型为壤土,其斥水性驱动着水流不稳定运动,导致指流或漏斗流的发生。通过对量化技术的总结与评估,染色示踪成像方法由于其能直观表述土壤水的非均匀运动,在121团场具有能很好地评价土壤优先流的潜力与实用性。其他的量化技术虽然具有各自的优势,但相较于染色示踪成像试验成本高,前期准备工作量大,评价尺度不统一,因此不适用于干旱绿洲区优先流的量化评价。在未来的研究中,需要适当地采用将微尺度观察与大尺度调查相结合的方法来对优先流现象进行全面评估。该研究有望为新疆及世界其他类似地区干旱绿洲生态系统优先流的研究提供理论参考。     

紫色土坡耕地土壤大孔隙流的定量评价

为阐明大孔隙丰富且孔径呈两极分化的紫色土坡耕地土壤大孔隙流的运移规律,通过室内土柱试验获取耕作层0~20 cm、非耕作层20~40 cm原状土柱和填装土柱的穿透曲线,分析饱和条件下土壤大孔隙流发生规律,并采用解析法CXTFIT软件拟合了水分优先运移参数,PFSP指标(大孔隙流引起的穿透曲线延展量与水动力弥散作用及两区作用引起的延展量的比值)定量评价土壤大孔隙流的贡献率。研究结果表明:1)以填装土柱水流为平衡基质流计算,耕作层0~20 cm原状土柱中大孔隙流的导水贡献率为66.2%~68.5%,而Br-累积淋出量占总淋出量的62.3%~66.1%。对于非耕作层20~40 cm,土壤大孔隙流导水贡献率为0.2%~1.7%,而Br-随大孔隙流运移的比例却达14.5%~20.5%。说明耕作层土壤中大孔隙流现象远比在非耕作层土壤中更为显著;2)PFSP值结果表明大孔隙流作用对穿透曲线延展量的贡献率最大,两区交换运移作用次之,水动力弥散作用的最小。即PFSP值越大,大孔隙流对总水流通量的贡献率越大。     

利用染色分析法确定农田土壤中硝态氮垂直运移的研究

利用农田土壤剖面染色并结合田间硝态氮示踪的方法,研究了太湖地区典型的水稻土—白土剖面中优势流和硝态氮在土壤剖面中的运移规律。结果表明:染色法可以分析土壤剖面中大孔隙的分布状况和优势流的路径;染色面积越大的土层,表明该土层的大孔隙含量就越高。在白土剖面上,表层的大孔隙含量最高,20~30 cm和55~100 cm土层以下大孔隙含量都很低。在田间条件下,优势流是影响硝态氮迁移的主要因素;白土剖面中优势流直接影响的最大深度为78 cm,对地下水的影响很大。本试验中地下水的硝态氮含量比未试验前增加了10多倍,这对环境安全影响极大。     

长江三峡花岗岩区林地优先流影响因子分析

为了研究三峡地区花岗岩林地优先流影响因子，在长江三峡地区曲溪小流域内选定的实验坡面下部，垂直开挖了一个长度为2．9m、深度为2．60m的土壤剖面。在降雨过程中观察优先流过程，分析降雨对优先流的影响。同时对该地区的土壤物理性质和土壤渗透特性进行了测定，分析其对优先流的影响。分析结果表明，影响长江三峡花岗岩区优先流产流的降雨量在26mm（24h降雨量）以上。长江三峡库区的降雨可分为递减降雨型、均匀降雨型、突发降雨型及峰值降雨型4种类型，不同降雨类型对应的优先流过程都表现出相应的降雨过程特征。不同降雨类型的优先流出现时间也各有差异，峰值降雨型降雨产生的优先流出现时间最早，其次是突发降雨型、递减降雨型、均匀降雨型。当一场降雨中的最大降雨强度〉0．075mm／min时，就有可能产生优先流。非毛管孔隙比例较大的土壤中容易形成优先流。研究区林下土壤中粗颗粒含量呈现出由上层至下层逐渐增多的趋势。对于较深层次土壤来说，它们含有的较粗颗粒有利于优先流的形成。优先流的存在使距地表83～110cm土层中土壤稳渗速率较其他土层得以大幅度提高，土层内快速运动的水流又加速了优先流的形成与发展。     

基于分形理论的土壤优先流运动控制方程

为表征土壤优先流的快速非平衡运动、更准确地预测非饱和带土壤中的水流运动和溶质运移过程,该文在活动流场模型基本理论和土壤优先流表现出的分形特征的基础上,将分形理论引入到连续性模型,根据质量守恒原理建立了描述土壤优先流形式下水流运动和溶质运移过程的控制方程,发展和完善了活动流场模型理论;对比分析了活动流场模型理论与二域模型理论和活动裂隙模型理论之间的联系和区别。研究成果为运用活动流场模型解决优先流条件下土壤水流运动和溶质运移等相关问题提供了参考。     

