土槿皮乙酸B增加活性氧水平诱导人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡和衰老的研究

本研究旨在研究土槿皮乙酸B(PAB)诱导人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡和衰老与活性氧的关系。在相差显微镜下观察4 μmol/L PAB在36 h诱导细胞凋亡小体的出现;LDH方法显示PAB时间依赖性的增加凋亡比率;SA-β-半乳糖苷酶显示4 μmol/L PAB作用3 d后,去药再作用5 d,96%的细胞蓝染,细胞变大且扁平;流式细胞仪检测用DCFH-DA染色后4 μmol/L PAB 时间依赖性增加细胞内活性氧水平。所以4 μmol/L PAB通过增加细胞内活性氧水平促进细胞凋亡和衰老。     

MAPK抑制剂增强紫杉醇抗肿瘤效应的研究

为了分析紫杉醇作用后促分裂素原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)表达与磷酸化的改变,以及抑制MAPK信号通路对紫杉醇诱导细胞凋亡和抗肿瘤效应的影响,试验分别采用免疫印记、细胞计数和流式细胞术分析MAPK表达与磷酸化、细胞增殖与凋亡。结果表明:6,12 nmol/L紫杉醇可下调A549细胞MAPK活化相关位点的磷酸化,且随着浓度增加MAPK磷酸化增强;在紫杉醇作用24 h后,抑制MAPK活性可显著增强紫杉醇诱导的细胞凋亡和抗肿瘤效应。说明MAPK抑制剂可增强紫杉醇的抗肿瘤效应。     

土槿皮乙酸通过P53和caspase蛋白抑制人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7生长机制研究

MCF-7细胞是caspase 3功能缺失的乳腺癌细胞,本研究结果发现土槿皮乙酸(PAB)可激活caspase 3 的上游蛋白caspase 8 和caspase 9来诱导细胞凋亡,同时PAB通过P53蛋白诱导人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7凋亡。本试验结果为进一步阐明PAB抗乳腺癌奠定了基础。     

MAPK信号通路在炔雌醚诱导大鼠生精细胞凋亡中的作用研究

旨在探讨MAPK信号通路在炔雌醚诱导大鼠生精细胞凋亡中的作用。将20只8周龄雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组,适应饲养1周后,按体重分别以0.00、0.01、0.10、1.00mg·kg-1腹腔注射溶解于橄榄油的炔雌醚,50μL·只-1,每天1次,连续1周。处理结束后,取睾丸并制备组织切片,通过HE染色观察睾丸组织结构的变化;通过免疫组织化学方法检测睾丸生精细胞PCNA、MAPK信号通路磷酸化ERK(p-ERK)、磷酸化JNK(p-JNK)及磷酸化P38(p-P38)蛋白表达,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡。结果显示,炔雌醚处理后大鼠睾丸曲细精管上皮厚度下降,各级生精细胞数量显著减少,细胞皱缩,间隙增大,结构松散,管腔内成熟精子数量减少。生精细胞PCNA与pERK蛋白表达显著减少;TUNEL、p-JNK蛋白及p-P38蛋白表达则显著增加。综上表明,炔雌醚暴露通过影响MAPK信号传导通路抑制生精细胞增殖,促进细胞凋亡,最终抑制大鼠睾丸发育。     

P38/MAPK介导的蓖麻毒素诱导小鼠淋巴细胞凋亡信号传导通路的研究

蓖麻毒素属于Ⅱ型核糖体失活蛋白,由具有催化活性的A链和凝集活性的B链组成,二者之间经二硫键连接。本研究旨在探讨蓖麻毒素在诱导小鼠淋巴细胞凋亡过程中信号转导通路的激活反应。通过MTS法检测蓖麻毒素的细胞毒性后,用流式细胞术分析胞内活性氧(ROS)水平,进而通过westernblot研究信号分子的表达。结果表明:在蓖麻毒素诱导小鼠淋巴细胞凋亡的过程中,胞内活性氧水平显著增高(P<0.05),伴随信号转导分子——促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)中磷酸化c-jun氨基末端激酶(JNK1/2)和应激激活蛋白激酶(p38)的表达,另一信号分子胞外调节激酶(ERK1/2)无明显反应;加入信号分子的相应特异性抑制剂后,只有磷酸化p38的表达受到明显抑制。由此可得出:蓖麻毒素诱导淋巴细胞的凋亡极有可能通过激活p38/MAPKs通路来实现。     