The preferential flow of soil: A widespread phenomenon in pedological perspectives

The article provides an overview of studies about the preferential flow phenomenon. This phenomenon is one of the types of the transportation of water solution through the soil profile by preferential channels (pathways) with a relatively high speed and with a slight change in the chemical composition of the solution. Interest in this phenomenon has risen sharply in the last two decades due to the observed fast transportation of contaminants from soil surface into groundwater level. On the basis of the literature data, the authors give the definition of this phenomenon, consider its types, degree, features, mechanisms, methods and models and research perspectives, in particular the interaction between preferential flow and soil matrix flow. The article considers the aspects of the movement of soil water carrying heavy metals and pesticides; hence, it concerns the protection of environment and people’s health. It provides the thorough review of the studies on the preferential flow, and describes the research directions and their development.     

三峡库区花岗岩林地土壤特性与“优先路径”的关系

 “优先路径”是指土壤中植物根系穿插而产生的根孔、动物的运动通道和居穴、由于土壤膨胀收缩形成的裂隙,以及因湿润锋不稳定所形成的指状渗透通道等。通过在长江三峡曲溪小流域花岗岩林地坡面开挖土壤剖面,测定了“优先路径”在剖面的分布状况,并采取土壤样品,对土壤的物理特性用筛分法进行了室内测定。结果表明:剖面中距地表以下82～110cm范围内,土壤密度最小,其毛管孔隙度也较小,显示出其土壤中存在有较多非毛管孔隙构成的“优先路径”。“优先路径”在距地表以下80～100cm范围内,分布比较集中。该范围内含有较多粗颗粒物质,有利于“优先路径”的形成。“优先路径”的存在,使该层土壤稳渗速率较其他土层得以大幅度提高,土层内快速运动的水流,又加速了“优先路径”的形成与发展。“优先路径”的存在,影响着土壤物理特性,而土壤物理性质,对“优先路径”的形成与发展,也有较大影响。     

不同种植间距对香根草植物边坡优先流发育特征的影响

[目的]分析优先流在香根草边坡中的发育特征,研究植物根系与优先流之间的关系,为进一步研究降雨条件下植物根系对边坡土体稳定性的影响提供理论依据。[方法]以种植间距为50 cm和10 cm的香根草为研究对象,模拟30 mm和50 mm两种不同的降雨量,采用示踪剂试验研究了香根草边坡土壤的优先流发育特征。[结果]香根草种植间距从50 cm减少到10 cm会增大边坡的水力响应。在50 mm的降雨量作用下,10 cm种植间距的香根草边坡土壤的染色面积比率和优先流比分别是50 cm的1.55,1.76倍。表层土0—10 cm土层深度范围内染色路径数量变化不明显,在10—35 cm深度土层范围,10 cm种植间距的染色路径数量多于50 cm种植间距的香根草边坡土壤。当降雨量由30 mm增加至50 mm时,水流会通过优势通道更迅速迁移到边坡土壤中。降雨量为30 mm土壤的染色面积比率(36.11%)和优先流比(67.25%)小于50 mm土壤的染色面积比率(49.68%)和优先流比(79.96%),并且染色路径数量随着降雨量的增加而增多。[结论]香根草根系特征与优先流关系密切。选择植物护坡时,应合理选...     

利用染色示踪法研究四面山两种林地优先路径分布特征

[目的]研究不同林种土壤的优先路径分布特征,为土壤水的高效利用以及植物生长环境改善等方面的研究提供理论参考。[方法]以重庆四面山张家山的针阔混交林和楠竹林为研究对象,在林地土壤存在优先路径的情况下,运用染色示踪法研究了水分及溶质的运移,并对采集的垂直剖面染色图像进行处理分析。[结果]两种林地对水分入渗的响应不同,染色路径宽度和染色路径数量在同一剖面不同深度处及不同剖面同一深度处均呈现明显的异质性:(1)针阔混交林染色路径宽度曲线呈"倒阶梯型";(2)楠竹林染色路径宽度曲线呈S形。两种林地的土壤优先流宽度和数量在一定范围内均随着深度增加而逐渐下降。[结论]两种林地均存在优先流现象,随着深度增加优先流路径不均匀递减,在0—20cm深度内,植物根系对土壤优先流影响较大。     

基于O-ring统计的公路边坡土壤优先流路径分布分析

引入优先流理论分析氯盐污染物在边坡土壤中的迁移机制,对揭示公路工业盐污染物迁移规律和保护路域环境具有重要意义。以鹤大高速低路基公路边坡土壤为例,采用染色示踪试验对土壤优先流路径的位置进行确定,并应用景观生态学中的空间点格局分析方法O-ring统计,对不同影响半径土壤优先流路径水平分布特征及其空间关联性进行分析。结果表明:边坡土壤优先流路径发育深度可达40 cm;相同影响半径优先流路径的数量随着土层深度的增加而减少,同一土层优先流路径的数量随影响半径的增大逐渐减少;随着影响半径的增加,聚集分布趋于显著;不同影响半径的优先流路径之间的关联性相对独立。O-ring统计,能从统计学角度量化分析土壤优先流路径的分布特征,丰富了优先流的研究方法。     

Evidence of subsurface preferential flow using soil hydrologic monitoring in the Shale Hills catchment

Characterization of preferential flow at multiple spatial and temporal scales is fundamental to the understanding of complex subsurface heterogeneity and catchment hydrology. Evidence of subsurface preferential flow and the conditions under which it occurs were investigated in the Shale Hills catchment, a humid forested region in central Pennsylvania, USA. Seven monitoring sites, plus five replicates, were established along a concave hillslope, a convex hillslope and a valley floor to monitor in situ the hydrology in various soil horizons and their interfaces at half‐minute intervals. Using the indicator of a lower horizon that responded to a rainstorm earlier than an upper horizon within the same soil profile, we investigated the subsurface preferential flow processes and their dynamics in each of the five soil series mapped in the catchment. Threshold behaviour, hydrophobicity impact, influence of soil thickness and topography were observed in the spatial and temporal variation of the subsurface preferential flow, which was initiated more readily under the conditions of more intense rain, drier initial soil, shallower soil, and steeper slope. Whereas preferential flow seemed common in this catchment, its frequency during the 15 storm events from 23 September 2006 to 1 January 2007 ranged from 0 to 73.3% for the 68 soil horizons monitored at the 12 stations, with an overall average frequency of 7.5% (i.e. ～5 horizons per storm event). This preferential flow was more frequent during the drier period than that during the wetter one. Variation was observed within the same soil series, even for those profiles adjacent to one another. This was due to the differences in hillslope position, slope gradient and orientation, the underlying bedrock fracture and orientation, or some combinations. Whereas different soil series help differentiate the processes and dynamics involved in the subsurface preferential flow, a combined consideration of soil types and landscape features is important to ensure proper use of the soil data for hydrological applications.     

Lead and soil properties distributions in a roadside soil: Effect of preferential flow paths

Preferential flow is the non-uniform movement of water and solutes through soils that bypasses a portion of the soil matrix. It limits the effective sorbing capacity of the soil and it has been related to a reduced solute residence time accounting for an increased risk of groundwater contamination. A dye tracer experiment and a subsequent soil sampling procedure in three adjacent soil profiles were performed in a moderately Pb contaminated roadside soil aiming to make visible different flow domains, to test whether preferential flow paths influence the metal content depth distribution, to study differences in selective soil properties resulting from flow domains and, lastly, to investigate whether preferential flow induces changes in the solid phase distribution of lead. Identified preferential flow domains showed greater lead concentration along with lower pH and greater amounts of both inorganic and organic C contents than unstained soil matrix domains. The ratio humic acids (HAs) to fulvic acids (FAs) contents was significantly lower in the preferential paths than in the matrix domains which might be related with sizable differences in the humification process. Lastly, based on the three-step BCR sequential extraction procedure, it has been shown that preferential flow phenomena induce differences in metal distribution between both identified flow domains. While lead content in the soluble and exchangeable (FI) as well as bound to organic matter fractions (FIII) were greater in the matrix than in the preferential flow domains, the amount of metal bound to Fe, Al and Mn (hydr)oxides (FII) was significantly greater in the preferential flow domain than in the matrix one. This indicates that more stable lead sorption mechanisms, thus leading to a lower metal mobility, might partially be responsible for the larger amount of total metal content found associated to the preferential flow paths. Overall, our results suggest that preferential flow domains may behave as metal storage compartments in the soils due to differences in soil properties promoted by means of the heterogeneous water flow distribution.     