受体相互作用蛋白1(RIP1)对BCG诱导小鼠巨噬细胞凋亡的调控作用

旨在通过构建受体相互作用蛋白1(RIP1)腺病毒干扰载体,研究其对BCG诱导的RAW264.7细胞凋亡相关指标的影响,以探讨其在BCG诱导RAW264.7凋亡过程中的调控作用。笔者构建RIP1腺病毒干扰载体,并转染感染BCG的小鼠RAW264.7细胞系,利用流式细胞仪检测各处理细胞凋亡率、细胞线粒体膜电位、细胞活性氧水平及细胞周期等指标,并用Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达水平。结果显示:BCG感染显著上调了RIP1的蛋白表达水平并提高了小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的凋亡率,当RIP1被干扰后,BCG感染后的RAW264.7细胞凋亡率和活性氧水平显著降低,而促凋亡蛋白Bax表达量显著下调,线粒体膜电位和抑凋亡蛋白表达量上调。同时,BCG感染后细胞周期滞留于G_1期。BCG感染可有效上调RIP1表达量并诱导RAW264.7细胞凋亡。RIP1通过下调BCG感染后RAW264.7细胞的线粒体膜电位,上调活性氧含量并提高凋亡相关蛋白Bax/Bcl-2比值,使细胞周期阻滞于G_1期从而参与诱导细胞凋亡。     

c-Jun氨基末端激酶的激活在猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒诱导的细胞凋亡和病毒复制中的作用研究

宿主细胞凋亡在病毒感染发病过程中起着至关重要的作用。MAPK激酶,尤其是应激活化蛋白激酶c-Jun氨基末端激酶(SAPK/JNK)和p38往往参与病毒介导的细胞凋亡。研究证实,猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)感染在体内和体外都会导致宿主细胞的凋亡。本研究旨在确定应激活化蛋白激酶JNK和p38在PRRSV感染诱导的细胞凋亡中是否发挥作用。对JNK和p38磷酸化的检测发现,在PRRSV感染应答中,JNK被激活,而p38没有被激活。应用特异性抑制剂研究这个激酶对细胞凋亡诱导和病毒复制的影响,研究结果发现,JNK抑制剂SP600125引起的JNK抑制能阻断PRRSV介导的细胞凋亡,但并不抑制病毒的复制。进一步研究结果表明,ROS的产生参与了JNK的活化,Bcl-2家族抗凋亡蛋白Mcl-1和Bcl-xl是JNK介导细胞凋亡的下游靶标。因此,JNK信号通路的激活是PRRSV介导的细胞凋亡所必需的,但并非病毒复制所必需。     

香叶木素对顺铂诱导小鼠肾损伤的作用机制

利用小鼠肾小管上皮细胞(mRTECs)和C57BL/6小鼠建立体外和体内模型，探究香叶木素对顺铂致肾损伤的保护作用。体外试验结果显示，香叶木素能显著降低顺铂诱导的mRTECs细胞内活性氧水平；细胞凋亡结果显示，其对细胞凋亡有明显的抑制作用。同时，香叶木素能激活Nrf2信号通路，提高HO-1和NQO1的表达水平，抑制炎症相关MAPK通路，减少mRTECs的凋亡。通过检测小鼠体内血液中尿素氮(BUN)和血清肌酐(SCr)水平，发现香叶木素可明显缓解顺铂诱导的肾损伤。此外，香叶木素通过提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平，降低丙二醛(MDA)和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)水平，抑制顺铂诱导的氧化应激。肾组织病理组织学分析结果显示，香叶木素能明显减轻顺铂所致的小鼠肾损伤。肾脏组织Western blot结果显示，香叶木素以剂量依赖的方式激活Nrf2通路，通过抑制MAPK信号通路，提升Bcl2的表达及降低Bax的表达，进而抑制细胞凋亡，以保护肾脏免受顺铂诱导的肾损伤。结果提示，香叶木素可能成为防治顺铂诱导肾损伤的一种有效药物。     

MAPK信号通路对脂肪细胞分化的调控

促分裂原活化的蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路主要包括胞外信号调控激酶(ERK)、p38MAPK和氨基末端蛋白激酶(JNK)三条途径,参与调节细胞增殖、分化、凋亡及细胞间的功能同步等过程,是细胞信号转导方面最为活跃的研究领域之一。研究显示MAPK也参与脂肪细胞的分化调节并发挥重要作用。ERK和p38MAPK信号通路对脂肪细胞分化的调节在不同的实验模型中表现为正调控和负调控两种不同形式;而另一成员JNK能使胰岛素受体底物1的丝氨酸发生磷酸化,进而干扰胰岛素信号,从而抑制骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)的成脂分化,即对脂肪细胞分化发挥负调控作用。论文就MAPK信号通路在脂肪细胞分化中的功能进行综述,为脂类代谢性疾病的诊断和治疗提供参考。     

MAPK在植物响应逆境胁迫中的作用

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）是一类高度保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸（Ser/Thr）蛋白激酶，广泛存在于真核生物中级联反应途径。植物MAPK具有相对保守的11个亚结构域，均为Ser/Thr蛋白激酶发挥其催化作用所必需的元件，其表达受活性氧、一氧化氮、激素等调控。MAPK可磷酸化多种底物，包括转录因子、蛋白激酶和细胞骨架相关蛋白等，在调控植物响应逆境（盐分、干旱、极端温度、重金属等）胁迫中起重要作用。本研究对植物MAPK家族的发现、分类与结构、调控机制及其响应各种非生物胁迫等方面的研究成果加以综述，并对未来研究方向进行展望，以期为农作物抗逆性遗传改良提供理论依据和基因资源。     

Biological activity of dihydroartemisinin in canine osteosarcoma cell lines

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the biological activity of dihydroartemisinin on canine osteosarcoma cell lines in vitro. SAMPLE POPULATION: 4 canine osteosarcoma cell lines. PROCEDURES: Cell viability assays were performed on canine osteosarcoma cell lines OSCA2, OSCA16, OSCA50, and D17 after 24, 48, and 72 hours of treatment with dihydroartemisinin at concentrations of 0.1 to 100 microM. Apoptosis was assessed by use of an ELISA for free nuclosomal DNA fragmentation and by western blot analysis for cleavage of caspase 3. Cell cycle analysis was performed by use of staining with propidium iodide and flow cytometry. Detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was conducted in the D17 cell line by use of 6-carboxy-2',7'-dihydrofluorescein diacetate and flow cytometry. RESULTS: The concentration of dihydroartemisinin required for 50% inhibition of cell viability (IC50) was achieved in all 4 canine osteosarcoma cell lines and ranged from 8.7 to 43.6 microM. Induction of apoptosis was evident as an increase in nucleosomal DNA fragmentation, cleavage of caspase 3, and an increase in the population in the sub G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle detected by flow cytometry. Exposure to dihydroartemisinin also resulted in a decrease in the G0/G1 population. Iron-dependent generation of ROS was detected in dihydroartemisinin-treated D17 cells; ROS generation increased in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Incubation with dihydroartemisinin resulted in biological activity against canine osteosarcoma cell lines, which included induction of apoptosis and arrest of the cell cycle. Clinical trials of dihydroartemisinin in dogs with osteosarcoma should be conducted.     

Mitoxantrone Induced Apoptosis through ROS in Rat Hepatama RH35 Cell Line

The assay was aimed to study the cytotoxicity and mechanisms of mitoxantrone (MTN) in rat hepatama cell line RH35. MTT assay was performed to assess the cytotoxicity of MTN, and microscope was used to observe cellular morphologic changes. Apoptotic ratio and intracellular ROS generation were measured by flow cytometric analysis. The protein expression was examined by Western blotting analysis. The results showed that MTN inhibited RH35 cell growth in a time-and concentration-dependent manner. The morphologic changes were observed in the cells, including cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing and apoptotic bodies when treated with 15 μmol/L MTN for 24 and 48 h. And MTN also induced the increase of apoptotic ratio and generation of ROS in a time dependent manner. In addition, the intracellular ROS generation ratio and the apoptotic ratio of MTN treated group were extremely decreased by the ROS scavenger NAC (P<0.01). The pretreatment of RH35 cells with 15 mmol/L NAC thoroughly reversed the MTN-induced enhancement of caspase-3, Bax and CytC level and attenuation of Bcl-2 level. In conclusion, MTN induced apoptosis in RH35 cells through increasing the generation of ROS.     