耦合基质区与裂隙网络的土壤优先流模型及验证

该文旨在通过分析土壤裂隙存在下的土壤优先流运动模式与特点,建立耦合基质区与裂隙网络的土壤优先流模型(crack preferential flow model,CP模型)。用控制体积有限元法求解两区土壤水分运动的基本方程,采用整体法将土壤基质水流运动方程和三维土壤裂隙网络区水流运动方程耦合。模拟与试验结果表明,增加降雨或灌溉强度能促进激活裂隙通道作为优先流通道,有利于优先流形成。CP模型及耦合方法较好地描述出了优先流运动的特点,模拟与实测的土壤饱和度均方根误差为0.016~0.025,决定系数均在0.78以上(P0.05),偏差为0.020~0.026,一致性指标为0.918~0.938。与等效连续体模型(Richards模型)相比较,CP模型模拟裂隙存在情况下土壤水流非均匀性规律更有效。研究丰富了土壤优先流理论,对提高农田水分利用率具有重要的意义。     

北京昌平区农地土壤优先流影响硝态氮运移的试验分析

为了探讨在优先流影响下农地土壤水分与溶质的运移规律,以昌平农地土壤为研究对象,通过原状土取样和分层填充制备实验土柱,模拟存在优先流和平衡入渗2种水分下渗过程,分析优先流对农地土壤中硝态氮运移的影响。结果表明:相较于平衡入渗,存在优先流的土壤中硝态氮运移的速率更快、数量更多,且其穿透曲线表现出拖尾现象。优先流的存在会使土壤的水分出流速率达到平衡入渗过程的1.48～2.69倍,且波动程度较大;受其影响,硝态氮运移表现出快速、大量下渗的特征,原状土柱中NO3-的穿透时间为12 h,此时的孔隙体积为0.36,相较于填充土柱分别减少了57%和27%。此外,原状土柱中以NO3-标记的优先流占水流总量的43.83%,引起的NO3-累计淋出量占总量的97.60%,这表明有限的优先流流量能够引起绝大部分的硝态氮运移。土壤优先流还使得其穿透曲线表现出拖尾现象,这可能是由于优先流和基质流之间下渗速率的不平衡造成的。     

汾河流域下游不同土地利用方式下优先流区与基质流区土壤团聚体稳定性分析

优先流是水分和溶质在土壤中非均质性运移的普遍现象,但对其形成的优先流区和基质流区土壤团聚体稳定性的研究还较少。为了阐明土壤团聚体破碎机制的差异,研究以汾河流域下游农田、撂荒地和果园3种土地利用方式为对象,采用野外染色示踪法与Le Bissonnais(LB)法分析了土壤染色区分下优先流区与基质流区土壤团聚体稳定性特征。结果表明:土壤染色率主要分布在0—30 cm土层,在10—30 cm土层果园显著高于撂荒地。LB处理的>0.25 mm团聚体含量和平均重量直径(MWD)在不同土地利用方式下表现为果园>农田>撂荒地,相对消散指数(RSI)和相对机械破碎指数(RMI)则有相反的趋势。优先流区在10—20 cm土层比基质流区具有更强的团聚体稳定性以及抵抗消散作用和机械破坏能力。土壤染色率与快速湿润的MWD呈显著负相关,与RSI呈显著正相关。研究表明果园比农田和撂荒地具有更好的优先流特征和团聚体稳定性,并且优先流区抗团聚破碎能力比基质流区更强,这将有利于维持优先流途径稳定性。     

鹤大高速（G11）低路基边坡土壤优先流特征研究

为了探明盐分在低路基公路边坡土壤中的运移方式,以鹤大高速公路(G11)低路基段边坡土壤为研究对象,引入优先流,来探讨盐分随土壤水分运动的过程。采用亮蓝染色示踪和图像解析方法,分析土壤剖面优先路径水平和垂直分布特征。结果显示:染色区和非染色区的土壤性质存在显著差异,染色区土壤存在较多的大孔隙。在水平剖面上,相同影响半径优先路径数量随着土层深度的增加而减少,同一土层中1.0~10.0mm影响半径的优先路径数量要远远多于10.0mm影响半径的优先路径数量。在垂直剖面上,优先流特征指标染色覆盖率(DC)、均匀入渗深度(UF)、优先流分数(PF-fr)、长度指数(LI)和峰值(PI)分别为40.10%,4.10cm,801.96cm2,74.44%,543.6cm和5。低路基边坡土壤这种重塑的土体中存在较为明显的优先流现象,且优先流对氯盐在土壤中的运移起着重要的作用。优先流指标的提出,为今后量化土壤优先流发生程度提供了一个很好的研究方法。     

紫色砂岩区不同植被类型土壤优先流特征及其影响因素

以三峡库区内的重庆市四面山针阔混交林、竹林和草地3种不同植被类型土地为研究对象,应用亮蓝染色示踪法和图像分析法,同时结合SPSS软件对比研究紫色砂岩区针阔混交林、竹林和草地3种不同植被类型下的土壤优先流特征及其影响因素。结果表明：1）3种植被类型下土壤优先流的主要发生区域不同,竹林和草地的土壤优先流主要发生在0~20 cm土壤表层,而针阔混交林的土壤优先流主要发生在10~40 cm土层;2）针阔混交林的土壤优先路径数量较竹林和草地多,优先路径发育程度表现为针阔混交林〉竹林〉草地;3）根系直径d影响土壤中优先流的发生,