米托蒽醌通过活性氧诱导大鼠肝癌RH35细胞凋亡的研究

试验旨在探讨米托蒽醌（mitoxantrone,MTN）对大鼠肝癌RH35细胞毒性及其作用机制。以MTT法检测MTN的细胞毒性,显微镜观察细胞形态变化,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率及细胞中活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）的产生,Western blotting检测相关蛋白的表达。结果显示,MTN时间和剂量依赖性地抑制RH35细胞的生长;15 μmol/L MTN作用于细胞24、48 h后可使细胞皱缩、变圆,并出芽形成明显的凋亡小体,且其可时间依赖性地诱导凋亡细胞比率的增加及ROS的产生;ROS清除剂NAC可以极显著降低MTN诱导的RH35细胞的ROS的产生和凋亡率（P<0.01）;15 mmol/L NAC可以下调MTN诱导的caspase-3、Bax及CytC表达增加,上调MTN诱导的Bcl-2表达降低。结果提示,MTN通过增加细胞内ROS而诱导RH35细胞发生凋亡。     

Lactoferrin interaction with retinoid signaling: cell growth and apoptosis in mammary cells

Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional iron-binding protein that was first identified in mammary secretions, but is synthesized by most mammalian tissues. The protein has a signal sequence that dictates secretion; it also has a nuclear localization sequence that facilitates entry into the cell nucleus. The mechanism of the latter action is currently unknown, but is thought to occur via a Lf receptor. Lactoferrin content of mammary tissue and secretions varies with developmental state; it is synthesized in mammary tissue at high levels during both pregnancy and involution, and during mammary infections. Using fluorescent (FITC)-labeled holo-bLf, we show that bovine primary epithelial cells and MCF-7 breast cancer cells do not translocate the exogenously added Lf to the nucleus after culture in serum free media (SFM). However, the supplementation of SFM with 1 μM all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) caused breast cancer cells to gain the capacity to take up labeled bLf into the cell nucleus. Primary bovine mammary cells (MeBo) exhibited similar capacity in culture. This suggests that in addition to Lf, one or more components modulated by atRA, are necessary for nuclear translocation to occur. Transfection experiments with atRA treated MCF-7 cells containing retinoic acid response element reporter constructs showed that the extracellular application of lactoferrin alters reporter gene expression. Lactoferrin increased a DR5 luciferase response element in a dose-dependent manner only when atRA was applied. Immunocytochemical markers for the cell cycle (Ki67) and apoptotic events (Caspase-3 and PARP-85) showed that lactoferrin alters the atRA-induced phenotype, blocking apoptosis and maintaining cell cycle activity in both MCF-7 and MeBo cells in the presence of 1 μM atRA. We propose that nuclear lactoferrin interacts with retinoic acid signaling pathways in cells and alters/blocks the signals so that cells remain in the cell cycle and/or do not enter the apoptotic pathway.     

虎源FPV主要抗原表位区基因的原核表达及免疫原性分析

为筛选出制备猫瘟热亚单位疫苗的最佳佐剂类型与首选抗原片段,本试验对虎源FPV-HLJ株VP2全长基因及其截短基因片段PAB进行原核表达,切胶法纯化的表达蛋白经Western blot分析后,分别与氢氧化铝胶佐剂及弗氏佐剂混合,免疫BALB/c小鼠,间接ELISA方法检测小鼠体液免疫水平,初步评价各疫苗的免疫效果。结果表明:VP2、PAB融合蛋白主要以包涵体形式表达,切胶法获得的高纯度表达蛋白均能与鼠抗虎源FPV阳性血清发生特异性反应。纯化蛋白各佐剂免疫组免疫小鼠后均引起较强的特异性抗体IgG反应,其中PAB蛋白各免疫佐剂组抗体水平明显高于VP2蛋白相应免疫佐剂组,且PAB蛋白+氢氧化铝胶组与PAB蛋白+弗氏佐剂组抗体水平无显著差异(P0.05),但与未加佐剂组差异显著(P0.01)。研究证实,PAB蛋白具有良好的免疫原性,可与氢氧化铝胶佐剂协同用于FPV亚单位疫苗的制备。     

氧化应激通过Fas/FasL信号通路调控奶牛子宫内膜细胞凋亡

胚胎早期死亡及流产严重影响母牛的繁殖性能,造成极大的经济损失。本研究利用不同浓度双氧水(H₂O₂)处理子宫内膜细胞6 h,通过流式细胞仪、酶标仪分别进行细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)与氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)比值检测,建立子宫内膜细胞氧化应激模型。在此基础上,利用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡和生长周期,利用荧光定量RT-PCR和Western blot检测Fas/FasL信号通路关键基因的mRNA和蛋白表达水平,并利用慢病毒介导的RNA干扰(RNAi)抑制子宫内膜细胞中Fas基因表达,进一步验证Fas/FasL凋亡通路是否参与氧化应激诱导的子宫内膜细胞凋亡。所有试验都重复3次以上。结果发现,利用200 μmol·L^-1 H₂O₂处理子宫内膜细胞6 h,细胞内ROS阳性水平急剧增加(P < 0.05),SOD和CAT活性以及GSH与GSSG比值都显著降低(P < 0.05),说明H₂O₂处理对子宫内膜细胞造成氧化应激损伤。在此处理条件下,生长周期中S期比例显著降低(P < 0.05),凋亡比例显著提高(P < 0.05);Fas/FasL凋亡通路中关键基因Fas、Caspase 8和Caspase 3的mRNA表达水平显著升高(P < 0.05);培养液中FasL浓度以及Fas、Caspase 8和Caspase 3蛋白表达水平显著升高(P < 0.05)。进一步研究发现,抑制Fas基因表达在一定程度上降低了氧化应激诱导的细胞凋亡比例以及Fas/FasL凋亡通路中关键基因的表达水平。总之,本研究结果表明,氧化应激通过激活Fas/FasL信号通路促进奶牛子宫内膜细胞凋亡,这为解释氧化应激对子宫内膜细胞的不利影响提供了新的见解。     

褪黑素的添加减轻猪精原干细胞的氧化损伤

旨在研究褪黑素（melatonin,MT）对体外培养猪精原干细胞（spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs）的作用机制。本研究采集3头7日龄健康大白公猪睾丸,利用差速贴壁法获得SSCs。后经形态学观察、碱性磷酸酶染色、标记基因检测及免疫荧光染色鉴定后以SSCs作为试验材料,设置MT浓度梯度（0、50、250、500、1 000 μmol·mL^-1）组处理SSCs,每组设3个重复（n=3）,空白对照组加入0.1% DMSO处理,分别检测添加MT后猪SSCs的细胞活力、活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平、谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）含量及凋亡基因表达变化。结果显示：1）分离的克隆团细胞具有SSCs的生长特性,可被碱性磷酸酶染色并表达干细胞标志基因OCT4、SOX2和SSCs标志基因NANOG、PLZF、UCHL1;2）50 μmol·mL^-1以上的MT在处理48 h后可显著提高SSCs的细胞活力（P<0.05）;3） MT可显著降低猪SSCs内ROS水平（P<0.05）,极显著增加细胞内GSH含量（P<0.01）;4） MT可显著抑制猪SSCs内凋亡蛋白Bax和Caspase3的表达（P<0.05）。MT具有清除猪SSCs中的ROS,提高总GSH含量,抑制凋亡基因表达进而提高细胞活力的作用,可为养殖过程中提高公猪繁殖性能提供参考。     

Whey acidic protein (WAP) depresses the proliferation of mouse (MMT) and human (MCF-7) mammary tumor cells

We previously reported that the enforced expression of exogenous whey acidic protein (WAP) significantly inhibited the proliferation of mouse mammary epithelial cells (HC11 and EpH4/H6 cells). This paper presents the first evidence that WAP also depresses the proliferation of mammary tumor cells from mouse (MMT cells) and human (MCF-7 cells). We established WAP-clonal MMT and MCF-7 cell lines, and confirmed the secretion of WAP from the WAP-clonal cells into culture medium. The enforced expression of WAP significantly inhibited the proliferation of MMT and MCF-7 cells in in vitro culture. FACScan analyses revealed that G0/G1 phase cell-cycle progression was disordered and elongated in the WAP-clonal MMT and MCF-7 cells compared to that of the control cells. The expression of cyclin D1 was significantly decreased in the WAP-clonal MMT and MCF-7 cells, suggesting that progression from the G1 to the S phase was delayed in the WAP-clonal cells. The present results indicate that WAP plays a negative regulatory role in the cell-cycle progression of mammary tumor cells via a paracrine mechanism.